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Article(id=1152687436518830694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1152687434774000221, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241028012, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1730044800000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-28, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752751700762, onlineDateStr=2025-07-17, pubDate=1747238400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752751700762, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752751700762, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752751700762, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1152687434774000221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='324', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752751700342, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756708585928, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1169283815848555430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1152687434774000221, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1169283815848555431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1152687434774000221, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=172, endPage=177, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1152687436871152232, articleId=1152687436518830694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Study on serotypes and drug resistance characteristics of Salmonella in retail chicken and pig meat fillings in Shanghai in 2021—2022, columnId=1151895322692776479, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Analysis and Monitoring of Toxic and Harmful Substances in Food, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To investigate the serotype distribution and antibiotic resistance characteristics of Salmonella isolated from retail poultry and pork meat in Shanghai. Methods The 109 Salmonella strains isolates from retail chicken meat and pork meat in Shanghai in 2021—2022 were collected, and serotyped by serum agglutination method. The antibiotic susceptibility of 7 classes of 14 kinds of antibacterial drugs was determined by microbroth dilution method, and the antibiotic resistance genes were analyzed by whole genome sequencing. Results A total of 22 serotypes were identified in the 109 Salmonella strains, with the Corvallis serotype being the predominant one in retail poultry chicken meat and the London serotype being the predominant one in pork meat. The 96.3% of the isolates strains were resistant to antibiotics, with the highest resistance rates to tetracycline, ampicillin, chloromycetin, and cotrimoxazole. Multi-drug resistant isolates accounted for 61.4% of all isolates, with the highest resistance to 7 classes of 12 antibiotics. All isolates were found to harbor resistance genes, with a total of 68 resistance genes identified. Conclusion The serotype of Salmonella isolated from retail poultry and pork meat in Shanghai in 2021—2022 is complex, with a high overall level of resistance and severe multi-resistance. The isolates carry multiple resistance genes, and the drug resistance is correlated with the resistance genes they carried. Continuous monitoring of foodborne Salmonella and in-depth research on important resistance mechanisms and transmission mechanisms are of great significance for ensuring food safety and guiding clinical drug use in China.

, correspAuthors=Yi-Wen CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Wen YU, Lin AN, Xiu REN, Na LIU, Yi-Wen CHEN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1152687439287071347, articleId=1152687436518830694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=2021—2022年上海市区零售鸡肉和猪肉馅中沙门氏菌血清型和耐药特征研究, columnId=1151895322898297380, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=本期专题：食品中有毒有害物质分析与监测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 了解上海市区零售鸡肉和猪肉馅中沙门氏菌分离株的血清型分布和耐药性特征。方法 收集2021—2022年上海市区零售鸡肉和猪肉馅中分离的109株沙门氏菌, 使用血清凝集方法进行血清学鉴定, 采用微量肉汤稀释法, 对7类14种抗菌药物进行药物敏感检测, 采用全基因组测序分析其耐药基因。结果 109株沙门氏菌共检出22种血清群, 鸡肉源沙门氏菌以科瓦利斯血清型为主, 猪肉源沙门氏菌以伦敦血清型为主。96.3%的菌株为耐药株, 菌株对四环素、氨苄西林、氯霉素和复方磺胺耐药率最高, 多重耐药菌株占全部菌株的61.4%, 最高可对7类12种抗菌药物耐药。所有菌株均检出耐药基因, 共得到68种耐药基因。结论 2021—2022年上海零售生禽畜肉中沙门氏菌的血清型分布较为复杂, 整体耐药水平较高, 多重耐药性严重, 携带多种耐药基因, 耐药性与携带的耐药基因存在相关性。对食源性沙门氏菌的持续监测以及针对重要耐药和传播机制开展深入研究, 对保障我国食品安全和指导临床一线用药有重大的意义。

, correspAuthors=陈怡文, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 陈怡文(1985—), 女, 硕士, 副主任技师, 主要研究方向为食品, 化妆品微生物。E-mail:
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余文(1983—), 女, 硕士, 副研究员, 主要研究方向为食品安全检测。E-mail:

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余文(1983—), 女, 硕士, 副研究员, 主要研究方向为食品安全检测。E-mail:

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Analysis results of drug resistance in Salmonella

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
抗生素种类 抗生素名称 耐药菌株数/% 中介菌株数/%
β-内酰胺类 AMP 71 (65.1) -
AMS 36 (33.2) 1 (0.9)
CFX 3 (2.8) 7 (6.4)
CFZ 41 (37.6) 27 (24.8)
CAZ 11 (10.0) -
CTX 14 (12.8) -
IMP 0 (0) -
氨基糖苷类 GEN 22 (20.2) -
大环内酯类 AZM 14 (12.8) -
喹诺酮类 NAL 36 (33.0) -
CIP 16 (14.7) 78 (71.6)
氯霉素类 CHL 62 (56.9) 4 (3.7)
四环素类 TET 100 (91.7) -
磺胺类 SXT 60 (55.0) -
), ArticleFig(id=1169272551508292517, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687436518830694, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

沙门氏菌耐药性分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
抗生素种类 抗生素名称 耐药菌株数/% 中介菌株数/%
β-内酰胺类 AMP 71 (65.1) -
AMS 36 (33.2) 1 (0.9)
CFX 3 (2.8) 7 (6.4)
CFZ 41 (37.6) 27 (24.8)
CAZ 11 (10.0) -
CTX 14 (12.8) -
IMP 0 (0) -
氨基糖苷类 GEN 22 (20.2) -
大环内酯类 AZM 14 (12.8) -
喹诺酮类 NAL 36 (33.0) -
CIP 16 (14.7) 78 (71.6)
氯霉素类 CHL 62 (56.9) 4 (3.7)
四环素类 TET 100 (91.7) -
磺胺类 SXT 60 (55.0) -
), ArticleFig(id=1169272551697036198, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687436518830694, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Distribution of drug resistance genotypes of 109 Salmonella strains

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
抗生素种类 耐药基因数量 耐药基因携带率/% 携带的耐药基因种类
氨基糖苷类 295 30.8 aac(6')-Iaa、aac(3)-IIa、aac(3)-IId、aac(6')-Ib-cr、aph(3'')-Ib、aph(6)-Id、aadA1、aadA2、aadA24、aadA22、aph(3')-Ia、aph(3')-IIa、ant(3'')-Ia
磺胺类 202 21.1 sul1、sul2、sul3、qacE
β-内酰胺类 130 13.6 blaTEM-1B、blaTEM-1A、blaTEM-234、blaTEM-217、blaTEM-214、blaTEM-209、blaTEM-206、blaTEM-201、blaTEM-198、blaTEM-164、blaTEM-163、blaTEM-141、blaTEM-122、blaTEM-104、blaTEM-230、blaTEM-220、blaTEM-207、blaTEM-198、blaTEM-186、blaTEM-176、blaTEM-148、blaTEM-126、blaTEM-104、blaTEM-70、blaTEM-30、blaCTX-M-65、blaCTX-M-55、blaCMY-2、blaCTX-M-14b、blaCMY-2、blaCTX-M-14b、blaCTX-M-3、dfrA12、dfrA14、dfrA27
四环素类 106 11.1 tet(A)、tet(B)、tet(M)
喹诺酮类/氟喹诺酮类 92 9.6 qnrS1、qnrS2、qnrB6、OqxA、 OqxB
氯霉素类 82 8.6 cmlA1、cml、floR、catA2
磷霉素 19 2.0 fosA7
利福平 19 2.0 ARR-2、ARR-3
大环内酯类 12 1.3 mph(A)
), ArticleFig(id=1169272551785116584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687436518830694, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

109株沙门氏菌耐药基因分布

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
抗生素种类 耐药基因数量 耐药基因携带率/% 携带的耐药基因种类
氨基糖苷类 295 30.8 aac(6')-Iaa、aac(3)-IIa、aac(3)-IId、aac(6')-Ib-cr、aph(3'')-Ib、aph(6)-Id、aadA1、aadA2、aadA24、aadA22、aph(3')-Ia、aph(3')-IIa、ant(3'')-Ia
磺胺类 202 21.1 sul1、sul2、sul3、qacE
β-内酰胺类 130 13.6 blaTEM-1B、blaTEM-1A、blaTEM-234、blaTEM-217、blaTEM-214、blaTEM-209、blaTEM-206、blaTEM-201、blaTEM-198、blaTEM-164、blaTEM-163、blaTEM-141、blaTEM-122、blaTEM-104、blaTEM-230、blaTEM-220、blaTEM-207、blaTEM-198、blaTEM-186、blaTEM-176、blaTEM-148、blaTEM-126、blaTEM-104、blaTEM-70、blaTEM-30、blaCTX-M-65、blaCTX-M-55、blaCMY-2、blaCTX-M-14b、blaCMY-2、blaCTX-M-14b、blaCTX-M-3、dfrA12、dfrA14、dfrA27
四环素类 106 11.1 tet(A)、tet(B)、tet(M)
喹诺酮类/氟喹诺酮类 92 9.6 qnrS1、qnrS2、qnrB6、OqxA、 OqxB
氯霉素类 82 8.6 cmlA1、cml、floR、catA2
磷霉素 19 2.0 fosA7
利福平 19 2.0 ARR-2、ARR-3
大环内酯类 12 1.3 mph(A)
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2021—2022年上海市区零售鸡肉和猪肉馅中沙门氏菌血清型和耐药特征研究
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余文 , 安琳 , 任秀 , 刘娜 , 陈怡文 *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题：食品中有毒有害物质分析与监测 2025,16(9): 172-177
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题：食品中有毒有害物质分析与监测 2025, 16(9): 172-177
2021—2022年上海市区零售鸡肉和猪肉馅中沙门氏菌血清型和耐药特征研究
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余文 , 安琳, 任秀, 刘娜, 陈怡文*
作者信息
  • 中国食品药品检定研究院, 北京 100050

    • 余文(1983—), 女, 硕士, 副研究员, 主要研究方向为食品安全检测。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 陈怡文(1985—), 女, 硕士, 副主任技师, 主要研究方向为食品, 化妆品微生物。E-mail:
Study on serotypes and drug resistance characteristics of Salmonella in retail chicken and pig meat fillings in Shanghai in 2021—2022
Wen YU , Lin AN, Xiu REN, Na LIU, Yi-Wen CHEN*
Affiliations
  • National Institute for Food and Drug Control, Beijng 100050, China
出版时间: 2025-05-15 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241028012
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摘要
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目的 了解上海市区零售鸡肉和猪肉馅中沙门氏菌分离株的血清型分布和耐药性特征。方法 收集2021—2022年上海市区零售鸡肉和猪肉馅中分离的109株沙门氏菌, 使用血清凝集方法进行血清学鉴定, 采用微量肉汤稀释法, 对7类14种抗菌药物进行药物敏感检测, 采用全基因组测序分析其耐药基因。结果 109株沙门氏菌共检出22种血清群, 鸡肉源沙门氏菌以科瓦利斯血清型为主, 猪肉源沙门氏菌以伦敦血清型为主。96.3%的菌株为耐药株, 菌株对四环素、氨苄西林、氯霉素和复方磺胺耐药率最高, 多重耐药菌株占全部菌株的61.4%, 最高可对7类12种抗菌药物耐药。所有菌株均检出耐药基因, 共得到68种耐药基因。结论 2021—2022年上海零售生禽畜肉中沙门氏菌的血清型分布较为复杂, 整体耐药水平较高, 多重耐药性严重, 携带多种耐药基因, 耐药性与携带的耐药基因存在相关性。对食源性沙门氏菌的持续监测以及针对重要耐药和传播机制开展深入研究, 对保障我国食品安全和指导临床一线用药有重大的意义。

沙门氏菌  /  血清型  /  耐药性  /  食源性疾病

Objective To investigate the serotype distribution and antibiotic resistance characteristics of Salmonella isolated from retail poultry and pork meat in Shanghai. Methods The 109 Salmonella strains isolates from retail chicken meat and pork meat in Shanghai in 2021—2022 were collected, and serotyped by serum agglutination method. The antibiotic susceptibility of 7 classes of 14 kinds of antibacterial drugs was determined by microbroth dilution method, and the antibiotic resistance genes were analyzed by whole genome sequencing. Results A total of 22 serotypes were identified in the 109 Salmonella strains, with the Corvallis serotype being the predominant one in retail poultry chicken meat and the London serotype being the predominant one in pork meat. The 96.3% of the isolates strains were resistant to antibiotics, with the highest resistance rates to tetracycline, ampicillin, chloromycetin, and cotrimoxazole. Multi-drug resistant isolates accounted for 61.4% of all isolates, with the highest resistance to 7 classes of 12 antibiotics. All isolates were found to harbor resistance genes, with a total of 68 resistance genes identified. Conclusion The serotype of Salmonella isolated from retail poultry and pork meat in Shanghai in 2021—2022 is complex, with a high overall level of resistance and severe multi-resistance. The isolates carry multiple resistance genes, and the drug resistance is correlated with the resistance genes they carried. Continuous monitoring of foodborne Salmonella and in-depth research on important resistance mechanisms and transmission mechanisms are of great significance for ensuring food safety and guiding clinical drug use in China.

Salmonella  /  serotype  /  drug resistance  /  foodborne disease
余文, 安琳, 任秀, 刘娜, 陈怡文. 2021—2022年上海市区零售鸡肉和猪肉馅中沙门氏菌血清型和耐药特征研究. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (9) : 172 -177 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241028012
Wen YU, Lin AN, Xiu REN, Na LIU, Yi-Wen CHEN. Study on serotypes and drug resistance characteristics of Salmonella in retail chicken and pig meat fillings in Shanghai in 2021—2022[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (9) : 172 -177 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241028012
正文
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0 引言
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沙门氏菌是最常见的食源性致病菌, 它能够引起胃肠炎、副伤寒和伤寒等食源性疾病, 严重时甚至可能导致死亡[1-3]。受污染的动物源性食品, 尤其是未经充分烹饪的肉类制品, 是导致人类感染沙门氏菌的主要来源[4-5]。世界卫生组织的数据显示, 沙门氏菌每年在全球引起超过9380万例胃肠炎, 并导致超过15.5万人死亡[6-7]。
沙门氏菌有多种血清型, 国际上已确认超过2600种, 而中国有200多种[8-9]。目前, 抗生素是治疗沙门氏菌病的主要手段。然而, 由于医疗和养殖业中抗生素的不当使用, 多重耐药微生物的出现加速了全球抗生素耐药率(antimicrobial resistance, AMR)的上升, 这对公共卫生构成了严重威胁[10-12]。沙门氏菌的耐药性在全球范围内存在差异, 但普遍呈上升趋势。中国是全球抗微生物药物耐药性增长最快的国家之一, 禽源沙门氏菌对多种抗生素的耐药率超过50%[13]。在美国, 多重耐药菌株的比例也在上升[14]。细菌耐药性的增加和传播导致抗微生物药物的临床治疗效果降低, 死亡率提高, 给卫生和医疗系统带来了挑战[15]。
全基因组测序(whole genome sequencing, WGS)技术是研究抗菌药物耐药性发展、传播机制和病原菌进化的重要工具, 它能够注释细菌的所有抗性基因[16-17]。随着WGS技术的普及, 越来越多的耐药基因被发现, 不同血清型的沙门氏菌耐药性存在差异[18]。研究沙门氏菌的耐药基因型和表型对于监测和防控细菌耐药性, 具有重要意义。
本研究选取了2021—2022年上海市区批发市场和超市零售的鸡肉及猪肉馅中分离的109株沙门氏菌, 通过血清学鉴定、抗菌药物敏感性测试和全基因组水平抗性基因分析, 旨在了解这些菌株的血清型分布和耐药性特征, 识别需要重点关注的血清型和临床药物, 为评估生禽畜食品中沙门氏菌的污染风险和研究耐药机制提供基础数据。这项研究有助于更有效地防治沙门氏菌引起的疾病, 减少耐药性的发生, 保障生禽畜产品的安全。本研究结合沙门氏菌的血清型、耐药基因和耐药表型进行分析, 进一步发掘食源性沙门氏菌潜在致病风险, 挖掘主要抗生素的耐药靶标, 为进一步研究其防控机制提供了数据支持。
1 材料与方法
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1.1 材料与试剂
1.1.1 菌株来源
109株沙门菌分离自2021年至2022年上海市16个超市和38个农贸市场所采集的鸡肉和猪肉馅样品。全部菌株前期均已经Vitek2 Compact全自动生化鉴定仪和GN鉴定卡确认为沙门菌属。药物敏感性实验质控菌株为大肠埃希菌 ATCC 25922。
1.1.2 培养基与试剂
脑心浸液琼脂(brain heart infusion agar, BHA)(北京陆桥技术股份有限公司); 脑心浸液肉汤(brain heart infusion, BHI)(英国OXOID公司); 细菌基因组提取试剂盒[天根生化科技(北京)有限公司]; 沙门菌血清分型试剂盒(美国Luminex公司); 血清抗体试剂(丹麦SSI公司); 革兰阴性需氧菌药敏检测板, 包含以下7类14种抗菌药物: 氨苄西林(ampicillin, AMP)、氨苄舒(ampicillin/sulb, AMS)、头孢西丁(cefoxitin, CFX)、头孢唑林(cefazolin, CFZ)、头孢他啶(ceftazidime, CAZ)、头孢噻肟(cefotaxime, CTX)、亚胺培南(imipenem, IMP)、庆大霉素(gentamicin, GEN)、阿奇霉素(azithromycin, AZM)、萘啶酸(nalidixic acid, NAL)、环丙沙星(ciprofloxacin, CIP)、氯霉素(chloromycetin, CHL)、四环素(tetracycline, TET)、复方磺胺(cotrimoxazole, SXT)(上海星佰生物技术有限公司)。
1.2 仪器与设备
PL2002百分之一电子天平(精度0.01 g, 瑞士梅特勒-托利多公司); MLS-3780高压灭菌器(日本三洋公司); Thermo 1389生物安全柜、PR 205050 GCN生化培养箱、Qubit荧光计(美国Thermo Fisher Scientific公司); VITEK 2 COMPACT 60自动微生物分析系统(法国梅里埃公司)。
1.3 实验方法
1.3.1 沙门氏菌分离株与血清型分析
本研究收集了来自2021—2022年上海地区16个超市和38个农贸市场鸡肉样品和猪肉馅中分离的107株沙门氏菌。每个分离株均来自独立样本, 全部菌株前期均已经Vitek2 Compact 全自动生化鉴定仪和GN鉴定卡确认为沙门菌属。其中, 55株来自鸡肉样品, 52株则来自猪肉馅样品。所有确认的沙门氏菌分离株均使用商业沙门氏菌抗血清(丹麦国家血清研究所)通过玻片凝集试验, 根据Kauffmann-White方案确定其血清型[19]。
1.3.2 抗菌药物敏感性测试
采用微量肉汤稀释法, 使用革兰阴性需氧菌药敏检测板测定了 14种抗菌药物的最低抑菌浓度(minimum inhibitory concentration‌‌, MIC)。抗菌药物包括AMP、AMS、AZM、CFX、CAZ、CTX、CFZ、CHL、CIP、GEN、IMP、NAL、TET和SXT。依据美国临床和实验室标准化协会(Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, CLSI) M100-32[20]中的质控范围判断药敏鉴定板上药物质量, 按照肠杆菌科耐药判定折点判断药物敏感性结果。使用大肠杆菌ATCC 25922作为质量控制菌株。
1.3.3 全基因组测序与分析
全基因组测序和生物信息学分析按照制造商的说明, 使用细菌基因组提取试剂盒从新鲜的2 mL培养物中提取每个分离株的细菌基因组DNA。通过在1%琼脂糖凝胶上可视化电泳产物对DNA进行质量控制, 并使用Qubit荧光计进行定量分析。在北京诺禾致源生物信息技术有限公司使用大规模并行测序Illumina技术进行全基因组测序。为每个分离株构建两个DNA文库: 一个插入片段大小为500 bp的双端文库和一个插入片段大小为5 kb的配对文库。500 bp和5 kb文库均经过测序。
1.3.4 细菌抗性基因分析
将107株沙门氏菌的全基因组序列上传至https://cge.cbs.dtu.dk//services/ResFinder/进行耐药基因的注释(一致性≥90%, 覆盖度≥60%[21-22])。
1.4 数据处理
使用Excel 2019软件进行数据分析及图表绘制。
2 结果与分析
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2.1 血清型分布
109株沙门氏菌(57株来自鸡肉样品, 52株来自猪肉馅样品)经血清学鉴定后, 除了2株未确定血清型外, 其余菌株共分离得到22个血清型, 鸡肉样品中分离得到15个血清型, 猪肉馅样品中分离得到10个血清型。分离的血清型数量≥5株的有9个, 分别为科瓦利斯沙门氏菌(13.8%, 15/109)、伦敦沙门氏菌(12.8%, 14/109)、德尔比沙门氏菌(10.1%, 11/109)、里森沙门氏菌(10.1%, 11/109)、肯塔基沙门氏菌(7.3%, 8/109)、印第安纳沙门氏菌(5.5%, 6/109), 鼠伤寒沙门氏菌单项变异体(4.6%, 5/109), 肠炎沙门氏菌(4.6%, 5/109)和阿贡纳沙门氏菌(4.6%, 5/109), 具体结果见图1。
2.2 耐药性分析
109株沙门氏菌药敏结果显示: 96.3% (105/109)的沙门氏菌呈现出抗生素耐药性, 所有菌株均对IMP敏感, 8株沙门氏菌对14种抗生素均敏感(7.3%, 8/109), 具体结果见表1。
测定14种抗生素共分为7大类, 67 (61.4%)株沙门氏菌表现出多重耐药(菌株对3类及以上抗生素呈现耐药)特性, 其中3类抗生素耐药菌株12株, 4类抗生素耐药菌株24株, 5类抗生素耐药菌株12株, 6类抗生素耐药菌株13株, 7类抗生素耐药菌株2株。2株7耐的菌株均为肯塔基沙门氏菌, 耐药谱为AMP-CAZ-AMS-CTX-CFZ- TET-NAL-CIP-AZM-CHL-GEN-SXT。
2.3 耐药基因分析
利用ResFinder数据库对109株沙门氏菌的耐药基因进行比对分析, 所有菌株均携带耐药基因, 共得到68种耐药基因, 包含氨基糖苷类、磺胺类、β-内酰胺类、四环素类等共9种类型, 最主要的类型为氨基糖苷类(100.0%, 109株/109株)。对氨基糖苷类耐药的菌株与基因型一致性较低, 其余类型的耐药基因与耐药表型之间呈正相关性。氨基糖苷类耐药基因中aac(6')-Iaa携带率最高(100.0%, 109株/109株), β-内酰胺类耐药基因种类最多, 出现32种耐药基因型, 其中blaTEM-1B (66.1%, 72株/109株)是AMP的主要耐药基因, dfrA12 (20.2%, 22株/109株)是CTX的主要耐药基因。磺胺类耐药基因中sul2 (48.6%, 53株/109株)携带率最高, 喹诺酮类耐药基因中qnrS1 (38.5%, 42株/109株)携带率最高, 四环素类耐药基因中tet(A) (95.4%,104株/109株)携带率最高, 氯霉素类耐药基因中floR (30.3%, 33株/109株)携带率最高。每株沙门氏菌携带耐药基因数目不同, 基因数目在1~40种不等。9株沙门氏菌携带了20种以上的耐药基因, 携带耐药基因最多的是科特布斯血清型、其次分别是汤普森、德尔比、伦敦、肠炎、印第安纳和黄金海岸血清型。109株沙门氏菌耐药基因分布见表2。
3 讨论与结论
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本研究血清型分析结果表明, 上海市区零售鸡肉和猪肉馅中的沙门氏菌血清型分布多样化, 这一结果提示我国生禽畜养殖、生产和零售环节存在交叉污染的可能, 这与已有研究结果一致[4,23]。从血清分型结果来看, 科瓦利斯沙门氏菌、伦敦沙门氏菌和德尔比沙门氏菌数量占前3位, 而肠炎沙门氏菌、鼠伤寒沙门氏菌单项变异体和阿贡纳沙门氏菌并列占第7位, 这与以往报道的沙门氏菌优势血清型不同[3-4,24], 提示沙门氏菌优势血清型存在一定时间性和地域性差异。本研究分离得到的主要血清型有肯塔基、印第安纳、黄金海岸、德尔比、肠炎、鼠伤寒等, 这与以往报道的我国沙门氏菌食物中毒常见的血清型基本一致[25-26]。
耐药性分析结果可见, 分离菌株整体耐药率高, 其中最高的是TET, 其次是AMP、CHL和SXT, 和近几年监测的我国食源性沙门氏菌的耐药情况一致[4,27-30], 提示我国临床和禽肉养殖过程中长期大量使用这4种抗生素。为了人类、动物、植物、粮食和环境的良好发展, 应控制和减少不必要的抗生素使用, 降低细菌耐药传播速度。本研究中多重耐药株占61.4%, 最高可对7类12种药物耐药, 多重耐药性严重, 与多年来监测结果一致[31], 这使临床治疗增加了难度。
目前临床治疗沙门氏菌感染的一线用药为喹诺酮类和三代头孢类药物, 本研究结果显示CIP耐药率为14.7%, CAZ的耐药率为10.0%, CTX的耐药率为12.8%, 和以往文献报道的耐药水平基本一致, 但是CIP的中介菌株率为71.6%, 较以往报道有明显增高[23,28,32]。这提示我们需要密切监测CIP的耐药情况, 并研究其耐药机制, 以进一步了解耐药进程。在临床和养殖过程中, 合理使用抗生素至关重要, 以减缓耐药性的发展。研究还发现, ZMP和CFX的耐药率较低, 这为临床用药的选择和使用提供了数据支撑。综上所述, 沙门氏菌的耐药性是一个复杂且不断发展的问题, 需要通过持续监测、研究耐药机制以及合理使用抗生素来共同应对。
耐药基因分析结果显示, 沙门氏菌的耐药基因的检出率高, 达到了100%, 且涉及多种耐药基因类型。其中氨基糖苷类耐药基因数量最多, 携带率最高的耐药基因为aac(6')-Iaa, 但是只有22株沙门氏菌具有对氨基糖苷类庆大霉素的耐药性, 这表明aac(6’)-Iaa基因在氨基糖苷类药物耐药中不是起到主要作用。除了氨基糖苷类耐药的菌株与基因型一致性较低, 其余类型的耐药基因与耐药表型之间呈正相关性, 这与已有的文献报道结论相符[3]。本研究还发现, 德尔比、伦敦、肠炎和印第安纳等常见血清型沙门氏菌携带的耐药基因种类丰富, 必须加强对这几种血清型的沙门氏菌的专项监测和耐药传播机制研究。沙门氏菌的耐药和传播机制尚未明确, 需进一步研究挖掘其耐药性与携带的耐药基因之间的相关性, 以期控制沙门氏菌耐药性的发展, 降低对人类健康的潜在威胁。
综上, 2021—2022年上海零售生禽畜肉中沙门氏菌的血清型分布较为复杂, 其中鸡肉源沙门菌以科瓦利斯血清型为主, 猪肉源沙门菌以伦敦血清型为主。整体耐药水平较高, 多重耐药性严重, 携带多种耐药基因, 且其耐药性与携带的耐药基因存在相关性。对食源性沙门氏菌的持续监测以及针对重要耐药和传播机制开展深入研究, 对保障我国食品安全和指导临床一线用药有重大的意义。
基金
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  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFF1100704)
文献
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241028012
  • 接收时间：2024-10-28
  • 首发时间：2025-07-17
  • 出版时间：2025-05-15
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  • 收稿日期：2024-10-28
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国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFF1100704)
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    中国食品药品检定研究院, 北京 100050

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* 陈怡文(1985—), 女, 硕士, 副主任技师, 主要研究方向为食品, 化妆品微生物。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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