Article(id=1153433696502796772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433686872679135, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241029001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1730131200000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-29, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752929623008, onlineDateStr=2025-07-19, pubDate=1744646400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752929623008, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752929623008, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752929623008, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153433686872679135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='322', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752929620712, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757656380159, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1173259152974561742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433686872679135, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1173259152978756047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433686872679135, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=55, endPage=62, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153433697027084784, articleId=1153433696502796772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Determination of 7 kinds of antioxidant residues in edible oil by QuEChERS-gas chromatography-tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry, columnId=1151895322692776479, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Analysis and Monitoring of Toxic and Harmful Substances in Food, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To establish a method for determination of 7 kinds of antioxidant residues, including tert-butylhydroquinone, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol, butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, 3,5-di-tert-butylphenol, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol, and 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol, in edible oils by QuEChERS combined with gas chromatography-tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Methods Edible oil samples were extracted with acetonitrile, and the supernatant was purified using the QuEChERS method, followed by filtration through an organic membrane for direct analysis. Separation was achieved using a HP-5MS chromatographic column, and quantification was performed using the external standard method under electron ionization and multiple reaction monitoring modes. Results The method effectively distinguished the 7 kinds of antioxidants, including their corresponding isomers. The target compounds exhibited good linearity and peak shapes within the range of 1-300 µg/L (r²≥0.99). The limits of detection ranged from 0.11 to 2.77 µg/kg, and the limits of quantification ranged from 0.36 to 9.23 µg/kg. The spiked recovery rates ranged from 72.51% to 116.33%, with relative standard deviations of 0.36% to 5.82% (n=8). Among the actual samples, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol had a relatively high detection rate. Conclusion This method is simple, accurate, and capable of effectively distinguishing tert-butylphenol antioxidants, making it suitable for high-throughput detection of multiple antioxidants in edible oils.

, correspAuthors=Li CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Li CHEN, Kai ZHANG, Hang YANG, Xing LI, Jin-Tao XIA), CN=ArticleExt(id=1153433725728706991, articleId=1153433696502796772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=QuEChERS-气相色谱-串联三重四极杆质谱法测定食用油中7种抗氧化剂残留, columnId=1151895322898297380, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=本期专题:食品中有毒有害物质分析与监测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 建立QuEChERS-气相色谱-串联三重四极杆质谱法检测食用油中的特丁基对苯二酚、2,6-二叔丁基-4-甲基苯酚、丁基羟基茴香醚、二丁基羟基甲苯、3,5-二叔丁基苯酚、2,4-二叔丁基苯酚和2,6-二叔丁基苯酚7种抗氧化剂残留物的方法。方法 食用油用乙腈溶液提取, 取上清液经QuEChERS净化后过有机滤膜直接上机测定, 采用HP-5MS色谱柱分离, 在电子轰击源和多反应监测模式下外标法定量。结果 该方法能有效地区分7种抗氧化剂包括其对应异构体, 目标化合物在1~300 µg/L范围内线性和峰形良好(r2≥0.99), 检出限为0.11~2.77 µg/kg, 定量限为0.36~9.23 µg/kg, 加标回收率范围为72.51%~116.33%, 相对标准偏差为0.36%~5.82% (n=8), 实际样本中2,4-二叔丁基苯酚的检出率较高。结论 该方法操作便捷准确度高, 可以有效区分叔丁基苯酚类抗氧化剂, 适用于食用油中多种抗氧化剂的高通量检测。

, correspAuthors=陈锂, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 陈锂(1988—), 男, 博士, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为食品安全检测。E-mail:
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National Health Commission Specialty Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment and Standard Development, Wuhan 430075, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1173278658996355224, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433696502796772, companyId=1173278658971189398, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.国家卫生健康委员会食品安全风险评估与标准研制特色实验室, 武汉 430075)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1173278661705875696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433696502796772, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Alkylphenol antioxidants, figureFileSmall=bAsQ/5xj650uPFgvZ25VEA==, figureFileBig=88GV4MV+XgsteDW70k1uAg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1173278661802344689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433696502796772, language=CN, label=图1, caption=烷基酚类抗氧化剂

注: R1、R2、R3、R4、R5为氢原子或叔丁基取代基团。

, figureFileSmall=bAsQ/5xj650uPFgvZ25VEA==, figureFileBig=88GV4MV+XgsteDW70k1uAg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1173278661877842163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433696502796772, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Extraction efficiency of different extraction solvents, figureFileSmall=XAykZwCten72KAb5ecGxiw==, figureFileBig=cpIRdbJI0tZ/eRX7LlmAXA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1173278661965922550, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433696502796772, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同溶剂的提取效果, figureFileSmall=XAykZwCten72KAb5ecGxiw==, figureFileBig=cpIRdbJI0tZ/eRX7LlmAXA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1173278662028837111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433696502796772, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Extraction efficiency of mixed solvents, figureFileSmall=nOymLRFCXMhKDWcXP8eMFw==, figureFileBig=CcSGAFMRn325Kyx+4Dopxg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1173278662108528889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433696502796772, language=CN, label=图3, caption=混合溶剂提取效果, figureFileSmall=nOymLRFCXMhKDWcXP8eMFw==, figureFileBig=CcSGAFMRn325Kyx+4Dopxg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1173278662217580795, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433696502796772, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Selection of solvent volume for extraction, figureFileSmall=1CzH/OgrVoZvjndf5u0xYQ==, figureFileBig=6PcdQ1xfcpJsB9FcW2G0Eg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1173278662314049788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433696502796772, language=CN, label=图4, caption=萃取溶剂体积选择, figureFileSmall=1CzH/OgrVoZvjndf5u0xYQ==, figureFileBig=6PcdQ1xfcpJsB9FcW2G0Eg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1173278662431490302, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433696502796772, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Effects of different purification systems on antioxidants in edible oil matrix, figureFileSmall=jejRLIM7yPKNC1uYRoUB/g==, figureFileBig=qWtUAniJVShrMnDLpl4PYQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1173278662536347904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433696502796772, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同净化体系对抗氧化剂在食用油基质中的影响, figureFileSmall=jejRLIM7yPKNC1uYRoUB/g==, figureFileBig=qWtUAniJVShrMnDLpl4PYQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1173278662653788418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433696502796772, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Chromatograms of 7 kinds of antioxidants (150 µg/L), figureFileSmall=6AEV+eeT3n3XH/jNxCG44w==, figureFileBig=vrfvoaw2qhEaZzNTaYg8Mw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1173278662825754884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433696502796772, language=CN, label=图6, caption=7种抗氧化剂色谱图(150 µg/L), figureFileSmall=6AEV+eeT3n3XH/jNxCG44w==, figureFileBig=vrfvoaw2qhEaZzNTaYg8Mw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1173278662901252358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433696502796772, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Mass spectrometry analysis parameters of 7 kinds of antioxidants

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称 保留时间/min 定量离子对(m/z) 定性离子对(m/z) 碰撞电压/eV
BHA 9.33 180.1-165.1 165.1-137.1 10, 10
BHT 9.61 220.2-205.2 205.2-145.1 10, 10
Ionox-100 13.84 236.2-221.2 221.1-131.1 10, 15
TBHQ 10.32 151.1-123.1 166.1-151.1 5, 10
2,4-DTBP 9.62 191.1-175.2 192.2-57.1 10, 10
2,6-DTBP 8.63 191.1-163.1 163.1-147.1 5, 10
3,5-DTBP 10.00 206.2-191.2 192.2-164.1 10, 10
), ArticleFig(id=1173278663027081480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433696502796772, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

7种抗氧化剂质谱分析参数

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名称 保留时间/min 定量离子对(m/z) 定性离子对(m/z) 碰撞电压/eV
BHA 9.33 180.1-165.1 165.1-137.1 10, 10
BHT 9.61 220.2-205.2 205.2-145.1 10, 10
Ionox-100 13.84 236.2-221.2 221.1-131.1 10, 15
TBHQ 10.32 151.1-123.1 166.1-151.1 5, 10
2,4-DTBP 9.62 191.1-175.2 192.2-57.1 10, 10
2,6-DTBP 8.63 191.1-163.1 163.1-147.1 5, 10
3,5-DTBP 10.00 206.2-191.2 192.2-164.1 10, 10
), ArticleFig(id=1173278663119356170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433696502796772, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Linear equations, MEs, LODs, and LOQs of 7 kinds of antioxidants

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名称 基质曲线方程 相关系数(r2) 溶剂曲线方程 相关系数(r2) MEs/% LODs/
(µg/kg)
LOQs/
(µg/kg)
BHA Y=2.10×106X-2.35×105 0.9994 Y=1.86×106X-9.38×104 0.9995 -12.90 1.59 5.32
BHT Y=1.40×106X-6.79×104 0.9985 Y=1.34×106X-6.32×104 0.9978 -4.48 0.61 2.02
Ionox-100 Y=1.12×106X-1.52×105 0.9994 Y=9.41×105X-4.89×104 0.9985 -19.02 0.18 0.62
TBHQ Y=1.66×106X-1.80×105 0.9997 Y=1.50×106X-1.32×105 0.9974 -10.66 0.53 1.77
2,4-DTBP Y=3.81×105X-5.65×103 0.9999 Y=3.38×105X-7.74×103 0.9998 -12.72 2.77 9.23
2,6-DTBP Y=1.86×105X-1.35×104 0.9977 Y=1.74×105X-1.99×103 0.9997 -6.89 0.11 0.36
3,5-DTBP Y=1.13×106X-1.07×105 0.9955 Y=1.04×106X-8.75×104 0.9987 -8.65 0.79 2.62
), ArticleFig(id=1173278663203242252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433696502796772, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

7种抗氧化剂的MEs、LODs、LOQs和线性方程

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称 基质曲线方程 相关系数(r2) 溶剂曲线方程 相关系数(r2) MEs/% LODs/
(µg/kg)
LOQs/
(µg/kg)
BHA Y=2.10×106X-2.35×105 0.9994 Y=1.86×106X-9.38×104 0.9995 -12.90 1.59 5.32
BHT Y=1.40×106X-6.79×104 0.9985 Y=1.34×106X-6.32×104 0.9978 -4.48 0.61 2.02
Ionox-100 Y=1.12×106X-1.52×105 0.9994 Y=9.41×105X-4.89×104 0.9985 -19.02 0.18 0.62
TBHQ Y=1.66×106X-1.80×105 0.9997 Y=1.50×106X-1.32×105 0.9974 -10.66 0.53 1.77
2,4-DTBP Y=3.81×105X-5.65×103 0.9999 Y=3.38×105X-7.74×103 0.9998 -12.72 2.77 9.23
2,6-DTBP Y=1.86×105X-1.35×104 0.9977 Y=1.74×105X-1.99×103 0.9997 -6.89 0.11 0.36
3,5-DTBP Y=1.13×106X-1.07×105 0.9955 Y=1.04×106X-8.75×104 0.9987 -8.65 0.79 2.62
), ArticleFig(id=1173278663312294158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433696502796772, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Recoveries and RSDs of f 7 kinds of antioxidants in samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
抗氧化剂名称 添加10 µg/kg 添加20 µg/kg 添加100 µg/kg
回收率/% RSDs/% 回收率/% RSDs/% 回收率/% RSDs/%
TBHQ 88.51 5.82 90.42 4.46 109.87 1.62
BHT 75.66 2.87 78.01 2.09 81.86 0.84
Ionox-100 116.33 1.19 104.65 1.10 105.71 2.51
BHA 87.86 5.06 91.53 2.23 103.63 1.09
3,5-DTBP 106.53 1.65 94.04 1.63 98.23 0.36
2,4-DTBP 84.55 1.23 89.53 2.66 102.89 0.73
2,6-DTBP 72.51 1.81 80.75 3.94 85.47 2.30
), ArticleFig(id=1173278663387791631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433696502796772, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

样品中7种抗氧化剂的添加回收率和RSDs

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抗氧化剂名称 添加10 µg/kg 添加20 µg/kg 添加100 µg/kg
回收率/% RSDs/% 回收率/% RSDs/% 回收率/% RSDs/%
TBHQ 88.51 5.82 90.42 4.46 109.87 1.62
BHT 75.66 2.87 78.01 2.09 81.86 0.84
Ionox-100 116.33 1.19 104.65 1.10 105.71 2.51
BHA 87.86 5.06 91.53 2.23 103.63 1.09
3,5-DTBP 106.53 1.65 94.04 1.63 98.23 0.36
2,4-DTBP 84.55 1.23 89.53 2.66 102.89 0.73
2,6-DTBP 72.51 1.81 80.75 3.94 85.47 2.30
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QuEChERS-气相色谱-串联三重四极杆质谱法测定食用油中7种抗氧化剂残留
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陈锂 1, 2, 3, * , 张恺 1, 2, 3 , 杨杭 1, 2, 3 , 黎星 1, 2, 3 , 夏金涛 1, 2, 3
食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:食品中有毒有害物质分析与监测 2025,16(7): 55-62
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:食品中有毒有害物质分析与监测 2025, 16(7): 55-62
QuEChERS-气相色谱-串联三重四极杆质谱法测定食用油中7种抗氧化剂残留
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陈锂1, 2, 3, * , 张恺1, 2, 3, 杨杭1, 2, 3, 黎星1, 2, 3, 夏金涛1, 2, 3
作者信息
  • 1.湖北省食品质量安全监督检验研究院, 武汉 430075
  • 2.国家市场监督管理总局重点实验室(动物源性食品中重点化学危害物检测技术), 武汉 430075
  • 3.国家卫生健康委员会食品安全风险评估与标准研制特色实验室, 武汉 430075

通讯作者:

* 陈锂(1988—), 男, 博士, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为食品安全检测。E-mail:
Determination of 7 kinds of antioxidant residues in edible oil by QuEChERS-gas chromatography-tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry
Li CHEN1, 2, 3, * , Kai ZHANG1, 2, 3, Hang YANG1, 2, 3, Xing LI1, 2, 3, Jin-Tao XIA1, 2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1. Hubei Provincial Institute for Food Supervision and Test, Wuhan 430075, China
  • 2. Key Laboratory of Detection Technology of Focus Chemical Hazards in Animal-derived Food, State Administration for Market Regulation, Wuhan 430075, China
  • 3. National Health Commission Specialty Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment and Standard Development, Wuhan 430075, China
出版时间: 2025-04-15 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241029001
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目的 建立QuEChERS-气相色谱-串联三重四极杆质谱法检测食用油中的特丁基对苯二酚、2,6-二叔丁基-4-甲基苯酚、丁基羟基茴香醚、二丁基羟基甲苯、3,5-二叔丁基苯酚、2,4-二叔丁基苯酚和2,6-二叔丁基苯酚7种抗氧化剂残留物的方法。方法 食用油用乙腈溶液提取, 取上清液经QuEChERS净化后过有机滤膜直接上机测定, 采用HP-5MS色谱柱分离, 在电子轰击源和多反应监测模式下外标法定量。结果 该方法能有效地区分7种抗氧化剂包括其对应异构体, 目标化合物在1~300 µg/L范围内线性和峰形良好(r2≥0.99), 检出限为0.11~2.77 µg/kg, 定量限为0.36~9.23 µg/kg, 加标回收率范围为72.51%~116.33%, 相对标准偏差为0.36%~5.82% (n=8), 实际样本中2,4-二叔丁基苯酚的检出率较高。结论 该方法操作便捷准确度高, 可以有效区分叔丁基苯酚类抗氧化剂, 适用于食用油中多种抗氧化剂的高通量检测。

抗氧化剂残留  /  气相色谱-串联三重四极杆质谱法  /  QuEChERS  /  食用油

Objective To establish a method for determination of 7 kinds of antioxidant residues, including tert-butylhydroquinone, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol, butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, 3,5-di-tert-butylphenol, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol, and 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol, in edible oils by QuEChERS combined with gas chromatography-tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Methods Edible oil samples were extracted with acetonitrile, and the supernatant was purified using the QuEChERS method, followed by filtration through an organic membrane for direct analysis. Separation was achieved using a HP-5MS chromatographic column, and quantification was performed using the external standard method under electron ionization and multiple reaction monitoring modes. Results The method effectively distinguished the 7 kinds of antioxidants, including their corresponding isomers. The target compounds exhibited good linearity and peak shapes within the range of 1-300 µg/L (r²≥0.99). The limits of detection ranged from 0.11 to 2.77 µg/kg, and the limits of quantification ranged from 0.36 to 9.23 µg/kg. The spiked recovery rates ranged from 72.51% to 116.33%, with relative standard deviations of 0.36% to 5.82% (n=8). Among the actual samples, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol had a relatively high detection rate. Conclusion This method is simple, accurate, and capable of effectively distinguishing tert-butylphenol antioxidants, making it suitable for high-throughput detection of multiple antioxidants in edible oils.

antioxidant residue  /  gas chromatography-tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry  /  QuEChERS  /  edible oil
陈锂, 张恺, 杨杭, 黎星, 夏金涛. QuEChERS-气相色谱-串联三重四极杆质谱法测定食用油中7种抗氧化剂残留. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (7) : 55 -62 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241029001
Li CHEN, Kai ZHANG, Hang YANG, Xing LI, Jin-Tao XIA. Determination of 7 kinds of antioxidant residues in edible oil by QuEChERS-gas chromatography-tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (7) : 55 -62 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241029001
食用油是日常生活中不可或缺的食品原料之一, 它不仅富含人体必需的维生素和矿物质, 还能提供良好的口感和营养[1]。然而, 食用油在储存过程中容易受到多种因素如微生物污染、光照和氧化作用的影响, 这些因素可能导致食用油品质下降, 甚至产生有害健康的低分子醛、酮等氧化物质[2-3]。为了延长食用油的保质期并保持其营养价值, 通常会添加抗氧化剂。根据最新GB 2760—2024《食品安全国家标准 食品添加剂使用标准》, 允许使用的抗氧化剂共有29种, 包括天然抗氧化剂和人工合成抗氧化剂。可在食用油中使用的抗氧化剂有茶多酚、茶多酚棕榈酸酯、2,6-二叔丁基-4-甲基苯酚(2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol, Ionox-100)、茶黄素、丁基羟基茴香醚(butyl hydroxyanisole, BHA)、二丁基羟基甲苯(dibutyl hydroxytoluene, BHT)、甘草抗氧化物、抗坏血酸棕榈酸酯、没食子酸丙酯(propyl gallate, PG)、羟基硬脂精、乳酸钠、特丁基对苯二酚(tert-butyl hydroquinone, TBHQ)、维生素E、植酸(又名肌醇六磷酸)和竹叶抗氧化物。在这些抗氧化剂中, Ionox-100、TBHQ、BHA和BHT 4种人工合成的酚类抗氧化剂被广泛地应用于食品领域, 有研究表明长期或过量摄入抗氧化剂可能会导致肝损伤和免疫功能下降, 甚至有致癌风险[4-6]。因此, 抗氧化剂一直是食品安全监管的重点。近年来, 随着塑料、涂层、涂料、油墨和粘合剂等食品接触性材料及其制品的广泛使用, 一些适用于塑料制品中的抗氧化剂正逐渐在食品中检测出来[7-9]。叔丁基苯酚是一类应用较广的烷基酚类抗氧化剂, 含有3种异构体分别是3,5-二叔丁基苯酚(3,5-di-tert-butylphenol, 3,5-DTBP), 2,4-二叔丁基苯酚(2,4-di-tert-butylphenol, 2,4-DTBP)和2,6-二叔丁基苯酚(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol, 2,6-DTBP), 如图1所示。通过添加到塑料中以有效延缓塑料材料的自氧化反应和老化降解, 还可用于合成抗氧剂亚磷酸三(2,4-二叔丁基苯)酯(抗氧化剂168)、抗真菌剂、树脂、香料和紫外线稳定剂等。其中2,4-DTBP的急性毒性为25 mg/kg(小鼠腹腔注射半数致死量)和100 mg/kg(小鼠静脉注射半数致死量); 2,6-DTBP的毒性为800 mg/kg(小鼠经口半数致死剂量)[10-11], 长期摄入对人体可能造成危害。值得注意的是, 2,4-DTBP和BHT在化学性质和色谱保留时间上非常相似, 在日常检测中极易出现混淆和误判等情况, 目前鲜少有类似抗氧化剂在食品中的检测方法。因此, 急需建立一种食用油中多种抗氧化剂的快速分析及检测方法。
在食品分析领域对于不同性质的抗氧化剂, 如PG、维生素E以及一些大分子或不易挥发天然抗氧化剂, 通常采用高效液相色谱法(high performance liquid chromatography, HPLC)或液相色谱-串联质谱法(liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, LC-MS/MS)进行定量分析[12-14], 这些方法能够提供高分辨率的分离和精确的分子质量测定, 特别适合分析那些在常规色谱条件下不易挥发的复杂分子。另一方面, 对于易挥发的小分子抗氧化剂, 例如Ionox-100、TBHQ、BHA和BHT, 气相色谱-串联三重四极杆质谱法(gas chromatography-tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry, GC-MS/MS)因其高灵敏度和选择性而成为更为合适的分析技术[15-17]。GC-MS/MS能够对这些小分子化合物进行有效的分离和鉴定, 尤其是在处理复杂食品样品时, 能够提供更清晰的色谱图谱和更准确的定量结果。
本研究针对食用油中存在的低沸点、小分子量、结构相似且保留时间相近的易混淆抗氧化剂, 开发了一种高通量的GC-MS/MS检测方法。通过优化QuEChERS前处理技术, 以降低食用油基质对分析结果的干扰, 实现对7种抗氧化剂残留的快速提取和精准检测, 本研究建立的GC-MS/MS检测方法为食用油中抗氧化剂的检测提供了一种新的技术手段, 对于提高食用油的安全性评估和监管效率具有重要意义。
食用油购于集贸市场或商超。
甲醇、乙酸乙酯、二氯甲烷、乙腈、丙酮、正己烷(色谱纯, 德国默克公司); 超纯水(三级水, 物理纯度小于50 μS/cm, Milli-Q超纯水仪); QuEChERS净化包(深圳逗点生物技术有限公司); Ionox-100、TBHQ、BHA、BHT、3,5-DTBP、2,4-DTBP、2,6-DTBP(纯度均≥99%, 质量浓度为100 µg/mL, 上海安谱实验科技股份有限公司); 乙酸(纯度≥99.5%)、氨水(NH3含量25%~28%)(国药集团化学试剂有限公司)。
TSQ 9000气相色谱-三重四极杆质谱仪[赛默飞世尔科技(中国)有限公司]; CLT55离心机(湖南湘仪实验室仪器开发有限公司); MultiVortex涡旋混合器(广州得泰仪器科技有限公司); Auto EVA 80全自动氮吹仪[睿科集团(厦门)股份有限公司]; ME 2002 E型分析天平(精度为0.01 g, 梅特勒-托利多仪器上海有限公司); 色谱柱HP-5 MS毛细管柱[30 m× 0.25 mm, 0.25 µm, 安捷伦科技(中国)有限公司]; Milli-Q超纯水仪(德国默克公司); C18固相萃取柱2000 mg/12 mL(上海安谱实验科技股份有限公司);。
标准储备溶液(10 µg/mL): 准确吸取1.0 mLTBHQ、3,5-DTBP、2,6-二叔丁基-4-羟甲基苯酚、BHA、2,4-DTBP、BHT和2,6-DTBP标准品, 色谱纯乙腈定容至10 mL, -18 ℃避光保存。
1%酸化乙腈溶液(1:99, V:V): 量取10 mL乙酸溶液加入990 mL乙腈中, 混匀。
1%碱化乙腈溶液(1:99, V:V): 量取10 mL氨水溶液加入990 mL乙腈中, 混匀。
称取1.0 g(精确至0.01 g)食用油于50 mL离心管中, 加入20 mL乙腈涡旋提取2 min, 离心1 min, 取18 mL上清液加入100 mg N-丙基乙二胺(N-propylethylenediamine, PSA)、50 mg石墨化炭黑吸附剂(graphitized carbon black adsorbent, GCB)、100 mg C18和300 mg MgSO4 的15 mL离心管中, 涡旋2 min; 以3900 r/min离心2 min; 准确吸取2 mL上清液, 过0.22 µm有机相滤膜, GC-MS/MS测定分析。
准确称取了1.0 g不含目标抗氧化剂的食用油样品, 按1.3.2节方法对其进行预处理, 使用食用油基质提取液或乙腈分别稀释7种抗氧化剂的标准溶液, 制备6个不同质量浓度(1、10、50、80、150、300 µg/L)的基质或空白标准混合溶液, 以被测抗氧化剂组分的质量浓度(X, µg/mL)作为横坐标, 对应的色谱峰面积(Y)为纵坐标绘制基质标准曲线。
色谱柱: HP-5 MS毛细管柱(30 m×0.25 mm, 0.25 µm);升温程序: 60 ℃保持1 min; 以20 ℃/min升温至140 ℃; 以5 ℃/min升温至180 ℃; 以20 ℃/min升温至280 ℃保持2 min, 总时长20 min; 进样口温度280 ℃, 流速1.0 mL/min; 进样量1.0 µL; 进样方式: 不分流进样。
质谱条件: 电子轰击电离源(70 eV); 离子源温度300 ℃, 传输线温度280 ℃, 多反应监测模式, 其具体参数见表1
数据采用Thermo Scientific Xcalibur 4.2 SP1软件收集和处理, 相对标准偏差(实验重复测定8)、回收率和标准曲线线性方程由Excel 2010进行处理, 并分别使用Word 2010和Excel 2010进行表格和图的绘制。
在食品检测领域, 选择合适的萃取溶剂对于减少基质效应、提高目标化合物的提取效率至关重要[18]。本研究选取了甲醇、乙酸乙酯、二氯甲烷、乙腈、1%酸化乙腈、1%碱化乙腈、丙酮和正己烷等6种常见溶剂, 以未添加抗氧化剂的食用油为实验基质, 旨在评估这些溶剂在提取7种不同抗氧化剂时的性能。通过定量添加质量浓度为150 µg/L的抗氧化剂, 比较各溶剂的回收率, 以期找到最佳的萃取条件。实验结果如图2所示, 甲醇的提取效率相对最低, 而乙腈则展现出较高的整体回收率, 酸化或碱化乙腈对回收率均有影响。值得注意的是, 在使用二氯甲烷、正己烷、丙酮和乙酸乙酯时, 食用油可溶解于这4种有机溶剂。而正己烷和乙酸乙酯, 在提取丁羟基茴香醚和叔丁基对苯二酚时, 其回收率高于其他溶剂。考虑到不同溶剂的极性、溶解度以及与目标化合物的相互作用, 为更有效地分离目标化合物与食用油中的其他成分, 进一步提高目标化合物的提取效率, 本研究进一步研究了液液萃取法并进行对比。将食用油分别溶解于正己烷或乙酸乙酯中, 随后利用乙腈进行目标化合物的提取。
图3所示, 在研究中对比了不同体积比的乙腈与正己烷(或乙酸乙酯)混合溶剂的提取效果。使用正己烷作为食用油溶解剂相较于乙酸乙酯, 能够得到更高的抗氧化剂回收率。当乙腈与正己烷的体积比为2:1时, 抗氧化剂的整体回收率最优, 随着乙腈体积比用量的减少, 回收率也相应降低。与单一使用乙腈作为萃取溶剂相比, 乙腈与正己烷的混合溶剂对整体回收率的提升并不多, 但增加了本研究操作的复杂性。因此, 本研究选择乙腈作为萃取溶剂。
萃取溶剂的体积直接影响目标化合物在食用油中的提取效率, 适量的溶剂可以确保抗氧化剂从样品中有效提取[19], 本研究考察了不同体积的乙腈作为萃取溶剂对抗氧化剂回收率的影响。结果表明, 随着乙腈溶剂体积的增加, 7种抗氧化剂的回收率呈现出大幅的上升趋势。这是因为较大的溶剂体积有助于更有效地打破食用油中的脂肪结构, 从而减少固醇类物质对分析的干扰。然而, 当溶剂体积过大时, 却可能导致提取效率降低, 目标化合物的检出限升高, 并且需要额外的浓缩步骤来补偿溶剂体积的增加。因此, 如图4所示20 mL的乙腈溶剂被确定为本研究中提取食用油中抗氧化剂的最佳体积。
在食用油的检测分析中, 脂肪、维生素、色素和固醇类化合物的存在可能对抗氧化剂的微量分析造成显著干扰。为了增强检测的精确度, 常用的前处理净化技术有固相萃取法、QuEChERS法和凝胶渗透色谱法[20-23]。凝胶渗透色谱法虽然在动物源性食品的净化中表现出色, 能够有效去除蛋白质和脂类等大分子物质, 但其溶剂消耗量较大使用成本高, 操作复杂, 不适合大规模食用油样本的检测。因此, 本研究以阴性芝麻油为研究对象, 添加了质量浓度为150 µg/L的7种抗氧化剂, 对固相萃取法和QuEChERS两种前处理方法进行了深入比较。
在固相萃取法中, 本研究选用了C18固相萃取柱(2000 mg/12 mL)作为净化柱, 并预装2 g无水硫酸钠。经过甲醇和乙腈的活化平衡后, 将每10 mL的基质提取液通过一根净化柱, 弃去流出液, 随后用甲醇和乙腈(1:2, V:V)的混合溶液进行两次洗脱[24]。洗脱液经旋转蒸发至干燥后, 用2 mL乙腈定容, 并通过0.22 µm有机相滤膜过滤, 最后采用GC-MS/MS进行分析。实验结果表明, BHT和2,4-DTBP在深色食用油中(芝麻油和菜籽油等)回收率较低, 均低于70%(质量分数); TBHQ理化性质相对于其他抗氧化剂较活泼, 易受前处理过程的影响[25], 回收率具有一定的波动性, 加标回收率质量分数为60%~80%; 其他4种抗氧化剂的回收率较为理想。分析发现, BHT、2,4-DTBP和TBHQ在弃去的流出液中存在一定损失, 这可能是由于C18固相萃取柱对这3种抗氧化剂的富集效果不佳, 导致其在净化柱上的选择性保留含量较低[26]。此外, 对于回收率较好的4种抗氧化剂, 也需确保充分的洗脱次数和体积, 以避免目标化合物回收率的显著下降。
QuEChERS法作为一种成熟的样品前处理技术, 其关键在于净化剂的组合与用量[27]。本研究对比了市面上5种通用的净化包对回收率的影响。每20 mL基质提取液分别使用两份不同的净化包, 填料组合如下: A. 50 mg C18和150 mg MgSO4; B. 50 mg PSA和150 mg MgSO4; C. 50 mg PSA、50 mg C18和150 mg MgSO4; D. 50 mg PSA、25 mg GCB和150 mg MgSO4; E. 50 mg PSA、25 mg GCB、50 mg C18和150 mg MgSO4。结果如图5所示, 单独使用PSA或C18的净化效果并不理想; PSA和C18的组合使用虽然回收率有所提高, 但对于TBHQ和2,4-DTBP这两种抗氧化剂在颜色较深的芝麻油中回收率仍然较低; 而加入GCB的净化包E能够有效减轻色素对目标化合物的干扰[28], 从而获得较高的整体回收率。此外, 净化剂的用量对目标化合物的回收率也有显著影响, 对于20 mL含有7种抗氧化剂的提取液, 净化剂用量不足无法有效去除油脂中的脂质和固醇类化合物的干扰; 而用量过大则可能对抗氧化剂产生包覆作用[29], 进一步影响回收率。因此, 本研究确定了100 mg PSA、50 mg GCB、100 mg C18和300 mg MgSO4的组合作为最优净化体系。该方法相较于固相萃取法和凝胶渗透色谱法, 操作更为简便, 无需耗时的浓缩和过柱等步骤, 对于成分复杂、颜色较深的食用油, 如调和油、植物油和芝麻油, 净化效果较为理想, 回收率整体较好, 能够满足日常不同食用油样品的检测需求。因此, 本研究选用QuEChERS方法作为食用油前处理净化步骤。这一选择不仅提高了检测效率, 还降低了操作成本, 为食用油中抗氧化剂的准确检测提供了一种有效的前处理策略。
在本研究中, 按照1.3.3基质标准曲线的制备, 配制了6个不同质量浓度(1、10、50、80、150、300 µg/L)的标准混合溶液, 7种抗氧化剂色谱图见图6。在优化的色谱条件下绘制标准曲线, 其中横坐标表示质量浓度(X, µg/L), 纵坐标表示峰面积(Y)。定量限(limit of quantification, LOQ)和检出限(limit of detection, LOD)采用了基质加标回收的方法进行确定, 分别以信噪比(S/N)为10和3作为标准。基质效应(matrix effect, ME)是食品分析中常见的挑战, 会影响分析物的离子化效率。本研究通过比较基质匹配标准曲线与纯溶剂标准曲线的斜率来评估ME。一般而言, 当ME值介于-50%到50%之间时, 认为ME不显著; 若ME值小于-50%或大于50%, 则认为该化合物的ME显著[30], 结果如表2所示。结果表明, 本研究中检测的7种抗氧化剂在1~300 µg/L的质量浓度范围内均展现出良好的线性关系, 线性相关系数(r2)均超过0.99, LOD在0.11~2.77 µg/kg之间, LOQ在0.36~9.23 µg/kg之间, 结果证明了建立的检测方法具有很高的精确度和可靠性, 可以满足复杂食用油基质中痕量抗氧化剂的检测。此外, 研究结果还揭示了食用油基质对7种抗氧化剂表现出基质抑制效应, ME均小于20%, 说明食用油基质对分析信号的干扰相对较低, 在食用油的分析过程中可以使用空白标准曲线对目标化合物进行定量分析。
在本研究中, 为了评估所建立方法的准确度和精密度, 在空白食用油样品中添加了不同浓度(10、20、100 µg/kg) 的标准混合溶液, 并在最优条件下对每个添加水平进行了8次重复测定。准确度通过回收率(质量分数)来表示, 精密度使用8次平行测定的相对标准偏差(relative standard deviation, RSDs)来衡量。结果如表3所示, 7种抗氧化剂的回收率为72.51%~116.33%, RSDs为0.36%~5.82%。结果表明, 本方法对于7种抗氧化剂的检测具有令人满意的回收率和精密度, 该方法适用于食用油基质中抗氧化剂的定量分析。
采用本研究建立的分析方法, 对本地超市和农贸市场销售的花生油、食用植物调和油、芝麻油、山茶油、玉米油、菜籽油6种食用油样品随机购买并进行抗氧化剂的筛查, 每种油品共检测了20批次。结果显示, 在2批次的食用植物调和油中检测到了BHT, 其平均含量为0.85 mg/kg。此外, 2,4-DTBP的检出率相对较高, 约占47%, 平均含量为0.92 mg/kg。而其他类型的抗氧化剂在本次筛查中未被检出。这一发现揭示了本方法在操作简便性和通用性方面的优势, 证明其适用于多种食用油中抗氧化剂的检测。特别值得注意的是, 2,4-DTBP较高的检出率表明该抗氧化剂在食用油中可能存在一定的风险, 其潜在的食品安全隐患亟需引起广泛关注。
本研究建立了7种抗氧化剂的气相色谱-串联三重四极杆质谱法, 针对不同种类的食用油, 使用乙腈提取经QuEChERS净化后可直接进行仪器分析。本研究操作简单, 7种抗氧化剂的LOD为0.11~2.77 µg/kg, LOQ为0.36~9.23 µg/kg, 具有较高的灵敏度和准确性, 普适性较好。在实际样本筛查中发现2,4-DTBP具有检出率较高, 首次将BHT同叔丁基苯酚异构体进行区分, 显著降低了食用油中多种结构类似抗氧化剂误检的风险。该方法为食用油中抗氧化剂残留的检测提供了一种便捷、高效的筛查和定量手段, 在日常检测中具有重要的应用价值, 对于提高食用油质量安全检测的效率和准确性具有重要意义。
  • 国家市场监督管理总局科技计划项目(2023MK085)
  • 湖北省自然科学基金一般面上项目(2023AFB863)
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2025年第16卷第7期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241029001
  • 接收时间:2024-10-29
  • 首发时间:2025-07-19
  • 出版时间:2025-04-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-29
基金
国家市场监督管理总局科技计划项目(2023MK085)
湖北省自然科学基金一般面上项目(2023AFB863)
作者信息
    1.湖北省食品质量安全监督检验研究院, 武汉 430075
    2.国家市场监督管理总局重点实验室(动物源性食品中重点化学危害物检测技术), 武汉 430075
    3.国家卫生健康委员会食品安全风险评估与标准研制特色实验室, 武汉 430075

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* 陈锂(1988—), 男, 博士, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为食品安全检测。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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