Article(id=1153433739913847366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433737141412332, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241104001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1730649600000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-04, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752929633358, onlineDateStr=2025-07-19, pubDate=1745510400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752929633358, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752929633358, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752929633358, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153433737141412332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='316', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752929632696, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757293087150, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1171735391666225233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433737141412332, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1171735391666225234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433737141412332, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=63, endPage=68, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153433740358443607, articleId=1153433739913847366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Neurobehavioral effects of fumonisin and hydrolyzed fumonisin in Danio rerio, columnId=1151895321526759957, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Detection and Prevention and Control of Biotoxins in Food, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To investigate the neurobehavioral effects of fumonisin and hydrolyzed fumonisin in zebrafish under sub-lethal concentrations (9-270 mg/L). Methods Using Danio rerio as test organism, their spontaneous swimming distance and speed, and their locomotor activity under light-dark stimulation, as well as their distribution in different color areas of the cross maze were recorded by a behavioral toxicity recorder, and the data were statistically analyzed. Results The spontaneous locomotor activity of Danio rerio was significantly decreased after exposure in high concentration of fumonisin (79 mg/L), with a decrease of 70% in total movement distance and average swimming speed. In contrast, after exposure in low concentration of hydrolyzed fumonisin (30 mg/L), the spontaneous locomotor activity was significantly enhanced, with an increase of 130% or more of respective indicators. Fumonisin at subacute concentrations did not significantly affect the light-dark response ability of Danio rerio, but the hydrolyzed form of fumonisin showed a promoting effect at low concentrations and an inhibitory effect at high concentrations. After exposure to fumonisin or its hydrolyzed form, the preference of Danio rerio for blue and their avoidance of yellow and green were both weakened. Conclusion The neurobehavior of Danio rerio is more sensitive to hydrolyzed fumonisin than to its prototype. Using low amount of test compounds, and being fast and visual, neurobehavioral study of Danio rerio is a suitable tool for the early stage toxicity screening of emerging toxicants (e.g. masked mycotoxins).

, correspAuthors=Ling HU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yue-Long ZHANG, Han-Wei LIU, Jun-Qi ZHANG, Ling HU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1153433765935309476, articleId=1153433739913847366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=伏马毒素及其水解型对斑马鱼的神经行为效应研究, columnId=1151895321669366295, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=本期专题:食品中生物毒素检测与防控, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 研究亚致死浓度(9~270 mg/L)下, 伏马毒素及水解型伏马毒素急性暴露对斑马鱼的神经行为效应。方法 本研究以斑马鱼幼鱼为受试生物, 采用行为毒理试验仪记录其在不同暴露水平下的自发运动距离、游速, 明暗刺激反应下不同阶段的游动情况, 及在十字迷宫不同颜色区域中的分布, 并对结果进行统计分析。结果 高浓度伏马毒素(79 mg/L)导致斑马鱼的自发运动活跃性显著降低, 总运动距离和平均游速降低约70%; 而低浓度水解型伏马毒素(30 mg/L)则使自发运动活跃性显著提高, 相应指标提升130%及以上。伏马毒素在亚急性浓度下未对斑马鱼的明暗刺激反应能力产生显著效应, 但水解型伏马毒素却表现出低浓度下促进、高浓度下抑制的现象。在伏马毒素或其水解型暴露后, 斑马鱼对蓝色的偏好以及对黄色、绿色的逃避均有所减弱。结论 斑马鱼的神经行为对水解型伏马毒素较其原型更为敏感, 斑马鱼神经行为学研究具有化合物使用剂量低、快速、直观的特点, 适合新型毒性物质(如: 隐蔽型真菌毒素)的早期毒性效应筛查。

, correspAuthors=胡玲, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 胡玲(1984—), 女, 博士, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为真菌毒素。E-mail:
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章跃龙(1994—), 男, 硕士, 主要研究方向为生态毒理学。E-mail:

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注: A. 伏马毒素处理组; B. 水解型伏马毒素处理组。*表示与对照组相比, 有显著性差异(P<0.05)。图4同。

, figureFileSmall=Sw6Fg4sWxaAvqLhO910l8w==, figureFileBig=gKQxhVucgUkEDgPmrMStQg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1171733897390899539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433739913847366, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Locomotor trajectory of Danio rerio treated with fumonisin, figureFileSmall=OdIi7eemQbn9pUKSxIqlcg==, figureFileBig=Kc6cz0mxI5PaPxpR8l0FbA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1171733897470591316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433739913847366, language=CN, label=图2, caption=伏马毒素处理组斑马鱼的运动轨迹

注: Control. 对照组; A. 低浓度组; B. 中浓度组; C. 高浓度组。图3同。

, figureFileSmall=OdIi7eemQbn9pUKSxIqlcg==, figureFileBig=Kc6cz0mxI5PaPxpR8l0FbA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1171733897588031829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433739913847366, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Locomotor trajectory of Danio rerio treated with hydrolyzed fumonisin, figureFileSmall=lRUWCOpJfGE7bdfWdwelkA==, figureFileBig=KCIOuZE5AUzX3vnypqWgsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1171733897697083734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433739913847366, language=CN, label=图3, caption=水解型伏马毒素处理组斑马鱼的运动轨迹, figureFileSmall=lRUWCOpJfGE7bdfWdwelkA==, figureFileBig=KCIOuZE5AUzX3vnypqWgsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1171733897759998295, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433739913847366, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Differences in swimming speed of Danio rerio under light-dark stimulation, figureFileSmall=t1gLnw0thjSX1U4xEGzvFA==, figureFileBig=4m2PGyJWlGN/Qk3pxW93Mw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1171733897835495768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433739913847366, language=CN, label=图4, caption=斑马鱼在明暗刺激下的游速差, figureFileSmall=t1gLnw0thjSX1U4xEGzvFA==, figureFileBig=4m2PGyJWlGN/Qk3pxW93Mw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1171733898074571097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433739913847366, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Duration percentage of Danio rerio in different color areas of the cross maze, figureFileSmall=UJp9BEocSo+ws4bAmgxlWw==, figureFileBig=a1vsD8Y6yF/66Z7TYmvz8g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1171733898154262874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433739913847366, language=CN, label=图5, caption=斑马鱼在十字迷宫不同颜色区域的时长百分比

注: Control. 对照组; A. 伏马毒素处理组; B. 水解型伏马毒素处理组。图6同。

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伏马毒素及其水解型对斑马鱼的神经行为效应研究
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章跃龙 1, 2 , 刘汉伟 1 , 章君麒 1, 2 , 胡玲 1, *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:食品中生物毒素检测与防控 2025,16(8): 63-68
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:食品中生物毒素检测与防控 2025, 16(8): 63-68
伏马毒素及其水解型对斑马鱼的神经行为效应研究
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章跃龙1, 2 , 刘汉伟1, 章君麒1, 2, 胡玲1, *
作者信息
  • 1.宁波检验检疫科学技术研究院, 宁波 315000
  • 2.宁波中盛产品检测有限公司, 宁波 315000
  • 章跃龙(1994—), 男, 硕士, 主要研究方向为生态毒理学。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 胡玲(1984—), 女, 博士, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为真菌毒素。E-mail:
Neurobehavioral effects of fumonisin and hydrolyzed fumonisin in Danio rerio
Yue-Long ZHANG1, 2 , Han-Wei LIU1, Jun-Qi ZHANG1, 2, Ling HU1, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Ningbo Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Ningbo 315000, China
  • 2. Ningbo Joysun Product Testing Ltd., Ningbo 315000, China
出版时间: 2025-04-25 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241104001
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目的 研究亚致死浓度(9~270 mg/L)下, 伏马毒素及水解型伏马毒素急性暴露对斑马鱼的神经行为效应。方法 本研究以斑马鱼幼鱼为受试生物, 采用行为毒理试验仪记录其在不同暴露水平下的自发运动距离、游速, 明暗刺激反应下不同阶段的游动情况, 及在十字迷宫不同颜色区域中的分布, 并对结果进行统计分析。结果 高浓度伏马毒素(79 mg/L)导致斑马鱼的自发运动活跃性显著降低, 总运动距离和平均游速降低约70%; 而低浓度水解型伏马毒素(30 mg/L)则使自发运动活跃性显著提高, 相应指标提升130%及以上。伏马毒素在亚急性浓度下未对斑马鱼的明暗刺激反应能力产生显著效应, 但水解型伏马毒素却表现出低浓度下促进、高浓度下抑制的现象。在伏马毒素或其水解型暴露后, 斑马鱼对蓝色的偏好以及对黄色、绿色的逃避均有所减弱。结论 斑马鱼的神经行为对水解型伏马毒素较其原型更为敏感, 斑马鱼神经行为学研究具有化合物使用剂量低、快速、直观的特点, 适合新型毒性物质(如: 隐蔽型真菌毒素)的早期毒性效应筛查。

伏马毒素  /  隐蔽型伏马毒素  /  斑马鱼  /  神经行为效应

Objective To investigate the neurobehavioral effects of fumonisin and hydrolyzed fumonisin in zebrafish under sub-lethal concentrations (9-270 mg/L). Methods Using Danio rerio as test organism, their spontaneous swimming distance and speed, and their locomotor activity under light-dark stimulation, as well as their distribution in different color areas of the cross maze were recorded by a behavioral toxicity recorder, and the data were statistically analyzed. Results The spontaneous locomotor activity of Danio rerio was significantly decreased after exposure in high concentration of fumonisin (79 mg/L), with a decrease of 70% in total movement distance and average swimming speed. In contrast, after exposure in low concentration of hydrolyzed fumonisin (30 mg/L), the spontaneous locomotor activity was significantly enhanced, with an increase of 130% or more of respective indicators. Fumonisin at subacute concentrations did not significantly affect the light-dark response ability of Danio rerio, but the hydrolyzed form of fumonisin showed a promoting effect at low concentrations and an inhibitory effect at high concentrations. After exposure to fumonisin or its hydrolyzed form, the preference of Danio rerio for blue and their avoidance of yellow and green were both weakened. Conclusion The neurobehavior of Danio rerio is more sensitive to hydrolyzed fumonisin than to its prototype. Using low amount of test compounds, and being fast and visual, neurobehavioral study of Danio rerio is a suitable tool for the early stage toxicity screening of emerging toxicants (e.g. masked mycotoxins).

fumonisin  /  hydrolyzed fumonisin  /  Danio rerio  /  neurobehavioral effect
章跃龙, 刘汉伟, 章君麒, 胡玲. 伏马毒素及其水解型对斑马鱼的神经行为效应研究. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (8) : 63 -68 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241104001
Yue-Long ZHANG, Han-Wei LIU, Jun-Qi ZHANG, Ling HU. Neurobehavioral effects of fumonisin and hydrolyzed fumonisin in Danio rerio[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (8) : 63 -68 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241104001
伏马毒素是一类结构相近的镰刀菌属真菌毒素, 其化学基本骨架为长链氨基多元醇, 与神经鞘氨醇相似[1]。目前已发现的伏马毒素有几十种, 其中在食品中最常见的、与人类关系最为密切的为伏马毒素B1和B2, 也是食品安全日常风险监测的主要对象。早在1989年, 曾在美国发生大量马和猪因摄入被伏马毒素污染的玉米而死亡的事件[2]。此后的毒理学研究表明, 伏马毒素还可引起大鼠、小鼠等实验动物的肝、肾肿瘤[1]。尽管尚无直接证据表明伏马毒素对人类具有致癌性, 但对我国河南林县、河北磁县以及南非Transkei等地人群的流行病学研究发现, 当地人群食管癌的高发可能与食用的玉米受伏马毒素污染有关[3]。相关作用机制研究提示, 伏马毒素可通过抑制神经酰胺生物合成途径中的关键酶——神经酰胺合酶而发挥作用, 从而影响人体的脂质代谢[4]
在食品加工过程中, 伏马毒素还可转化为其他衍生物, 由于它们难以在常规检测中被发现, 所以被统称为隐蔽型伏马毒素, 其中, 引起较多关注的主要有水解型伏马毒素, 即伏马毒素原型脱去侧链上的两个丙三羧酸基团的衍生物, 可通过碱水解从原型转变而成[5-6]。欧洲食品安全局(European Food Safety Authority, EFSA)曾于2018年发布了针对伏马毒素及其隐蔽型的人类健康风险评估意见, 但由于缺乏足够的毒理学数据, 无法对水解型伏马毒素等隐蔽型毒素给出确定性的结论。目前为止, 关于水解型伏马毒素的毒理学评价仍然较为有限。HARTL等[7]的卤虫(Artemia salina)实验表明, 水解型伏马毒素B1的毒性相对于其原型有所减弱。伏马毒素B1对雄性Fischer大鼠、雌性小鼠、LM/Bc孕鼠等受试生物分别产生了体重减轻、血清胆固醇等生化指标浓度上升、干扰鞘脂代谢等毒性效应, 而水解型伏马毒素B1则未产生类似效应[8-10]。大鼠、小鼠、家兔等实验所需的毒素用量大, 而毒素的高纯度化合物又较难获得; 体外实验虽灵活便捷, 但在外推到整体生物评价方面仍有局限性。
斑马鱼(Danio rerio)作为一种重要的模式生物, 被广泛用于化学物质毒性评价, 已得到国际标准化组织、经济合作与发展组织等权威组织的认可[11-12]。斑马鱼的中枢神经系统发育与哺乳动物相似, 是研究神经毒性(如: 行为、发育)的良好动物模型[13], 据报道, 斑马鱼幼鱼的神经毒性特征在行为学等方面与传统动物模型具有较高的相似性, 近年来, 已被越来越多地应用于食品安全毒理学评价[14]。斑马鱼体型小, 相对大鼠、小鼠等实验动物, 化学物质用量大大减少, 解决了隐蔽型真菌毒素纯化合物难以大量获取的难题。但目前研究以胚胎急性毒性为主, 鲜少有伏马毒素及其水解型的斑马鱼行为毒性研究。
在各种毒性效应中, 行为是神经系统细胞通信、感觉、运动等综合功能的重要外在表现, 可作为评估发育神经毒性的一种有效工具[15-16], 运动行为也是斑马鱼神经毒性筛查的重要指标[17-18]。本研究考察了伏马毒素原型及水解型在亚致死浓度下对斑马鱼的急性神经行为效应。采用行为轨迹跟踪系统记录斑马鱼在不同暴露水平下的游动总距离/游速、明暗条件下的反应及其在十字迷宫中的分布, 并对结果进行统计分析, 比较两种毒素对斑马鱼的运动能力、反应能力和记忆能力的影响, 以期为水解型伏马毒素的风险评估提供参考。
四层单排斑马鱼养殖系统设备(中国上海海圣生物实验设备有限公司); DanioVision斑马鱼行为轨迹跟踪系统(荷兰诺达思公司); M205C体视显微镜(德国莱卡公司); HI97735水硬度计(意大利HANNA公司); Vortex Genie2漩涡混匀器(美国Scientific Industries公司); BSA423SCW千分之一电子分析天平(德国赛多利斯公司); XS205DU十万分之一天平(瑞士梅特勒-托利多公司);
伏马毒素B1标准物质(纯度98%, 德国Dr.Ehrenstorfer公司); 水解型伏马毒素B1按照文献[19]方法经碱水解反应获得, 并通过核磁共振氢谱确认其结构及纯度。
斑马鱼亲鱼为野生型AB品系, 购于上海费曦生物科技有限公司, 体长为2.5~3.5 cm。
行为学实验前将亲鱼在斑马鱼养殖系统中驯养14 d以上, 鱼房温度(25±2) ℃, 驯养用水为除氯自来水, 水温(26±2) ℃, 溶解氧饱和度>80%, 水硬度为20~50 mg/L。光周期为16 h/8 h(明/暗), 每日喂食两次卤虫。选取健康的性成熟斑马鱼, 按照雌雄比例1:2将种鱼置于产卵盒内, 第2 d收集60 min内的受精卵, 用体视显微镜进行镜检, 筛选发育正常的的胚胎用于胚胎暴露实验。
从本实验前期的急性毒性实验得知: 伏马毒素对斑马鱼胚胎的96 h半数致死浓度(median lethal concentration, LC50)为253 mg/L, 与原型相比, 水解型伏马毒素对斑马鱼胚胎的急性毒性则有所降低, LC50为408 mg/L, 以上结果与文献报道[20-21]基本一致; 伏马毒素及其水解型的最大非致死浓度(maximum nonlethal concentration, MNLC)分别为79 mg/L和270 mg/L。自发运动能力和明暗刺激反应能力实验分别以2种毒素的MNLC、1/3 MNLC和1/9 MNLC, 相应地设置高、中、低3个浓度处理组。十字迷宫实验分别采用2种毒素的1/9 MNLC。不同浓度的暴露液通过逐级稀释, 用鱼类急性毒性试验标准稀释水从500 mg/L的各毒素贮备液配制而成。空白对照组为标准稀释水。
斑马鱼行为学实验包括自发运动能力、明暗刺激反应能力和十字迷宫实验, 用行为轨迹跟踪系统采集数据。每个处理组(或对照组)60枚胚胎, 在24孔板中进行暴露, 每个处理组设3个平行, 每隔24 h观察、记录胚胎孵化、死亡情况, 及时吸出孵化后残留的膜和死亡胚胎(如有), 在48 h和72 h分别更换一半暴露液。
自发运动能力: 通过跟踪测试斑马鱼幼鱼在暗环境下60 min内的总运动距离和平均游速, 考察幼鱼的自发运动能力。暴露至5 dpf时, 每组随机选取12尾试验鱼放入48孔板, 每孔1.5 mL溶液和1尾鱼, 在暗环境下适应20 min后, 用行为轨迹跟踪系统记录60 min运动轨迹和运动距离。
明暗刺激反应能力: 通过测试斑马鱼幼鱼在明-暗各5 min循环条件下不同阶段的游速, 考察幼鱼对明暗刺激的反应能力。暴露至5 dpf时, 每组随机选取12尾试验鱼放入48孔板, 每孔1.5 mL溶液和1尾鱼, 测试开始前先给予明亮5 min-黑暗5 min的一次循环, 作为适应阶段, 然后进行正式试验, 明亮5 min-黑暗5 min循环2次, 分别跟踪记录每个阶段的游动情况。
十字迷宫: 十字迷宫为透明有机玻璃材质, 十字迷宫深度1 cm, 十字臂内径长1 cm、宽1 cm。十字的四个臂分别采用红色、绿色、蓝色和黄色。暴露至6 dpf时, 每组随机选取12尾试验鱼放入十字迷宫的中心, 每个迷宫1尾鱼和3 mL溶液, 将十字迷宫置于行为轨迹跟踪系统中, 在光照条件下等待10 min, 使试验鱼适应环境后, 记录自然光条件下斑马鱼在各个区块内的活动轨迹, 在各十字臂的分布计入相应颜色区域, 在中心区域内的分布则不计入任何颜色区域。
利用SPSS Statistics 26.0软件进行单因素方差分析, P<0.05时表示有统计学意义上的显著差异。
斑马鱼幼鱼在60 min内的自发运动总距离见图1, 伏马毒素处理组和水解型伏马毒素处理组的运动轨迹图分别见图2图3。与对照组相比, 高浓度伏马毒素处理组的斑马鱼幼鱼总运动距离、平均游速均显著降低(P<0.05), 总运动距离和平均游速分别比对照组降低了约70%; 而在低浓度和中浓度组, 斑马鱼幼鱼的总运动距离和平均游速与对照组相比均无显著性差异。说明在亚致死浓度的伏马毒素中暴露至第5 dpf, 可使斑马鱼幼鱼的自发运动受到明显的抑制作用, 但这种抑制作用仅在最高非致死浓度下有效, 在较低浓度下则未能产生效果。
与伏马毒素原型的作用相反, 经低浓度水解型伏马毒素处理的斑马鱼, 其自发运动活跃性显著增加(P<0.05), 总运动距离和平均游速分别比对照组提升达580%和130%, 意味着总运动时长也比对照组大幅增长; 但这种活跃性并未随着毒素浓度的提高而增强, 相反地, 中浓度和高浓度处理组的幼鱼运动距离和平均游速虽然较对照组略有波动, 但在统计学上无显著差异。
有学者认为伏马毒素在生物体内经酶水解可转变为水解型伏马毒素, 然后再以后者的形式发挥作用[1,22], 而本研究中, 仅在低浓度组水解型伏马毒素发现对自发运动具有促进, 并未在伏马毒素3个浓度处理组发现类似作用, 提示两者的作用差异可能并非简单的底物-水解产物剂量差异关系。以其他动物为模型的毒理学研究也提示了两者的作用差异可能源于其它因素, 例如: VOSS等[10]比较了伏马毒素B1和水解型伏马毒素B1对LM/Bc小鼠的致畸胎作用, 发现10 mg/(kg·bw)的伏马毒素B1可对母鼠的鞘脂代谢产生显著性干扰, 并在胎鼠中引发神经管畸形, 但摩尔浓度相近的水解型伏马毒素B1 [20 mg/(kg·bw)]却未能产生相应的显著效应。联系到两者的亲水/亲脂性差异(伏马毒素失去2个丙三羧酸基团后, 亲脂性提高), 它们的毒性效应可能与其血脑屏障穿透能力有关[23]
明暗周期刺激是斑马鱼行为学常用的考察指标之一, 通常情况下, 由明转暗时斑马鱼的泳速会显著增大, 由暗转明时则显著下降[24]。本研究中, 在明亮5 min-黑暗5 min总共2次循环的明暗刺激下, 斑马鱼幼鱼游速的整体趋势为: 在光照条件下游速平缓, 而在黑暗条件下游速明显加快, 且2次循环均呈现出相同趋势。因此, 分别计算斑马鱼(n=12)在每个明-暗循环中的游速差值(即暗速度减去明速度, mm/s), 然后将2次明暗循环的游速差值(n=24)进行合并统计分析, 结果如图4所示。与对照组相比, 伏马毒素3个浓度处理组的斑马鱼幼鱼, 在明暗变换下的游速差值略有起伏, 但在统计学上均无显著性差异。
与对照组相比, 水解型伏马毒素却在低浓度和高浓度下分别呈现了相反的作用: 经低浓度水解型伏马毒素染毒后, 斑马鱼幼鱼的游速差显著提高(P<0.05)了约49%, 说明低浓度的水解型伏马毒素可正向刺激斑马鱼对明暗的反应能力; 相反, 在高浓度组, 斑马鱼的游速差却比对照组显著下降(P<0.05)了约74%, 提示暴露在最大非致死浓度的水解型伏马毒素5 dpf后, 斑马鱼对环境明暗刺激的响应能力受损较为严重, 反应明显变得迟钝。这种低浓度下促进、高浓度下抑制的现象, 与CHEN等[25]的多溴联苯醚DE-71斑马鱼急性暴露研究结果类似: 在暗环境下, 低浓度DE-71可导致斑马鱼过度活跃, 而高浓度DE-71则可降低斑马鱼的活跃度; 在光照条件下, DE-71则对斑马鱼的活跃度呈浓度依赖性抑制。据报道, 高浓度溴氰菊酯(50 μg/L)急性暴露亦能够使斑马鱼仔鱼对明暗刺激反应变得迟钝, 推测可能是斑马鱼的视觉神经受到了负面影响[26], 类似的活动减退现象也出现在高质量浓度铅(20 μg/L)暴露下的斑马鱼仔鱼中[27]
斑马鱼颜色偏好测试可作为研究记忆功能评价、神经退行性疾病和记忆障碍的有利工具[28]。在本研究中, 通过跟踪斑马鱼在十字迷宫中的运动轨迹以及在各个颜色区域的时长, 发现对照组斑马鱼最为偏好蓝色, 其次为红色, 这两种偏好与ZHANG等[29]的报道一致。黄色和绿色则为对照组斑马鱼趋于逃避的区域。如图5图6所示, 从整体分布看, 经过伏马毒素暴露后的斑马鱼, 在蓝色区域的时长百分比缩短, 对黄色、绿色的逃避亦显著减少; 经过水解型伏马毒素暴露后的斑马鱼, 也不再对蓝色表现出最显著的偏好, 红色转而成为停留最久的区域, 同时对黄色、绿色的逃避也有所减弱。总体而言, 无论是伏马毒素原型还是水解型, 均使斑马鱼对色彩敏感度的减弱, 提示其相关神经功能可能受到了损害。LI等[30]的研究表明, 斑马鱼的色彩敏感与其学习、记忆功能有关, 受酒精急性和长期暴露后的斑马鱼可表现出类似帕金森病的行为。刘红丽等[15]通过T型迷宫试验等研究了氟啶虫酰胺慢性暴露对斑马鱼的行为学效应, 结合基因测序发现斑马鱼的神经系统稳态调控和焦虑样行为调控基因的表达发生了改变(表达水平显著降低或升高), 推测这种改变与学习记忆行为的减退有关。
本研究通过考察斑马鱼的自发运动能力、明暗刺激反应能力和十字迷宫色彩偏好等行为情况, 发现斑马鱼的上述运动行为在经过伏马毒素或水解型伏马毒素急性暴露后, 受到了不同程度的影响。高浓度伏马毒素导致斑马鱼的总运动距离、平均游速均显著降低, 而低浓度水解型伏马毒素则导致斑马鱼的自发运动活跃性显著增加。明暗刺激反应方面, 伏马毒素在本研究的3个亚急性浓度下均未产生显著效应, 但水解型伏马毒素却表现出低浓度下促进、高浓度下抑制的现象。在伏马毒素或其水解型暴露后, 斑马鱼幼鱼对蓝色的偏好以及对黄色、绿色的逃避均有所减弱, 提示其记忆功能可能受损。总体来说, 斑马鱼的运动神经行为对水解型伏马毒素较其原型更为敏感, 神经行为学作为一种直观的工具, 可用于新型化合物毒性效应的早期快速筛查, 其作用原理则需进一步探索相关调控基因及神经作用通道等的复杂机制。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(32101233)
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2025年第16卷第8期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241104001
  • 接收时间:2024-11-04
  • 首发时间:2025-07-19
  • 出版时间:2025-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-04
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国家自然科学基金项目(32101233)
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    1.宁波检验检疫科学技术研究院, 宁波 315000
    2.宁波中盛产品检测有限公司, 宁波 315000

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* 胡玲(1984—), 女, 博士, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为真菌毒素。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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