Article(id=1153986648376336941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986642063905290, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241025004, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1729785600000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-25, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753061457008, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1739548800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753061457008, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753061457008, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753061457008, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153986642063905290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='316', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753061455502, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1760070725729, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1183385652272968023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986642063905290, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1183385652272968024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986642063905290, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=283, endPage=292, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153986648971928126, articleId=1153986648376336941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Effects of aging time on the volatile flavor components of soy sauce using electronic nose combined with headspace-solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, columnId=1151895321388347923, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Food Analysis and Detection, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To investigate the effects of aging time on the volatile flavor components of soy sauce. Methods Differences in volatile aroma components between black bean soy sauce and soybean meal soy sauce aged at different times were analyzed using electronic nose combined with headspace-solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS), and key aroma components were identified using odor activity value (OAV) method. Results A total of 1227 kinds of volatile substances were detected in 6 kinds of soy sauce samples with different aging times, mainly including 265 kinds of esters, 155 kinds of terpenes, 153 kinds of ketones, 137 kinds of heterocyclic compounds, 104 kinds of alcohols, 77 kinds of acids, 72 kinds of aldehydes, 59 kinds of phenols, 54 kinds of hydrocarbons, 50 kinds of amines, 30 kinds of aromatic hydrocarbons, 27 kinds of ethers, 26 kinds of nitrogen-containing compounds, 9 kinds of sulfur-containing compounds, and 9 kinds of halogenated hydrocarbons. With the increase of aging time, the types and relative content of volatile compounds in black bean soy sauce and soybean bean soy sauce showed significant differences (P<0.05), and the key aroma components contribute significantly to the overall flavor characteristics. Electronic nose technology could effectively distinguish the volatile aroma characteristics of soy sauce with different aging times, and was consistent with the trend of changes in volatile flavor compounds. A total of 132 kinds of key aroma components (OAV>1) were identified through OAV, among which aldehydes, phenols, and terpenes contributed the most to the overall aroma of soy sauce. Conclusion This study reveals the influence of different aging times on the volatile components and aroma quality of black bean soy sauce and soybean meal soy sauce, providing theoretical and experimental references for the improvement of soy sauce and flavor quality.

, correspAuthors=Xian-Bin WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Bing-Yu HUANG, Lin WANG, Yuan LIU, Hui WANG, Xue-Mei SHI, Li-Na PAN, Qi-Xu FU, Xian-Bin WANG, Dan LI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1153986676180378064, articleId=1153986648376336941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=电子鼻结合顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱技术分析陈酿时间对酱油挥发性风味成分的影响, columnId=1151895321958773274, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=食品分析与检测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 研究陈酿时间对酱油挥发性风味成分的影响。方法 利用电子鼻结合顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱技术(headspace-solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, HS-SPME-GC-MS)分析了不同陈酿时间黑豆酱油和豆粕酱油的挥发性香气成分的差异, 并利用气味活度值法(odor activity value, OAV)鉴定关键香气成分。结果 在不同陈酿时间的6种酱油样品中共检测出挥发性物质1227种, 主要包括265种酯类、155种萜类、153种酮类、137种杂环化合物、104种醇类、77种酸类、72种醛类、59种酚类、54种烃类、50种胺类、30种芳烃类、27种醚类、26种含氮化合物、9种含硫化合物、9种卤代烃。随着陈酿时间的增加, 黑豆酱油和豆粕酱油的挥发性化合物种类及相对含量呈现显著差异(P<0.05), 且关键香气成分对整体风味特征的贡献明显。电子鼻技术可以有效区分不同陈酿时间酱油的挥发性香气特征, 并和挥发性风味物质变化的趋势一致。通过OAV共鉴定出132种关键香气成分(OAV>1), 其中醛类、酚类和萜类对整体香气贡献显著。结论 本研究揭示了不同陈酿时间对黑豆酱油和豆粕酱油的挥发性成分及香气品质的影响规律, 为酱油和风味品质的提升提供了理论与实验参考。

, correspAuthors=王宪斌, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 王宪斌(1987—), 男, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为食品发酵与工程。E-mail:
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黄冰羽(2001—), 女, 硕士, 主要研究方向为食品发酵与工程。E-mail:

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黄冰羽(2001—), 女, 硕士, 主要研究方向为食品发酵与工程。E-mail:

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黄冰羽(2001—), 女, 硕士, 主要研究方向为食品发酵与工程。E-mail:

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European Food Research and Technology, 2024, 250(5): 1485-1498., articleTitle=Revealing the differences in volatile flavor compounds between traditional and modern industrial soy sauce from China and Japan through GC × GC-TOF-MS, chemometrics and sensory analysis, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1183428224932524596, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986648376336941, awardId=2023NYF089, language=CN, fundingSource=泸州市科技计划项目(2023NYF089), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1183428218326495717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986648376336941, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1183428218334884326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986648376336941, companyId=1183428218326495717, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. Sichuan Yuanjingda Food Co., Ltd., Luzhou 646000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1183428218339078631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986648376336941, companyId=1183428218326495717, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.四川元景达食品有限公司, 泸州 646000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1183428218431353320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986648376336941, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1183428218439741929, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986648376336941, companyId=1183428218431353320, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2. Luzhou Laojiao Group Co., Ltd., Luzhou 646000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1183428218443936234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986648376336941, companyId=1183428218431353320, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.泸州老窖集团有限责任公司, 泸州 646000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1183428222613074466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986648376336941, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Radar diagram of sensor response to soy sauce with different aging times, figureFileSmall=xfFrCRZ3f7cugMhFLNmScg==, figureFileBig=ZfBrYfmvuYDyYWxkZNZJtQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1183428222713737763, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986648376336941, language=CN, label=图1, caption=传感器对不同陈酿时间酱油的响应雷达图, figureFileSmall=xfFrCRZ3f7cugMhFLNmScg==, figureFileBig=ZfBrYfmvuYDyYWxkZNZJtQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1183428222814401060, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986648376336941, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Metabolites of flavor compounds in soy sauce with different aging times, figureFileSmall=/CndMcRoUhP/x4XeK/BAnQ==, figureFileBig=5PBwW0ljgf6kqqmBftUYAg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1183428222898287141, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986648376336941, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同陈酿时间酱油的风味物质代谢物种类, figureFileSmall=/CndMcRoUhP/x4XeK/BAnQ==, figureFileBig=5PBwW0ljgf6kqqmBftUYAg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1183428223015727654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986648376336941, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Thermal map of volatile compounds in black bean soy sauce and soybean meal soy sauce with different aging times, figureFileSmall=y0wfxh96rIalUaGr0PP5AA==, figureFileBig=l5kBg8GLTgLeverNY2kDpA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1183428223170916903, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986648376336941, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同陈酿时间黑豆酱油和豆粕酱油的挥发性化合物热图, figureFileSmall=y0wfxh96rIalUaGr0PP5AA==, figureFileBig=l5kBg8GLTgLeverNY2kDpA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1183428223279968808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986648376336941, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Number and content of key volatile compounds in soy sauce with different aging times, figureFileSmall=Xp1tIvPckFPabzMgEBFNKg==, figureFileBig=5PLIeTKoTG+yZ/YoDgh9yA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1183428223355466281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986648376336941, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同陈酿时间酱油的关键挥发性化合物种类个数及含量, figureFileSmall=Xp1tIvPckFPabzMgEBFNKg==, figureFileBig=5PLIeTKoTG+yZ/YoDgh9yA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1183428223426769450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986648376336941, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Performance description of different sensors of electronic nose

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 传感器名称 性能描述
1 W1C 芳香成分苯类
2 W5S 灵敏度大, 对氮氧化合物很灵敏
3 W3C 氨类, 对芳香成分灵敏
4 W6S 主要对氢化合物有选择性
5 W5C 短链烷烃芳香成分
6 W1S 对甲基类灵敏
7 W1W 对无机硫化物灵敏
8 W2S 对醇类、醛酮类灵敏
9 W2W 芳香成分, 对有机硫化物灵敏
10 W3S 对长链烷烃灵敏
), ArticleFig(id=1183428223573570091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986648376336941, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

电子鼻不同传感器对应性能描述

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 传感器名称 性能描述
1 W1C 芳香成分苯类
2 W5S 灵敏度大, 对氮氧化合物很灵敏
3 W3C 氨类, 对芳香成分灵敏
4 W6S 主要对氢化合物有选择性
5 W5C 短链烷烃芳香成分
6 W1S 对甲基类灵敏
7 W1W 对无机硫化物灵敏
8 W2S 对醇类、醛酮类灵敏
9 W2W 芳香成分, 对有机硫化物灵敏
10 W3S 对长链烷烃灵敏
), ArticleFig(id=1183428223904920108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986648376336941, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Analysis of basic physical and chemical components of soy sauce with different aging times

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品 氨基酸态氮
/(g/100 mL)
全氮
/(g/100 mL)
总酸
/(g/100 mL)
可溶性无盐固形物
/(g/100 mL )
氯化钠
/(g/100 mL)
铵盐
/%
A-3 1.00±0.01a 1.66±0.01a 2.28±0.02a 19.30±0.01a 17.31±0.04a 20.01±0.01a
A-4 1.10±0.00a 1.71±0.03b 2.30±0.01a 20.13±0.01b 20.92±0.01c 20.03±0.02a
A-5 1.20±0.01a 1.85±0.01c 2.48±0.01a 19.55±0.01a 20.87±0.01b 23.20±0.00b
B-3 0.89±0.02a 1.53±0.03a 2.66±0.00a 19.60±0.01a 15.52±0.01a 22.00±0.01a
B-4 0.95±0.01a 1.67±0.02b 2.69±0.01a 19.75±0.02a 16.71±0.02b 23.10±0.00b
B-5 1.00±0.01a 1.83±0.01c 3.12±0.01b 23.97±0.01b 16.70±0.01b 24.12±0.01c
), ArticleFig(id=1183428224089469485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986648376336941, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同陈酿时间的酱油基本理化成分分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品 氨基酸态氮
/(g/100 mL)
全氮
/(g/100 mL)
总酸
/(g/100 mL)
可溶性无盐固形物
/(g/100 mL )
氯化钠
/(g/100 mL)
铵盐
/%
A-3 1.00±0.01a 1.66±0.01a 2.28±0.02a 19.30±0.01a 17.31±0.04a 20.01±0.01a
A-4 1.10±0.00a 1.71±0.03b 2.30±0.01a 20.13±0.01b 20.92±0.01c 20.03±0.02a
A-5 1.20±0.01a 1.85±0.01c 2.48±0.01a 19.55±0.01a 20.87±0.01b 23.20±0.00b
B-3 0.89±0.02a 1.53±0.03a 2.66±0.00a 19.60±0.01a 15.52±0.01a 22.00±0.01a
B-4 0.95±0.01a 1.67±0.02b 2.69±0.01a 19.75±0.02a 16.71±0.02b 23.10±0.00b
B-5 1.00±0.01a 1.83±0.01c 3.12±0.01b 23.97±0.01b 16.70±0.01b 24.12±0.01c
), ArticleFig(id=1183428224240464430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986648376336941, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Electronic nose analysis of black bean soy sauce with different aging times

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
W1C
(苯类)
W5S
(氮氧化合物)
W3C
(氨类)
W6S
(氢化物)
W5C
(短链烷烃芳香成分)
W1S
(甲基类)
W1W
(无机硫化物)
W2S
(醇、醛酮类)
W2W
(有机硫化物)
W3S
(长链烷烃)
A-3 0.82±0.09b 1.73±0.44a 0.87±0.08b 1.09±0.05b 0.96±0.01b 3.20±0.70a 2.97±0.51a 2.65±0.45a 2.11±0.43a 1.25±0.14b
A-4 0.62±0.01a 4.13±0.96b 0.72±0.01a 1.01±0.01a 0.94±0.00a 6.77±0.26b 14.77±1.60b 4.63±0.16b 4.99±0.27b 1.02±0.01a
A-5 0.60±0.01a 4.23±0.29b 0.70±0.01a 1.01±0.01a 0.93±0.00a 7.16±0.16b 15.91±0.61b 4.75±0.11b 5.22±0.13b 1.02±0.01a
), ArticleFig(id=1183428224315961903, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986648376336941, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同陈酿时间黑豆酱油的电子鼻分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
W1C
(苯类)
W5S
(氮氧化合物)
W3C
(氨类)
W6S
(氢化物)
W5C
(短链烷烃芳香成分)
W1S
(甲基类)
W1W
(无机硫化物)
W2S
(醇、醛酮类)
W2W
(有机硫化物)
W3S
(长链烷烃)
A-3 0.82±0.09b 1.73±0.44a 0.87±0.08b 1.09±0.05b 0.96±0.01b 3.20±0.70a 2.97±0.51a 2.65±0.45a 2.11±0.43a 1.25±0.14b
A-4 0.62±0.01a 4.13±0.96b 0.72±0.01a 1.01±0.01a 0.94±0.00a 6.77±0.26b 14.77±1.60b 4.63±0.16b 4.99±0.27b 1.02±0.01a
A-5 0.60±0.01a 4.23±0.29b 0.70±0.01a 1.01±0.01a 0.93±0.00a 7.16±0.16b 15.91±0.61b 4.75±0.11b 5.22±0.13b 1.02±0.01a
), ArticleFig(id=1183428224399847984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986648376336941, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Electronic nose analysis of soybean meal soy sauce with different aging times

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
W1C
(苯类)
W5S
(氮氧化合物)
W3C
(氨类)
W6S
(氢化物)
W5C
(短链烷烃
芳香成分)
W1S
(甲基类)
W1W
(无机硫化物)
W2S
(醇、醛酮类)
W2W
(有机硫化物)
W3S
(长链烷烃)
B-3 0.78±0.02c 1.34±0.05a 0.82±0.01b 1.04±0.01b 0.97±0.00a 3.18±0.19a 3.45±0.48a 2.09±0.10a 2.43±0.12a 1.11±0.02b
B-4 0.65±0.02a 4.80±0.26b 0.73±0.01a 1.01±0.00a 0.95±0.02a 5.83±0.51c 12.33±1.13b 4.17±0.12c 4.47±0.37b 1.02±0.00a
B-5 0.74±0.02b 4.87±0.08b 0.82±0.01b 1.00±0.01a 0.96±0.00a 4.87±0.43b 12.99±0.87b 3.12±0.02b 4.17±0.29b 1.00±0.02a
), ArticleFig(id=1183428224479539761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986648376336941, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同陈酿时间豆粕酱油的电子鼻分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
W1C
(苯类)
W5S
(氮氧化合物)
W3C
(氨类)
W6S
(氢化物)
W5C
(短链烷烃
芳香成分)
W1S
(甲基类)
W1W
(无机硫化物)
W2S
(醇、醛酮类)
W2W
(有机硫化物)
W3S
(长链烷烃)
B-3 0.78±0.02c 1.34±0.05a 0.82±0.01b 1.04±0.01b 0.97±0.00a 3.18±0.19a 3.45±0.48a 2.09±0.10a 2.43±0.12a 1.11±0.02b
B-4 0.65±0.02a 4.80±0.26b 0.73±0.01a 1.01±0.00a 0.95±0.02a 5.83±0.51c 12.33±1.13b 4.17±0.12c 4.47±0.37b 1.02±0.00a
B-5 0.74±0.02b 4.87±0.08b 0.82±0.01b 1.00±0.01a 0.96±0.00a 4.87±0.43b 12.99±0.87b 3.12±0.02b 4.17±0.29b 1.00±0.02a
), ArticleFig(id=1183428224601174578, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986648376336941, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

OAV of flavor compounds in 6 kinds of soy sauce samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化合物 香气描述 阈值
/(mg/kg)
OAV
A-3 A-4 A-5 B-3 B-4 B-5
顺式-3-己烯基异戊酸酯 青草、果香 0.02 13.20 18.39 20.92 16.38 19.20 19.63
3-甲基丁酸-2-苯乙酯 花香、果香 0.00001 16915.84 24693.37 16753.84 41073.74 30340.55 47575.35
乙酸对甲酚酯 水仙、动物香料 0.025 - - 3.29 17.40 7.03 20.59
肉桂酸甲酯 甜、香脂、草莓 0.011 1.66 2.41 6.83 4.28 3.14 19.48
(E)-肉桂酸乙酯 花香、蜂蜜、香脂 0.0007 58.38 69.02 233.13 64.40 54.04 466.20
Z-4-癸烯酸甲酯 果香、青草香 0.003 - 4.11 4.63 3.02 - 11.02
亚油酸乙酯 脂肪香、果香 0.45 1.17 3.06 - - - -
己酸-2-苯乙酯 甜味、蜂蜜味、花香、绿草味 0.005 1.11 1.77 2.35 1.62 2.02 2.26
己酸乙酯 果香 0.005 1.77 - - - - -
2-甲基丁酸丁酯 果香、青草香 0.017 1.36 1.08 1.80 1.03 1.28 1.53
3-甲基丁酸-3-苯基-2-丙烯酯 甜味、辛辣味、果香 0.01 1.51 - 2.41 - - 2.21
癸酸乙酯 甜味、蜡质、果香 0.005 3.05 4.65 1.65 - 1.62 -
2-羟基苯甲酸乙酯 焦糖香、薄荷香 0.084 - - 2.73 5.58 3.05 8.58
壬酸乙酯 果香、花香、蜡质 0.01 2.45 2.05 - - 1.28 -
十六酸乙酯 蜡质、果香、奶油香 2 - 1.51 - - - -
2-甲基丙酸-2-甲基丁酯 果香 0.014 - 15.18 12.12 7.17 6.35 11.42
丙酸己酯 青草香、果香 0.008 12.25 12.65 15.70 11.26 14.29 13.55
1-辛烯-3-乙酸酯 草香、果香、油味 0.09 2.49 2.41 3.25 2.29 2.94 2.84
(Z)-3,7-二甲基-1,3,6-辛三烯 花香、草香、香甜味 0.034 2.57 2.14 3.84 2.29 2.50 3.37
乙酸冰片酯 木香、草药、辛辣 0.075 - - 2.64 4.85 2.92 7.34
α-紫罗兰酮 花香、果香 0.00378 - 1.32 2.78 1.47 1.77 4.97
δ-杜松烯 百里香、草药、木香 0.0015 - - 6.37 1.50 1.87 6.55
茴香脑 香甜味、咖啡香、花香 0.015 - - 18.01 - - 22.11
樟脑 樟脑香 0.016 - 1.34 - - - -
雪松醇 雪松、树木、甜味 0.0005 6.32 29.64 8.31 24.83 30.43 7.96
月桂烯 发霉味、香脂、辛辣味 0.015 1.04 - - - 1.32 -
芳樟醇 花香、草香、果香、木香 0.006 - - 5.09 - - 4.20
δ-萜品烯 木香 0.2 - - - - 1.10 -
柠檬醛 柠檬香、甜味 0.1 - - - - - 1.30
香叶醇 甜味、花香、果香 0.0066 27.35 24.26 32.82 26.89 31.91 29.16
6-甲基紫罗兰酮 花香、浆果、木香、粉质香 0.002 1.46 1.60 13.30 3.12 3.50 19.63
1-(4-甲基苯基)-乙酮 绿叶味、豌豆、白松香 0.021 - - - 1.42 1.05 1.80
3,4-二甲基-1,2-环戊二酮 焦糖味、肉豆蔻、甘草味 0.017 13.64 12.73 17.91 12.12 16.96 14.7
4-(2,6,6-三甲基-2-环己
烯-1-基)-2-丁酮
木香、花香、粉质香味、果香 0.0017 2.07 2.55 4.62 - - 2.20
异佛尔酮 木香、甜味、绿草香、果香、烟
草味
0.011 - 1.19 2.15 - 1.93 2.67
3,4-二甲基噻吩-2,5-二酮 硫磺味、洋葱味、金属味 0.007 1.26 - - - - -
苯乙酮 甜味、山楂味、杏仁味 0.065 - 2.38 - - 2.31 -
2-羟基-3,4-二甲基-2-环戊烯-1-酮 焦糖味 0.02 9.41 10.68 12.67 9.84 10.79 10.68
1-(4,5-二氢-2-噻唑基)乙酮 玉米香、烘烤香、坚果香 0.001 2.25 2.62 2.78 1.68 1.58 2.27
3-壬酮 焦糖味、辛辣味、甜味 0.017 11.36 10.21 11.67 8.95 12.28 9.87
顺式-5-丁基二氢-4-甲基-2(3H)-呋喃酮 甜味、辛辣味、椰子味、香草香 0.035 - 1.17 - - 1.05 -
4-十一酮 果香 0.041 1.12 1.45 1.98 - 1.46 1.45
6-甲基-2-庚酮 樟脑味 0.0081 - - - 2.42 1.36 1.46
3,5-二乙基-2-甲基吡嗪 坚果味、肉味、蔬菜味 0.05 - - 2.52 - - 1.13
2-甲基-6-丙基吡嗪 焦糊味、奶油香 0.1 - 1.04 1.13 1.01 1.22 1.17
5-乙基-2-甲基吡啶 坚果香、泥土香 0.019 - - 2.11 2.84 2.68 2.61
2-戊基呋喃 果香、绿草味、泥土香、金属味 0.006 2.15 2.73 - 1.07 1.27 -
麦芽酚 香甜味、焦糖味 0.6 1.38 2.20 1.20 2.19 1.39 -
2,3-二乙基-5-甲基吡嗪 坚果香、泥土味、蔬菜味 0.000031 356.22 490.02 2995.15 669.79 876.23 1362.26
2-戊基吡啶 脂肪味、绿叶味、胡椒味、蘑菇味、草本味 0.0006 7.88 - 5.40 - - 3.78
2-正丁基呋喃 果香、甜味、辛辣味 0.005 - 3.55 25.03 - 3.09 15.57
2,5-二乙基吡嗪 坚果味 0.007 - - 1.65 - - 1.14
2-乙酰基-3-甲基吡嗪 坚果香、烘烤香、蔬菜味 0.02 2.45 2.90 6.55 2.55 5.89 3.79
(E)-2-辛烯-1-醇 青草味、果香、脂肪味 0.02 2.76 2.73 3.53 2.62 2.94 3.13
(6Z)-壬烯-1-醇 清新味、绿草味、果香 0.001 - - 2.06 13.62 5.97 11.56
3-巯基-3-甲基丁醇 烘烤味、辛辣味、香甜味、蔬菜味 0.004 - - 1.48 - - 1.09
1-辛醇 花香 0.022 - - 1.00 - - -
1-癸醇 花香、甜味 0.023 1.23 2.16 1.77 4.29 3.25 1.98
3-甲基-2-丁硫醇 牛肉香味 0.0002 41.25 55.36 9.30 48.59 9.76 8.52
3-甲基戊酸 酸味、奶酪味、绿草香、果香 0.046 - - 1.14 - - -
苯甲酸 温和香味、香油味 0.568 - - - 2.95 1.53 3.44
(E)-2-己烯醛 果香、青草香 0.0031 638.79 731.72 943.76 692.58 778.34 836.87
E-2-十一烯醛 清新味、果香 0.00078 8.03 9.62 14.23 20.50 33.01 13.76
3-苯基-2-丙烯醛 甜味、辛辣味、肉桂味、蜂蜜味 0.024 2.00 2.14 2.08 2.23 2.96 -
(Z)-4-庚烯醛 脂肪香、青草香、奶油味 0.000025 10.93 14.24 15.04 12.77 15.78 13.77
反-4-癸烯醛 清新味、果香、脂肪香 0.025 - 1.15 1.18 - 1.09 1.13
3-甲硫基丙醛 蔬菜味、奶油味 0.0002 2273.99 1782.08 2185.83 2196.17 2264.30 1900.07
5-甲基呋喃醛 焦糖味、枫树 0.5 1.35 1.36 1.72 1.41 1.53 1.36
苯乙醛 花香、蜂蜜味、果香 0.0063 208.92 175.91 318.64 189.26 210.68 280.65
壬醛 果香、柑橘味 0.001 73.08 95.30 125.60 92.52 112.84 110.63
(Z)-癸-2-烯醛 牛脂香 0.05 7.44 6.31 8.05 5.10 8.64 5.51
α-亚乙基苯乙醛 甜味、蜂蜜味、可可味 0.5 1.16 1.25 - 1.26 1.74 -
4-甲氧基苯甲醛 甜味、花香、香油味 0.0002 202.16 178.89 82.74 594.64 596.04 78.67
乙基麦芽酚 甜味、焦糖味、果香 0.044 33.01 42.25 52.26 38.49 44.95 45.17
愈创木酚 坚果味 0.0016 35.72 35.52 149.29 29.33 28.67 133.31
2-甲基苯酚 酸味、焦糊味 0.0039 - - 3.62 - 2.13 3.70
4-乙基-2-甲氧基苯酚 丁香、甜味 0.033 12.60 5.16 399.86 797.24 446.78 1295.17
丁香酚 花香、丁香 0.0025 9.86 12.98 - 17.91 16.24 -
对羟基苯乙烯 木香 0.01 - - 1.34 - - 1.47
2-乙氧基-5-(1-丙烯基)苯酚 甜味、香草香、木香 0.01 - - 4.56 - - -
1,2-二氢-1,1,6-三甲基萘 甘草 0.0025 1.47 2.60 7.97 6.67 5.08 12.65
肉豆蔻醚 辛辣味、香油味、木香 0.088 - - 7.66 1.70 1.91 7.89
1,3-二甲氧基苯 酸味、果香、肉豆蔻 0.0214 1.15 1.49 2.44 2.79 2.53 3.97
十二腈 柑橘味、金属味 0.00009 496.17 419.55 645.07 398.16 451.38 425.90
二甲基三硫 洋葱味、香薄荷、肉香 0.000008 24046.31 12149.31 15383.40 19948.79 19940.96 19627.87
二烯丙基硫醚 洋葱味、金属味 0.1 3.82 4.18 5.22 3.94 4.51 4.54
), ArticleFig(id=1183428224735392307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986648376336941, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

6种酱油样品中风味物质的OAV

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化合物 香气描述 阈值
/(mg/kg)
OAV
A-3 A-4 A-5 B-3 B-4 B-5
顺式-3-己烯基异戊酸酯 青草、果香 0.02 13.20 18.39 20.92 16.38 19.20 19.63
3-甲基丁酸-2-苯乙酯 花香、果香 0.00001 16915.84 24693.37 16753.84 41073.74 30340.55 47575.35
乙酸对甲酚酯 水仙、动物香料 0.025 - - 3.29 17.40 7.03 20.59
肉桂酸甲酯 甜、香脂、草莓 0.011 1.66 2.41 6.83 4.28 3.14 19.48
(E)-肉桂酸乙酯 花香、蜂蜜、香脂 0.0007 58.38 69.02 233.13 64.40 54.04 466.20
Z-4-癸烯酸甲酯 果香、青草香 0.003 - 4.11 4.63 3.02 - 11.02
亚油酸乙酯 脂肪香、果香 0.45 1.17 3.06 - - - -
己酸-2-苯乙酯 甜味、蜂蜜味、花香、绿草味 0.005 1.11 1.77 2.35 1.62 2.02 2.26
己酸乙酯 果香 0.005 1.77 - - - - -
2-甲基丁酸丁酯 果香、青草香 0.017 1.36 1.08 1.80 1.03 1.28 1.53
3-甲基丁酸-3-苯基-2-丙烯酯 甜味、辛辣味、果香 0.01 1.51 - 2.41 - - 2.21
癸酸乙酯 甜味、蜡质、果香 0.005 3.05 4.65 1.65 - 1.62 -
2-羟基苯甲酸乙酯 焦糖香、薄荷香 0.084 - - 2.73 5.58 3.05 8.58
壬酸乙酯 果香、花香、蜡质 0.01 2.45 2.05 - - 1.28 -
十六酸乙酯 蜡质、果香、奶油香 2 - 1.51 - - - -
2-甲基丙酸-2-甲基丁酯 果香 0.014 - 15.18 12.12 7.17 6.35 11.42
丙酸己酯 青草香、果香 0.008 12.25 12.65 15.70 11.26 14.29 13.55
1-辛烯-3-乙酸酯 草香、果香、油味 0.09 2.49 2.41 3.25 2.29 2.94 2.84
(Z)-3,7-二甲基-1,3,6-辛三烯 花香、草香、香甜味 0.034 2.57 2.14 3.84 2.29 2.50 3.37
乙酸冰片酯 木香、草药、辛辣 0.075 - - 2.64 4.85 2.92 7.34
α-紫罗兰酮 花香、果香 0.00378 - 1.32 2.78 1.47 1.77 4.97
δ-杜松烯 百里香、草药、木香 0.0015 - - 6.37 1.50 1.87 6.55
茴香脑 香甜味、咖啡香、花香 0.015 - - 18.01 - - 22.11
樟脑 樟脑香 0.016 - 1.34 - - - -
雪松醇 雪松、树木、甜味 0.0005 6.32 29.64 8.31 24.83 30.43 7.96
月桂烯 发霉味、香脂、辛辣味 0.015 1.04 - - - 1.32 -
芳樟醇 花香、草香、果香、木香 0.006 - - 5.09 - - 4.20
δ-萜品烯 木香 0.2 - - - - 1.10 -
柠檬醛 柠檬香、甜味 0.1 - - - - - 1.30
香叶醇 甜味、花香、果香 0.0066 27.35 24.26 32.82 26.89 31.91 29.16
6-甲基紫罗兰酮 花香、浆果、木香、粉质香 0.002 1.46 1.60 13.30 3.12 3.50 19.63
1-(4-甲基苯基)-乙酮 绿叶味、豌豆、白松香 0.021 - - - 1.42 1.05 1.80
3,4-二甲基-1,2-环戊二酮 焦糖味、肉豆蔻、甘草味 0.017 13.64 12.73 17.91 12.12 16.96 14.7
4-(2,6,6-三甲基-2-环己
烯-1-基)-2-丁酮
木香、花香、粉质香味、果香 0.0017 2.07 2.55 4.62 - - 2.20
异佛尔酮 木香、甜味、绿草香、果香、烟
草味
0.011 - 1.19 2.15 - 1.93 2.67
3,4-二甲基噻吩-2,5-二酮 硫磺味、洋葱味、金属味 0.007 1.26 - - - - -
苯乙酮 甜味、山楂味、杏仁味 0.065 - 2.38 - - 2.31 -
2-羟基-3,4-二甲基-2-环戊烯-1-酮 焦糖味 0.02 9.41 10.68 12.67 9.84 10.79 10.68
1-(4,5-二氢-2-噻唑基)乙酮 玉米香、烘烤香、坚果香 0.001 2.25 2.62 2.78 1.68 1.58 2.27
3-壬酮 焦糖味、辛辣味、甜味 0.017 11.36 10.21 11.67 8.95 12.28 9.87
顺式-5-丁基二氢-4-甲基-2(3H)-呋喃酮 甜味、辛辣味、椰子味、香草香 0.035 - 1.17 - - 1.05 -
4-十一酮 果香 0.041 1.12 1.45 1.98 - 1.46 1.45
6-甲基-2-庚酮 樟脑味 0.0081 - - - 2.42 1.36 1.46
3,5-二乙基-2-甲基吡嗪 坚果味、肉味、蔬菜味 0.05 - - 2.52 - - 1.13
2-甲基-6-丙基吡嗪 焦糊味、奶油香 0.1 - 1.04 1.13 1.01 1.22 1.17
5-乙基-2-甲基吡啶 坚果香、泥土香 0.019 - - 2.11 2.84 2.68 2.61
2-戊基呋喃 果香、绿草味、泥土香、金属味 0.006 2.15 2.73 - 1.07 1.27 -
麦芽酚 香甜味、焦糖味 0.6 1.38 2.20 1.20 2.19 1.39 -
2,3-二乙基-5-甲基吡嗪 坚果香、泥土味、蔬菜味 0.000031 356.22 490.02 2995.15 669.79 876.23 1362.26
2-戊基吡啶 脂肪味、绿叶味、胡椒味、蘑菇味、草本味 0.0006 7.88 - 5.40 - - 3.78
2-正丁基呋喃 果香、甜味、辛辣味 0.005 - 3.55 25.03 - 3.09 15.57
2,5-二乙基吡嗪 坚果味 0.007 - - 1.65 - - 1.14
2-乙酰基-3-甲基吡嗪 坚果香、烘烤香、蔬菜味 0.02 2.45 2.90 6.55 2.55 5.89 3.79
(E)-2-辛烯-1-醇 青草味、果香、脂肪味 0.02 2.76 2.73 3.53 2.62 2.94 3.13
(6Z)-壬烯-1-醇 清新味、绿草味、果香 0.001 - - 2.06 13.62 5.97 11.56
3-巯基-3-甲基丁醇 烘烤味、辛辣味、香甜味、蔬菜味 0.004 - - 1.48 - - 1.09
1-辛醇 花香 0.022 - - 1.00 - - -
1-癸醇 花香、甜味 0.023 1.23 2.16 1.77 4.29 3.25 1.98
3-甲基-2-丁硫醇 牛肉香味 0.0002 41.25 55.36 9.30 48.59 9.76 8.52
3-甲基戊酸 酸味、奶酪味、绿草香、果香 0.046 - - 1.14 - - -
苯甲酸 温和香味、香油味 0.568 - - - 2.95 1.53 3.44
(E)-2-己烯醛 果香、青草香 0.0031 638.79 731.72 943.76 692.58 778.34 836.87
E-2-十一烯醛 清新味、果香 0.00078 8.03 9.62 14.23 20.50 33.01 13.76
3-苯基-2-丙烯醛 甜味、辛辣味、肉桂味、蜂蜜味 0.024 2.00 2.14 2.08 2.23 2.96 -
(Z)-4-庚烯醛 脂肪香、青草香、奶油味 0.000025 10.93 14.24 15.04 12.77 15.78 13.77
反-4-癸烯醛 清新味、果香、脂肪香 0.025 - 1.15 1.18 - 1.09 1.13
3-甲硫基丙醛 蔬菜味、奶油味 0.0002 2273.99 1782.08 2185.83 2196.17 2264.30 1900.07
5-甲基呋喃醛 焦糖味、枫树 0.5 1.35 1.36 1.72 1.41 1.53 1.36
苯乙醛 花香、蜂蜜味、果香 0.0063 208.92 175.91 318.64 189.26 210.68 280.65
壬醛 果香、柑橘味 0.001 73.08 95.30 125.60 92.52 112.84 110.63
(Z)-癸-2-烯醛 牛脂香 0.05 7.44 6.31 8.05 5.10 8.64 5.51
α-亚乙基苯乙醛 甜味、蜂蜜味、可可味 0.5 1.16 1.25 - 1.26 1.74 -
4-甲氧基苯甲醛 甜味、花香、香油味 0.0002 202.16 178.89 82.74 594.64 596.04 78.67
乙基麦芽酚 甜味、焦糖味、果香 0.044 33.01 42.25 52.26 38.49 44.95 45.17
愈创木酚 坚果味 0.0016 35.72 35.52 149.29 29.33 28.67 133.31
2-甲基苯酚 酸味、焦糊味 0.0039 - - 3.62 - 2.13 3.70
4-乙基-2-甲氧基苯酚 丁香、甜味 0.033 12.60 5.16 399.86 797.24 446.78 1295.17
丁香酚 花香、丁香 0.0025 9.86 12.98 - 17.91 16.24 -
对羟基苯乙烯 木香 0.01 - - 1.34 - - 1.47
2-乙氧基-5-(1-丙烯基)苯酚 甜味、香草香、木香 0.01 - - 4.56 - - -
1,2-二氢-1,1,6-三甲基萘 甘草 0.0025 1.47 2.60 7.97 6.67 5.08 12.65
肉豆蔻醚 辛辣味、香油味、木香 0.088 - - 7.66 1.70 1.91 7.89
1,3-二甲氧基苯 酸味、果香、肉豆蔻 0.0214 1.15 1.49 2.44 2.79 2.53 3.97
十二腈 柑橘味、金属味 0.00009 496.17 419.55 645.07 398.16 451.38 425.90
二甲基三硫 洋葱味、香薄荷、肉香 0.000008 24046.31 12149.31 15383.40 19948.79 19940.96 19627.87
二烯丙基硫醚 洋葱味、金属味 0.1 3.82 4.18 5.22 3.94 4.51 4.54
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电子鼻结合顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱技术分析陈酿时间对酱油挥发性风味成分的影响
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黄冰羽 1 , 王淋 1 , 刘源 1 , 王惠 1 , 石学梅 1 , 潘丽娜 1 , 傅其旭 1 , 王宪斌 1, * , 李丹 2
食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品分析与检测 2025,16(3): 283-292
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品分析与检测 2025, 16(3): 283-292
电子鼻结合顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱技术分析陈酿时间对酱油挥发性风味成分的影响
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黄冰羽1 , 王淋1, 刘源1, 王惠1, 石学梅1, 潘丽娜1, 傅其旭1, 王宪斌1, * , 李丹2
作者信息
  • 1.四川元景达食品有限公司, 泸州 646000
  • 2.泸州老窖集团有限责任公司, 泸州 646000
  • 黄冰羽(2001—), 女, 硕士, 主要研究方向为食品发酵与工程。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 王宪斌(1987—), 男, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为食品发酵与工程。E-mail:
Effects of aging time on the volatile flavor components of soy sauce using electronic nose combined with headspace-solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
Bing-Yu HUANG1 , Lin WANG1, Yuan LIU1, Hui WANG1, Xue-Mei SHI1, Li-Na PAN1, Qi-Xu FU1, Xian-Bin WANG1, * , Dan LI2
Affiliations
  • 1. Sichuan Yuanjingda Food Co., Ltd., Luzhou 646000, China
  • 2. Luzhou Laojiao Group Co., Ltd., Luzhou 646000, China
出版时间: 2025-02-15 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241025004
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目的 研究陈酿时间对酱油挥发性风味成分的影响。方法 利用电子鼻结合顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱技术(headspace-solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, HS-SPME-GC-MS)分析了不同陈酿时间黑豆酱油和豆粕酱油的挥发性香气成分的差异, 并利用气味活度值法(odor activity value, OAV)鉴定关键香气成分。结果 在不同陈酿时间的6种酱油样品中共检测出挥发性物质1227种, 主要包括265种酯类、155种萜类、153种酮类、137种杂环化合物、104种醇类、77种酸类、72种醛类、59种酚类、54种烃类、50种胺类、30种芳烃类、27种醚类、26种含氮化合物、9种含硫化合物、9种卤代烃。随着陈酿时间的增加, 黑豆酱油和豆粕酱油的挥发性化合物种类及相对含量呈现显著差异(P<0.05), 且关键香气成分对整体风味特征的贡献明显。电子鼻技术可以有效区分不同陈酿时间酱油的挥发性香气特征, 并和挥发性风味物质变化的趋势一致。通过OAV共鉴定出132种关键香气成分(OAV>1), 其中醛类、酚类和萜类对整体香气贡献显著。结论 本研究揭示了不同陈酿时间对黑豆酱油和豆粕酱油的挥发性成分及香气品质的影响规律, 为酱油和风味品质的提升提供了理论与实验参考。

酱油  /  电子鼻  /  顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱技术  /  挥发性风味  /  气味活度值

Objective To investigate the effects of aging time on the volatile flavor components of soy sauce. Methods Differences in volatile aroma components between black bean soy sauce and soybean meal soy sauce aged at different times were analyzed using electronic nose combined with headspace-solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS), and key aroma components were identified using odor activity value (OAV) method. Results A total of 1227 kinds of volatile substances were detected in 6 kinds of soy sauce samples with different aging times, mainly including 265 kinds of esters, 155 kinds of terpenes, 153 kinds of ketones, 137 kinds of heterocyclic compounds, 104 kinds of alcohols, 77 kinds of acids, 72 kinds of aldehydes, 59 kinds of phenols, 54 kinds of hydrocarbons, 50 kinds of amines, 30 kinds of aromatic hydrocarbons, 27 kinds of ethers, 26 kinds of nitrogen-containing compounds, 9 kinds of sulfur-containing compounds, and 9 kinds of halogenated hydrocarbons. With the increase of aging time, the types and relative content of volatile compounds in black bean soy sauce and soybean bean soy sauce showed significant differences (P<0.05), and the key aroma components contribute significantly to the overall flavor characteristics. Electronic nose technology could effectively distinguish the volatile aroma characteristics of soy sauce with different aging times, and was consistent with the trend of changes in volatile flavor compounds. A total of 132 kinds of key aroma components (OAV>1) were identified through OAV, among which aldehydes, phenols, and terpenes contributed the most to the overall aroma of soy sauce. Conclusion This study reveals the influence of different aging times on the volatile components and aroma quality of black bean soy sauce and soybean meal soy sauce, providing theoretical and experimental references for the improvement of soy sauce and flavor quality.

soy sauce  /  electronic nose  /  headspace-solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry  /  volatile flavor  /  odor activity value
黄冰羽, 王淋, 刘源, 王惠, 石学梅, 潘丽娜, 傅其旭, 王宪斌, 李丹. 电子鼻结合顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱技术分析陈酿时间对酱油挥发性风味成分的影响. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (3) : 283 -292 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241025004
Bing-Yu HUANG, Lin WANG, Yuan LIU, Hui WANG, Xue-Mei SHI, Li-Na PAN, Qi-Xu FU, Xian-Bin WANG, Dan LI. Effects of aging time on the volatile flavor components of soy sauce using electronic nose combined with headspace-solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (3) : 283 -292 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241025004
酱油是我国的传统发酵调味品, 距今已有2000多年的历史, 在我国和东南亚各国的餐饮、日常烹饪和食品工业中有着广泛的用途[1-2]。近年来, 欧、美等国的酱油用量也在不断增长, 其年产量超过1000万t, 是世界上最重要的调味品之一[3-4]。酱油主要以大豆、豆粕等植物蛋白为原料, 再辅以面粉或小麦粉等淀粉质原料, 在特定的盐浓度下, 通过霉菌、酵母菌、细菌和乳酸菌等微生物的发酵作用, 将原料水解为多种氨基酸、有机酸、肽、糖醇和糖类。这些物质经过复杂的生物化学变化, 最终形成具有独特色泽、风味、香气和滋味的发酵调味液[5]。天然晒露法(也叫日晒夜露法)是我国酱油酿造的传统方法, 即先将大豆进行蒸煮, 利用米曲霉等微生物制曲, 再将其置于户外的瓦缸中进行日晒夜露使其成熟, 将油脂抽出到沉淀池中进行沉淀后熟, 经过调配、均质、杀菌后即为成品[6-7]。酱油后熟陈酿时, 会发生一系列的生物化学变化, 对产品质量造成一定的影响[8]
酱油的风味是其品质组成的重要指标, 不仅反映酱油的质量构成, 又能影响消费者的味觉感受。酱油的香气主要归因于各种香气物质的协同作用, 包括醇、酯、酚、醛、酸、呋喃、吡嗪和含硫化合物等挥发性物质[9]。酱油中的香气物质可以划分为酸香、醇香、麦芽香、花果香、焦糖香、烟熏香、烘烤香、蔬菜类香(或烤土豆香)等, 这些不同香型的化合物按一定的比例混合在一起, 可以产生强烈的酯香和酱香[10]。酱油具有酸、甜、苦、咸、鲜等多种综合滋味感受, 其中咸、鲜味最为突出[11]。酱油的香气成分复杂而均衡, 主要是由挥发性成分和非挥发性成分构成, 形成了酱油独特风味的物质基础[12]。如何对不同工艺、原料的酱油风味进行更加精准的分析和评价, 并实现有效调控一直是研究人员关注的热点。近年来, 随着新的检测仪器和检测技术的出现, 风味物质的鉴定分析能力得到了显著提升[13], 研究者通过大量的实验对不同工艺和原料与酱油风味形成的相关机制进入了大量的探索。如ZHU等[14]研究了中国传统酿造酱油发酵时间与其风味和代谢机制的关系, 发现发酵9~10个月酱油中挥发性气味物质含量最高, 随着发酵年限的增加, 其营养和香气呈缓慢增加的趋势。王泽亮等[15]对四川传统酿造酱油风味品质特点进行解析, 研究发现四川传统酿造酱油相比于广式和日式酱油, 其挥发性化合物种类数更多, 酸类、醛类等物质含量相对较高。酱油的陈酿时间对香气成分的影响很大[16], 不同陈酿时间的酱油中的代谢过程和速率不同, 酱油中化学成分的含量也可能随发酵时间的不同而变化[17-18]。目前关于陈酿时间没有通用标准。由于酱油的香气是风味物质之间相互作用和平衡的结果, 因此人们常认为发酵时间越长, 酱油的品质和风味就越好[19]。然而, 后熟陈酿对日晒夜露法酱油风味变化的影响研究仍较少。
因此, 本研究采用电子鼻和顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱技术(headspace-solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, HS-SPME-GC-MS), 结合多元统计学分析手段对不同陈酿时间酱油的挥发性风味物质进行定性和定量分析, 并对关键风味物质种类和含量进行了分类比较, 通过分析不同年份酱油的风味差异物质, 以期为后续酱油的香气和品质的提升提供数据支撑。
黑豆酱油陈酿时间3、4、5年分别编号为(A-3、A-4、A-5), 豆粕酱油陈酿时间3、4、5年分别编号为(B-3、B-4、B-5), 均源自泸州护国味业有限公司。
氧化镁、硼酸、甲基红、溴甲酚绿、乙醇、盐酸、硝酸银、铬酸钾、硫酸、硫酸铜、硫酸钾、氢氧化钠、甲醛、氯化钠(NaCl)(分析纯, 国药集团化学试剂有限公司); 正己烷(色谱纯, 美国默克制药国际集团公司)。
PEN3便携式电子鼻(德国Airsense公司); 8890-7000D气质联用仪、DB-5MS毛细管柱(30 m×0.25 mm, 0.25 μm)(美国Agilent科技有限公司); T960Basic全自动滴定仪(济南海能仪器股份有限公司); GK-600自动凯氏定氮仪(山东格林凯瑞精密仪器有限公司); DHG-9245A干燥箱(上海一恒科学仪器有限公司); BSA224S-CW电子分析天平[精度0.1 mg, 赛多利斯科学仪器(北京)有限公司]; HH-SE水浴锅(常州蒙特仪器制造有限公司)。
氨基酸态氮、总酸、可溶性无盐固形物、全氮、铵盐、氯化钠: 参照GB/T 18186—2000《酿造酱油》测定。
参照GAO等[20]的方法略作修改, 称取样品: 准确量取1.0000 g样品, 在25 ℃恒温环境平衡1 h。样品孵育温度50 ℃, 进样流量为300 mL/min, 传感器归零时间为10 s, 仪器平衡时间180 s, 信号采集总共90 s, 传感型号在60 s后基本稳定, 选定信号采集时间为第70 s。PEN3电子共有10个传感器, 不同传感器的性能描述如表1所示。
采用HS-SPME-GC-MS技术测定。参照万博恺等[21]的方法略作修改, 萃取条件: 分别称取1 mL待测酱油样品于20 mL顶空瓶中, 分别加入饱和NaCl溶液, 20 μL (10 μg/mL)内标准溶液(3-己酮-2,2,4,4-d4), DVB/CWR/PDMS固相微萃取头经过老化后插入顶空瓶中, 在60 ℃水浴条件下萃取15 min。
气相条件: DB-5MS毛细管柱(30 m×0.25 mm, 0.25 μm), 载气: He, 进样口温度: 250 ℃, 柱流量: 1.2 mL/min, 不分流进样, 溶剂延迟3.5 min。程序升温: 40 ℃保持3.5 min, 以10 ℃/min升至100 ℃, 再以7 ℃/min升至180 ℃, 最后以25 ℃/min升至280 ℃, 保持5 min。
质谱条件: 离子源温度: 230 ℃, 四级杆温度150 ℃, 接口温度: 280 ℃; 离子化模式: 电子轰击离子源, 能量: 70 eV, 选择离子监测模式用于分析物的鉴定和定量。
气味活度值(odor activity value, OAV)计算: 挥发性化合物的相对含量(C)与其气味阈值(T)之比, 该阈值是人体可闻的最小浓度。OAV值的计算公式(1)如下:
$\mathrm{OAV}_{i} / \%=\frac{C_{i}}{T_{i}} \times 100 \%$
式中: Ci为挥发性化合物的相对含量, μg/L; Ti为该组分的气味阈值, μg/L。
实验结果均进行3组平行实验, 并使用SPSS 20.0进行统计学分析, P<0.05具有显著性差异; 电子鼻测定结果使用PEN3自带软件进行主成分分析及区分能力计算, 使用SPSSAU(在线SPSS分析软件)进行单因素方差分析(analysis of variance, ANOVA)-邓肯检验显著性差异分析; 再利用Origin 2024对试验数据和统计结果制图。
酱油发酵过程中的氨基酸态氮、全氮、总酸、可溶性无盐固形物、食盐及铵盐含量变化由表2可知。随着发酵时间的增加, 氨基酸态氮含量、全氮含量增加, 主要是由于发酵时间越长, 蛋白质分解越彻底, 氨基酸含量越多; 而总酸和铵盐含量的增加, 可能是由于发酵后期存在部分杂菌污染, 使产生的氨与其他物质结合成较多的非营养物质[22]; 豆粕酱油从B-3到B-5, 其氨基酸态氮含量的增长率逐渐下降, 这可能是因为发酵后期氨基酸和糖的转化率低于豆粕的降解和淀粉的水解率[23]。不同陈酿时间的黑豆酱油的可溶性无盐固形物含量呈现先上升后下降的趋势, 这可能是由于发酵时间延长后菌种的营养供给不足有关; 综上, 各指标的变化趋势与不同陈酿阶段酱油中各物质和含量转化及降解有关[24]
表3所示, 黑豆酱油A-3与黑豆酱油A-4、A-5均有10个传感器响应值有显著性差异(P<0.05), 黑豆酱油A-4与A-5有0个传感器响应值有显著性差异。随着陈酿时间的增加, A-4和A-5与A-3相比, 黑豆酱油中氧氮化合物、甲基类、无机硫化物、有机硫化物和醇、醛酮类物质含量显著增加(P<0.05); 苯类、氨类、氢化物、短链烷烃芳香成分、长链烷烃物质含量呈现下降的趋势。
表4所示, 豆粕酱油B-3和豆粕酱油B-4、B-5分别有9个、8个传感器响应值有显著性差异(P<0.05), 豆粕酱油B-4与B-5有4个传感器响应值有显著性差异(P<0.05)。随着陈酿时间的增加, B-4和B-5与B-3相比, 豆粕酱油中氧氮化合物、无机硫化物物质含量随着陈酿时间增加而显著增加(P<0.05); 氢化物、长链烷烃物质含量呈现下降的趋势。
图1可以看出, 不同陈酿时间黑豆酱油的风味存在差异, 7号传感器(W1W)是信号值最强的传感器, 其次是6号传感器(W1S)和9号传感器(W2W)。W1W对无机硫化物化合物敏感, 可能是受到环境、原料、工艺等多种因素的影响而产生的一些无机硫化物。豆粕酱油在W1W具有更高的响应值, 且在陈酿4年时, W2S、W2W、W1S传感器的响应值最高, W2S对醛、醇酮敏感, 表明醇类、醛酮类可能在陈酿4年时的香气贡献很大。黑豆酱油和豆粕酱油对于电子鼻的10根传感器的响应水平表现不一致,表明二者香气成分存在差别, 主要对W1W、W1S、W2W、W2S、W5S传感器存在响应, 表明检测到的挥发物类型为无机硫化物、甲基类、有机硫化物、醇类、醛酮类、氧氮化合物。总体上黑豆酱油对于W1W、W1S、W2S传感器的响应值高于豆粕酱油, 一定程度上说明黑豆酱油中无机硫化物及甲基类化合物的含量比豆粕酱油更多。
通过广泛靶向检测方法, 在不同陈酿时间的6个酱油样品中共鉴定出1227种挥发性化合物, 这些化合物因陈酿时间不同而存在差异。挥发性化合物大致可分为15类, 包括265种酯类、155种萜类、153种酮类、137种杂环化合物、104种醇类、77种酸类、72种醛类、59种酚类、54种烃类、50种胺类、30种芳烃类、27种醚类、26种含氮化合物、9种含硫化合物、9种卤代烃(图2)。其中, 挥发性化合物含量最多的为酚类(17.04%), 其次是酯类(14.56%)和萜类化合物(13.12%)。上述3类物质可被认为是酱油中的主要成分。这些挥发性风味物质共同构成酱油的风味, 其种类和含量差异导致不同陈酿时间的酱油整体风味不同[25]
图3是依据所有挥发性化合物数量和含量对比分析, 进行数据标准化绘制而成的热图, 颜色越偏红色表示样品含量相对越高。由图3可知, 随着陈酿时间的增加, 陈酿5年的挥发性化合物的相对含量明显高于陈酿4年和3年, 可能是由于酱油体系中丰富的营养源为微生物生长提供了足够的条件, 陈酿时间促进微生物对原料的分解利用, 从而有利于酯类、醛类、酮类和酚类的生成, 丰富了酱油中烟熏香、焦糖香、麦芽香、果香和花香, 使酱油香气更加饱满和谐[26]。还可能是由于陈酿时间越长, 酱油中的氨基酸和还原糖持续进行美拉德反应, 生成更多复杂的挥发性化合物, 如呋喃类、吡嗪类等, 提升了香气的层次感[27]。并且随着陈酿时间的延长, 部分挥发性物质(如酯类、醛类)未被完全释放, 而是逐渐累积, 使得陈酿5年的酱油挥发性化合物的相对含量高于4年和3年[28]
一般认为, OAV值大于1的风味物质是该食品中的关键风味化合物, 其值越高则该组分对总体香气贡献越大[29]。黑豆酱油和豆粕酱油这6种陈酿时间的样品中挥发性化合物共有132种(图4), 黑豆酱油3~5年分别为97、102、115种, 豆粕酱油3~5年分别为101、111、113种, 其化合物的含量超过了它们的气味阈值, 即OAV≥1。由图4可知, 在黑豆酱油样品中, 3~5年酱油的风味化合物种类总数排序前3的为酯类、醛类和酮类, 分别为65、61、47种, 而风味化合物的相对含量占比排序前3的为醛类(7.51~9.06 μg/g)、酚类(2.10~17.00 μg/g)和萜类(4.25~7.35 μg/g); 在豆粕酱油样品中, 酱油的风味化合物种类总数排序前3的为酯类、醛类和萜类, 分别为62、58、51种, 而风味化合物的相对含量占比排序前3的为酚类(18.97~49.88 μg/g)、醛类(7.95~8.98 μg/g)和萜类(5.49~7.42 μg/g)。
表5为6种酱油样品中风味物质的香气活力值(举例列出), 由图4表5可以看出, 酯类、萜类、杂环化合物、醇类、酚类等物质种类随着陈酿时间的增加而增加, 在陈酿5年时期达到最高, 说明陈酿时间会增加一些挥发性风味物质的种类, 其香气成分更丰富。醛类、酮类物质则集中在陈酿4年的酱油时间段达到最高, 在后期则表现出下降的趋势, 这可能是由于部分物质性质活泼, 具有双键结构, 如(E)-2-己烯醛, 容易在酱油发酵的后期与其他物质(如氨基酸、醇类或酚类)发生反应, 形成新的风味成分或杂环化合物, 从而导致它们的相对含量下降[5], 这与图2的电子鼻结果一致。芳烃类、含氮化合物、含硫化合物在陈酿期间则变化较小。亚油酸乙酯、己酸乙酯、十六酸乙酯、3,4-二甲基噻吩-2,5-二酮、1-辛醇、3-甲基戊酸、2-乙氧基-5-(1-丙烯基)苯酚、樟脑仅在黑豆酱油中检出, 赋予了黑豆酱油中果香、奶油香、花香香气。δ-萜品烯、柠檬醛、1-(4-甲基苯基)-乙酮、6-甲基-2-庚酮、苯甲酸仅在豆粕酱油中检出。酯类化合物是酱油基本香气成分的来源, 可以通过醇与酸的酯化反应生成, 或者由乙酰辅酶A和高级醇作为底物, 经乙酰转移酶催化进行生物合成形成[30]。随着陈酿时间从3年延长至5年, 酯类风味化合物的种类增加, 这表明黑豆酱油在长期陈酿过程能够有效促进酯化反应和次生代谢过程, 从而提升酱油的果香和复杂香气[14]。如对于黑豆酱油2-羟基苯甲酸乙酯和乙酸对甲酚酯仅在陈酿5年酱油中检出, 可以赋予酱油焦糖香。与黑豆酱油类似, 豆粕酱油中酯类物质的种类和相对含量都随陈酿时间增长而显著增加, 但幅度略低于黑豆酱油, 可能与原料组成和代谢机制不同有关[31]。总体来看, 5年陈酿酱油的风味复杂度和协调性优于3年和4年陈酿酱油, 长时间的发酵和熟成进一步丰富了其风味物质种类和浓度, 为优质酱油的生产提供了参考依据[32-34]
本研究利用电子鼻与HS-SPME-GC-MS等技术方法探究了不同陈酿时间黑豆酱油和豆粕酱油的挥发性物质组成及关键香气成分的影响, 结果发现随着陈酿时间的增加, 黑豆酱油和豆粕酱油的挥发性化合物种类及相对含量呈现显著差异(P<0.05), 且关键香气成分对整体风味特征的贡献明显。5年陈酿酱油在风味的复杂性上优于3年和4年陈酿酱油, 其长时间的发酵和熟成增强了风味物质的种类与含量, 为生产高品质酱油提供了科学参考和技术指导。通过热图分析, 同样证实了不同陈酿时间的酱油挥发性成分之间有显著差异。电子鼻传感器能够快速有效区分不同陈酿时间酱油的整体风味差异, 可作为一种便捷的分析工具用于酱油风味评价和质量控制。通过OAV分析, 共鉴定出132种关键香气成分, 为解析陈酿时间酱油特征风味形成机制提供了基础数据。后续研究可进一步深析关键香气成分的形成机理及陈酿机制, 为不同陈酿时间酱油风味品质提升提供技术指导, 也为将来不同种类和年份酱油的特征风味揭示、化学指纹图谱构建、标准制定及法规出台提供基础研究理论支持。
  • 泸州市科技计划项目(2023NYF089)
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2025年第16卷第3期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241025004
  • 接收时间:2024-10-25
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2025-02-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-25
基金
泸州市科技计划项目(2023NYF089)
作者信息
    1.四川元景达食品有限公司, 泸州 646000
    2.泸州老窖集团有限责任公司, 泸州 646000

通讯作者:

* 王宪斌(1987—), 男, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为食品发酵与工程。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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