Article(id=1153986713304158305, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986709126635984, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241020003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1729353600000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-20, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753061472487, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1737734400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753061472487, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753061472487, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753061472487, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153986709126635984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='324', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1737734400000', pubDateStr='2025-01-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753061471492, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1760345674980, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1184538872999457117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986709126635984, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1184538872999457118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986709126635984, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=271, endPage=278, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153986714046550116, articleId=1153986713304158305, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Strategy studies on the collaborative improvement of food safety research and regulation based on full risk prevention and control, columnId=1151895321388347923, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Food Analysis and Detection, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Food safety is a major strategic content related to people's livelihoods and achievement of the modernization of national governance. After the extensive scientific research and regulatory practice, many iconic academic achievements have been achieved, and the relatively systematic theoretical systems, methodological standards and regulatory strategies for food safety have been established. The traditional food safety mainly relies on the methodological development, safety detection and risk monitoring, depends on the laws, regulations, and standards as regulatory basis, utilizes propaganda, education, service and popularization of science as auxiliary means, and combine the rectification and improvement. Due to the complex interactions between humans and food, there are many characteristics involved in food safety like uncertainty, relativity and regionalism. At present, the connection between the food safety research and regulation is not close enough, and the food safety work still needs a lot of innovative exploration, practice and the new quality productivity empowerment. Based on the author's recent research, teaching, investigation, and regulatory practices in food safety, this paper started from the root causes of food safety issues, summarized and discussed the main challenges faced in the current food safety work from the perspective of the risk prevention and control throughout the entire process, and proposed the directions that could be focused on the food safety research, teaching and regulation in future, which would help achieving the precise prevention and control of food safety across the entire region.

, authors=null, authorsList=Ke-Xian CHEN, Xu-Zhen DONG, Yue HA, Lin-Ran ZENG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Ke-Xian CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1153986720296063115, articleId=1153986713304158305, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=基于全程风险防治的食品安全研究与监管协同提质策略研究, columnId=1151895321958773274, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=食品分析与检测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

食品安全是关系民生和实现国家治理现代化的重大战略内容, 经过大量的科学研究与监管实践, 已取得了许多标志性的科研成果, 形成了较为系统的食品安全理论体系、方法标准和监管策略。传统的食品安全工作主要以方法学研究、安全检测与风险监测为主, 以法律、法规与标准等为监管依据, 以宣传、教育、服务与科普为辅助手段, 整治与提升并举。由于食品安全涉及人与食品之间的复杂相互作用, 存在着不确定性、相对性和区域性等诸多特点, 且食品安全研究与监管之间的联系还不够紧密, 食品安全工作仍需大量创新探索、实践与新质生产力赋能。本文基于前期的食品安全研究、教学、调研与监管实践, 立足食品安全问题产生的根源, 从全程风险防治的角度总结与思考当前的食品安全工作面临的主要挑战, 提出未来食品安全研究、教学与监管可以重点关注的方向, 助力全域精准防控食品安全。

, authors=null, authorsList=陈可先, 董旭珍, 哈玥, 曾琳然, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=陈可先, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 陈可先(1983—), 男, 博士, 讲师, 主要研究方向为食品安全研究与监管。E-mail:
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基于全程风险防治的食品安全研究与监管协同提质策略研究
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陈可先 1, * , 董旭珍 2 , 哈玥 1 , 曾琳然 1
食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品分析与检测 2025,16(2): 271-278
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食品安全质量检测学报 |食品分析与检测 2025 , 16 (2) : 271 -278
基于全程风险防治的食品安全研究与监管协同提质策略研究
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陈可先1, * , 董旭珍2, 哈玥1, 曾琳然1
作者信息
  • 1.浙江工商大学食品与生物工程学院, 杭州 310018
  • 2.浙江工商大学公共管理学院, 杭州 310018
通讯作者:
* 陈可先(1983—), 男, 博士, 讲师, 主要研究方向为食品安全研究与监管。E-mail:
Strategy studies on the collaborative improvement of food safety research and regulation based on full risk prevention and control
Ke-Xian CHEN1, * , Xu-Zhen DONG2, Yue HA1, Lin-Ran ZENG1
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
  • 2. School of Public Affairs, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
出版时间: 2025-01-25 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241020003
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食品安全是关系民生和实现国家治理现代化的重大战略内容, 经过大量的科学研究与监管实践, 已取得了许多标志性的科研成果, 形成了较为系统的食品安全理论体系、方法标准和监管策略。传统的食品安全工作主要以方法学研究、安全检测与风险监测为主, 以法律、法规与标准等为监管依据, 以宣传、教育、服务与科普为辅助手段, 整治与提升并举。由于食品安全涉及人与食品之间的复杂相互作用, 存在着不确定性、相对性和区域性等诸多特点, 且食品安全研究与监管之间的联系还不够紧密, 食品安全工作仍需大量创新探索、实践与新质生产力赋能。本文基于前期的食品安全研究、教学、调研与监管实践, 立足食品安全问题产生的根源, 从全程风险防治的角度总结与思考当前的食品安全工作面临的主要挑战, 提出未来食品安全研究、教学与监管可以重点关注的方向, 助力全域精准防控食品安全。

食品安全  /  科学研究  /  市场监管  /  挑战与策略

Food safety is a major strategic content related to people's livelihoods and achievement of the modernization of national governance. After the extensive scientific research and regulatory practice, many iconic academic achievements have been achieved, and the relatively systematic theoretical systems, methodological standards and regulatory strategies for food safety have been established. The traditional food safety mainly relies on the methodological development, safety detection and risk monitoring, depends on the laws, regulations, and standards as regulatory basis, utilizes propaganda, education, service and popularization of science as auxiliary means, and combine the rectification and improvement. Due to the complex interactions between humans and food, there are many characteristics involved in food safety like uncertainty, relativity and regionalism. At present, the connection between the food safety research and regulation is not close enough, and the food safety work still needs a lot of innovative exploration, practice and the new quality productivity empowerment. Based on the author's recent research, teaching, investigation, and regulatory practices in food safety, this paper started from the root causes of food safety issues, summarized and discussed the main challenges faced in the current food safety work from the perspective of the risk prevention and control throughout the entire process, and proposed the directions that could be focused on the food safety research, teaching and regulation in future, which would help achieving the precise prevention and control of food safety across the entire region.

food safety  /  scientific study  /  market supervision  /  challenges and strategy
陈可先, 董旭珍, 哈玥, 曾琳然. 基于全程风险防治的食品安全研究与监管协同提质策略研究. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (2) : 271 -278 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241020003
Ke-Xian CHEN, Xu-Zhen DONG, Yue HA, Lin-Ran ZENG. Strategy studies on the collaborative improvement of food safety research and regulation based on full risk prevention and control[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (2) : 271 -278 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241020003
食品安全是保障当代消费者满足食品健康、营养与美味的最基本要求, 也是国家十分重视、消费者特别关注的一项系统工程, 是公共安全的重要组成部分。食品安全涉及所有食品及其相关领域, 覆盖从种植、养殖、加工、包装、储藏、运输、销售到消费的全过程。尽管食品安全工作得到了高度重视, 但食品安全事件或不合格食品被检出依然时有多发生, 年轻人、老年人、孕妇和免疫功能低下人群患食源性疾病的风险较高[1]。在实践中, 食品安全工作很难涵盖所有风险因素的方法学研究、检测与风险监测, 且食品安全问题往往是动态的, 具有不确定性、相对性和区域性等特点。因此, 食品安全工作除了需要持续加强高效的监管, 提升消费者食品安全意识, 还需要食品安全从业人员经常总结与反思当前的食品安全工作, 深入研究与剖析食品安全问题产生的根源, 挖掘其背后的逻辑机制, 借助大数据技术、人工智能技术、可追溯体系和物联网等先进技术, 针对性提出新的研究思路与监管策略, 建立全程长效监管机制, 寻找高效的保障方法, 从而更有效地保驾护航食品安全。
食品安全要始终坚持“四个最严”, 就离不开“从农田到餐桌”全程的研究与监管, 其中, 研究是监管的基础与依据, 监管可为研究提供科学问题与方向。目前, 食品安全研究主要围绕以下主题: (1)针对已知食品安全风险的方法学研究与技术开发[24], 包括样品前处理方法的开发与优化、新型分析检测仪器的设计与研发和快检技术开发等, 以及线性范围、加标回收率、检出限和适用范围等方法学评价与参数优化; (2)食品安全的检测研究[56], 涉及单种或多种已知有毒有害物质及其代谢物或者有害微生物的结构鉴定和含量分析, 以及未知食品安全风险物的发现和鉴定分析[78]; (3)食品安全大数据构建与分析, 包括食品生产过程控制, 食品安全风险的可视化分析与预警[911]; (4)国家标准、地方标准、团体标准和企业标准等的制定与完善, 包括有毒有害物质的限量标准和食品添加剂的添加标准; (5)降解或减少食品中有毒有害物质方法的开发[1213]; (6)食品的真实性鉴别研究[1415]。食品安全监管主要围绕抽检、监管、科普与服务4个维度展开, 其中抽检包括监督抽检、风险抽检、评价性抽检和专项抽检等形式; 监管包括日常执法检查、飞行检查和专项检查等, 以及构建数字化追溯体系, 提出与实施不同的监管与共治策略[1617]; 科普与服务更多的是教育和助企, 旨在提升消费者食品安全知识水平, 督促食品生产经营主体落实好食品安全主体责任。已有研究采用文献计量方法报道了我国食品安全监管研究的现状、热点和发展趋势[18]
虽然食品安全研究与监管已经分别取得了较多标志性的成果, 形成了较为系统的食品安全理论体系、方法标准和监管策略, 但食品安全工作涉及量大面广, 尚缺乏精准的保障办法与科普策略, 食品安全研究与监管间的联系还不够紧密, 这也对实现21世纪可持续食品生产(食品品质4.0)[19]提出了更高的要求。此外, 消费者的食品安全幸福感与获得感还受到其知识水平、家庭条件、生活习惯、饮食方式和卫生意识等因素的综合影响。因此, 本文将从食品安全的主要现状特点出发, 讨论当前食品安全工作面临的主要挑战和未来可能的突破方向。
通过近几年在基层的食品安全调研、监管实践以及食品安全案件的分析, 发现食品安全除了关注传统的食品安全外, 还出现了诸多新式安全类型。这就要求系统研究食品安全监管过程中食品与人之间的复杂相互作用(图1), 以实现全域全程的高效监管。食品安全知识碎片化、社交新媒体等大环境对食品安全研究与监管提出了更高的要求。
食品安全类型已不再仅局限于传统的食源性安全类型(农药残留、兽药残留、有毒重金属、持久性有机污染物、有害微生物、生物毒素、食品添加剂、物理混杂、鼠虫及其相关蚀物、超量摄入安全、过期食品等)和接触安全类型(包装安全、标签安全、器具安全、迁移安全、卫生等)。新型食品安全类型如营养安全、过敏安全、免疫安全、情绪安全、供给安全、认知安全、食品真实性安全和源数据安全等已成为近几年社会关注的焦点。因此, 食品安全监管需转变思路, 除了关注食品安全底线要求, 还需要在行政执法、科普宣传、案件溯源等过程中关注如何快速精准识别、分析与处置食品安全问题。
以往获取食品安全知识主要靠教材、课堂、新闻、法律、法规与标准等途径。随着自媒体等平台经济的高速发展与智能化技术的兴起, 人们更倾向于接触智能平台上的相关案例或碎片化知识, 但其往往缺乏一些基本常识的理性判断。食品安全知识的碎片化以及新型食品安全类型给当前食品安全监管带来了一些新挑战, 比如网络上食品安全知识、信息与案例的可靠性; 完整食品安全知识的获取途径。
食品安全认知困境主要源于食品安全常识或知识匮乏、实践经验不足、信息不对称、信息陷阱(非专业解说、舆论导向或自媒体误导)等, 主要表现以下几个方面: 当前多数年轻人已缺乏农耕、养殖等实践经验和对食品真伪的判断能力; 很多消费者缺乏理性判断, 易被非专业解说或部分网络经验所误导, 从而形成对食品安全的错位认识。
食品安全研究与监管的主要难点包括: 未知的有毒有害物质的发现尚需分析检测技术创新; 消费者和食品生产经营主体的食品安全专业知识与卫生常识的匮乏, 依赖于习惯、经验或者网络信息等情况; 食品生产经营主体的主体责任履行不到位, 存在侥幸心理; 食品安全的社会共治善治的广度与深度还不充分; 食品生产经营主体对食品业态的监管内容与相关警示案例了解不充分; 从农田到餐桌的过程长, 环节多, 食品安全抽检与监测不可避免存在一些盲区。因此, 食品安全研究与监管存在以下主要挑战。
食品安全的绝对性表现为有据可依, 比如《食品安全法》等法律法规、有毒有害物质的限量标准和从农田到餐桌全过程的各类操作规范等。尽管相关法律法规已比较健全, 监管手段创新多样, 但在实施过程中还做不到全链条全覆盖的跟踪监管。因此, 食品安全还存在相对性特征, 主要表现于动态性与不确定性, 体现在以下几方面: (1)从农田到餐桌过程中食品组分的结构变化可能产生对人体有害的物质, 但由于食品组分繁多, 该过程的变化规律、影响程度与条件尚不十分明确; (2)部分食品生产经营主体员工的素质可能存在差异, 偶然存在操作不规范的动态情形; (3)消费者的饮食习惯、卫生习惯、个人情绪与身体健康状况等均可能产生一些食品安全问题; (4)在食品加工过程中可能会产生或带入有毒有害物质; (5)部分食品安全问题(如沙门氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌等微生物污染)存在明显的季节性现象, 由于有毒微生物种类繁多, 难以做到全覆盖全天候监测; (6)有些食品安全问题并不能直接被肉眼识别或者需要在动物体内长期积累才可能产生; (7)自然界中有毒有害物质种类繁多, 抽检过程尚未能覆盖所有未设限量标准的有毒有害物质; (8)食品安全问题也存在突发性风险, 主要源于意外事件或自然灾害类食品安全风险、恶劣的食品储存环境和低效的安全措施等[20]
食品安全的评价往往需要一定的专业知识与生活经验积累, 但消费者多数并不兼具这些知识与能力, 主要体现在以下几个方面: (1)食品安全专业知识涉及食品、化学、生物、物理、医学等交叉学科, 且每个人接触或掌握的食品安全知识始终是有限的, 有差异的, 比如很多消费者清楚毒性与剂量间的关系, 但并不清楚有毒有害物质的价态或结合态与健康之间的关系; (2)每个人因生活经历与文化背景不同对食品安全相关法律法规的理解与认识存在较大偏差; (3)许多人并不了解食品安全事件与食品安全问题的联系与区别。
食品安全具有区域性特点, 比如有些食品安全问题主要分布在某些县市区、某个农村或城市, 或者集中在某类食品业态、某类食品或农产品, 但随着其在市场的流通或者环境条件的影响, 这类食品安全问题会发生区域间或者业态间的迁移, 如何有效监管也成为挑战性难题。
保障食品安全就需要充分考虑从农田到消费终端全程的食品安全问题, 并针对性提出其所需的食品安全研究, 对特定食品开展风险与益处综合评估[21]。在此基础上, 通过定向新质生产力赋能才将食品安全研究成果有效地被转化为监管新质生产力, 在监管实践中取得成效。因此食品安全研究需要考虑其在监管实践中的可及性、便捷性与实用性, 食品安全监管需要考虑其策略的可操作性、精准性与服务性, 两者应该相辅相成, 同频共振。
开发能快速、准确定量分析已知有毒有害物质的高效方法, 明确其产生、迁移和降解的途径、条件、机制与程度, 建立精准匹配实际检测所需最佳检测方案的大数据分析程序。由于食品基质的复杂性与差异性, 有毒有害物质种类的多样性、不同动物体内降解的差异性和部分结构的相似性或不稳定性, 现有的部分分析方法并不能很好地满足一些实际检测需要, 尚需大量研究以实现多组分快速精准的同时高效定量分析, 比如塑化剂检测[2223]。因此, 后续研究可以围绕以下几个方面开展: 开发先进的前处理技术和高灵敏度的分析仪器[24]; 研究新型准确的快检技术, 提高食品中有毒有害物质的筛查效率, 减少假阳性与假阴性结果现象[25]; 研发生物友好型、可降解的或热稳定性高的食品级接触材料, 减少有毒有害物质产生或迁移的风险; 进一步完善相关的限量与检测标准, 构建现有标准方法与非标准方法的数据库, 实现智能检索与大数据匹配分析; 研发有助于消费者快速、精准识别物理混杂类异物、非食用动物组织、掺假、掺杂与造假食品等各种食品安全问题的可靠的智能便捷分析设备[26]; 系统研究有毒有害物质或食品组分从农田到餐桌全过程的结构变化规律、产物及其变化程度[2729], 构建食品组分或风险物质信息数据库[3031], 同时注重数据质量、时效性和可访问性。
研究能识别食品中存在的或潜在的目前尚未知的有毒有害风险和非法添加物的方法, 同时研究新的种养植技术、生产工艺过程中潜在的食品安全风险因素, 防范新型食品安全问题或事件发生。因此, 需要研究从农田到餐桌全程中环境中有毒有害物质迁移至食品中的规律及其防治办法; 研究不会或者减少产生有毒有害物质的特定食品加工工艺、储存条件、运输环境或烹饪方法; 研究在较高温度或暴晒(光照)等环境中尽可能不产生有毒有害物质新型食品接触材料; 评估有毒有害物质在动植物体内代谢产物的安全性, 以及研究其产生机制; 研究如何快速识别食品中可能存在的非法添加物; 研究食品中可能存在的新型有害微生物或其他有害物质(如过敏原), 并制定相关的限量标准与检测方法; 根据现有的食品安全风险物质, 结合化学、物理、生物等学科知识, 采用人工智能、深度学习、大数据等技术综合筛选或预测新型食品安全风险并加以研究。
明确食品安全问题与健康间的对应关系, 揭示有毒有害物质的赋存形式与含量对健康的影响规律。有研究表明, 有毒有害物质的离子态或与结合态对健康的影响不同, 比如, 游离态的有毒重金属具有非常强的毒性, 但结合态的毒性可以降至无毒, 如砷甜菜碱[3233]。因此, 还需要大量的物理化学和生物化学实验, 开展食品污染物的系统风险评估与控制研究, 构建选择性的定量检测方法与限量标准。与此同时, 还可以研究情绪变化对食品安全的影响, 研究非热加工等新生产工艺与技术对食品安全的影响[34]
研究降解、减少或控制食品中有毒有害物质含量的技术, 从源头到终端全链条全要素降低或防范食品安全风险。比如采取措施富集或减少土地中重金属、农药残留等有毒有害物质[1213]; 采用可控纳米技术等缓释技术实现农药缓释、减少农药使用的预期效果[35]; 研究有毒有害物质的降解规律、条件[29]及其产物的安全性。有文献已调研了农民会减少使用农药的社会心理因素[36], 该研究表明其他农民是否减少使用、农药使用的能力和自主权等会产生积极的影响。
开发食品真实性鉴别新技术, 破解食品欺诈难题[1415]。食品真实性问题已随着食品工业的不断发展日益呈现出复杂性、多样性和危害性等特点。目前荧光聚合酶链式反应[37]、液相色谱-质谱联用、电感耦合等离子体质谱、气相色谱-离子迁移谱[38]、便携式质谱结合化学计量学方法[39]和生物传感器[40]等技术已用于食品真实性鉴别。但这些技术都需要精密的仪器和苛刻的检测条件, 对于食品安全监管而言, 新型的快捷真实性鉴别与判定技术的研发与真实性食品指纹图谱的构建显得尤为重要。
食品安全研究与科普是相辅相成的关系, 研究要为科普提供足够的证据支撑, 科普是食品安全监管的一种重要手段。目前是食品安全研究与科普之间还存在着较大的鸿沟, 主要原因是缺乏权威可靠的食品安全信息库及其获取途径, 以及多数食品安全科普内容未明确具体的科学文献依据。食品安全研究属于前沿技术研究, 提供可靠的研究结论, 而食品安全科普力求通俗易懂易掌握, 但需要有明确的科学依据支撑。现实中消费者甚至食品从业者并不具备足够的或仅掌握碎片化的食品安全知识或技能, 不具备区分食品真伪的能力, 加上一些自媒体的误导、片面或不规范解读, 比如动物实验结果被错误地解读成临床实验效果, 这也导致科普工作困难重重。因此, 需要理顺食品安全风险检出、超标与实际健康危害之间的关系, 说明动物实验与临床实验的联系与区别, 明确食品中有毒有害物质产生的各种条件、含量与健康关系及其风险等级, 给出食品真实性的简易鉴别方法, 提供鉴定有毒有害物质含量的快速简易技术, 确定情绪、认知与食品安全之间的关系, 并以通俗易懂与喜闻乐见的方式传递或推广食品安全专业知识与结论, 将其包含在食品安全信息数据库中, 或者开通在线食品安全教育平台[41], 从而让食品安全科学研究最大程度助力解决科普的痛点难题。
食品安全研究在识别、定量与解决食品安全风险问题以及制定相应的检测与限量标准方面独具专业优势, 而食品安全监管主要是制定或完善相关的法律法规, 并根据其对食品安全进行行政执法、风险监测、评估与预警, 严密防范全过程风险, 降低发生食品安全事件的可能性。因此, 在食品安全监管过程中需要开展食品安全非专业舆论治理, 加大对监管队伍或食品生产经营主体的食品安全专业知识与技能培训, 通过抽检与大数据分析等途径强化对食品安全事件或问题的有效分析与预测[42]、源头追溯、及时处置与精准发现, 督促食品生产经营主体落实主体责任。
食品安全监管可以着重围绕科普教育、过程化管理、风险预警、与社会共治善治4种维度展开, 充分结合助企帮扶和高校食品安全教学与育人政策, 实现食品安全监管效能与群众食品安全满意度的双赢目标, 进一步提升监管部门的公信力、高校食品安全专业的赋能力和食品生产经营主体的品牌力。
食品安全教育的广度与深度是实现食品安全高效监管的内驱力, 实现群众食品安全知晓率和满意度的关键方式, 也是增强消费者的食品安全意识和食品生产经营主体的法律红线意识主要途径。食品安全科普教育需要食品安全研究的可靠结论, 覆盖从农田到餐桌全程可能出现的典型食品安全风险、食品安全常识与注意事项, 以及食品安全违法处罚典型案例。在此基础上, 采用基于人工智能数字化技术建立可实时检索, 根据不同需求选择的权威食品安全信息库, 包含主题细分的各类食品安全知识及图谱、科普视频、案例和标准。与此同时, 采取政产学研共建食育基地、食品安全科普基地、食品安全共治中心、大学生食品安全实践教育基地、可靠食品安全科普视频的官媒投放、食品安全专家诊室或食品安全科技特派员等多维手段编织一张立体网格式食品安全教育宣传网络, 实现食品安全研究与科普教育的同频共振。当然, 食品安全的科普也需充分考虑不同城市、乡镇街道、社区和农村消费者的文化水平和年龄分布结构, 比如对农村中年长的消费者, 食品安全科普力求图文并茂, 视频时长短, 内容简单易懂, 科普人员亲和力强。因此, 食品安全科普工作任重道远, 可以从大中小学入手, 联动教师与学生及其家长, 以食品安全基地建设和科普视频投放为主要抓手, 以食品安全专业大学生入乡村街道科普与开展有奖食品安全知识竞赛等为主要途径, 以权威社交媒体作为与消费者食品风险和利益沟通的有用工具[43], 逐步实现食品安全科普教育的全社会知晓率与执行力, 消除群众对食品安全的认识偏差。
浙江省率先实行了食品安全数字化追溯规定, 对几种典型的农产品与食品进行了数字化追溯管理。文献中也报道了许多食品安全监管策略, 比如穿透式食品安全监管[44]、基于底线与责任自驱思维的食品安全软治理模式[16]、 食品安全跨区域监管[45]。由于各生产经营单位存在规模化差异、生产经营场所的布局差异、人员文化素质差异和地区条件的差异, 并非所有主体均经过良好生产规范、危害分析的临界控制点等管理体系认证。针对这种情况, 就需要根据业态与规模进行分类监管, 结合安全生产的基本要求和食品生产经营主体的实际情况, 帮助制定与实施个性化的管理方案, 与此同时, 指导企业营造良好的食品安全文化氛围[46], 和不定期开展食品安全培训以实现企业员工食品安全态度与食品安全实践之间的良性互促关系[4748]。另外, 农产品或食品的安全还受到生产环境条件、食品接触材料、加工工艺、烹饪方式等的综合影响。因此, 食品安全的过程化管理需要持续强化从农田到餐桌全程的可追溯数字化规范管理, 强化食品生产经营主体做好安全生产措施, 并运用大数据分析、抽检等方法, 分业态、分区域、分时段强化食品安全风险的发现效率与管控水平, 同时依托高校、行业协会与企事业单位的科技与人才力量, 开展优化生产工艺, 形成食品安全闭环链条等科技助企活动。
在实行食品安全过程化管理过程中, 整合数十年来全国食品安全抽检数据, 构建全国食品安全风险含时动态分布图, 刻画各城市、各区域、各生产经营主体以及各类食品的食品安全风险动态变化及其迁移趋势, 同时充分调动食品生产经营主体员工或消费者对食品安全生产与经营的监督积极性, 强化监管的不定期食品安全风险交流与研判[49], 实现食品安全风险的靶向预警, 尽最大可能实现食品安全风险源头的精准发现、监管与治理。与此同时, 吸引一批具有较高食品安全分析技能、检测能力与监管水平的人才兼职加盟基层, 提升基层食品安全监管与治理队伍的食品安全综合检测、研判与追溯能力; 开发适用于大众能简便、精准、快速检测常见食品安全问题与食品真实性问题的快检技术; 提供从外观、气味、滋味等识别常见食品安全问题的简易方法; 进一步规范、健全与提升食品安全检测机构的资质许可认证要求和检测检验能力; 加强大数据技术在食品安全监管风险预警中的应用[50]。总之, 从监管人员、消费者、检测机构联动的角度大大提高食品安全风险预警与提前处置能力。
食品安全是一个很大的概念, 其监管需要大监管的理念, 就需要全社会参与共治[16], 包括政产学研同频赋能食品产业高质量发展; 建设全域可覆盖的县市区食品安全科普及违法宣传教育阵地; 构建食品真实性社会共治生态; 建立社会面参与度高的日常巡查监督、举报监督、风险预警与反馈机制; 在食品生产经营主体内部制定食品安全吹哨人激励制度; 实施生产经营主体开放日活动; 优选并宣称县市区各业态的食品安全示范典型、经验做法; 设计并实行基于物联网技术的食品安全社会共治体系[51]; 充分发挥高校的食品质量与安全、市场监管等专业人才及其数量优势, 同时反哺高校的食品安全研究、教学与思政育人工作, 助力食品安全监管的对策研究。
高校重视食品安全科技创新与前沿技术的突破, 但同时也需要充分结合基层实际需要开发适合基层大众或监管队伍需要的食品安全快检技术与食品安全问题识别技术, 开展相应科研结论的科普转化, 开展形式多样的食品安全知识竞赛, 将科研成果写在祖国大地上, 让更多的普通消费者因此获益。与此同时, 高校需要强化食品安全专业师生主动服务社会的意识, 不定期开展食品安全相关的劳动教育、科普与社会实践, 主动帮扶更多的食品生产经营主体与消费者, 承担应承担的食品安全社会责任与担当。
本文从食品安全的现状特点出发, 分析了食品安全领域存在的主要挑战, 并从食品安全研究、科普与监管同频共振视角提出一些解决思路与应对策略。本文的讨论旨在激起食品安全研究、教学与监管界同仁对食品安全研究、科普与监管思路的新思考, 打破原有的思维枷锁, 寻找更接地气的食品安全研究方向, 探索更加符合区域实情的食品安全监管新策略, 以期通过新质生产力赋能共同推动食品安全事业的高质量发展, 为我国食品工业提质升级提供强有力的安全保障与理论支持。
在世界经济全球化的背景下, 全球食品原料、加工、流通、储存等各环节日益复杂化, 全球食品种类与功能日益多样化, 这也对未来制造中的食品安全提出了更高的保障要求。同时在知识大爆炸、自媒体经济等大环境中, 在消费者追求精准营养、健康、美味的需求背景下, 需要思考如何更好地减少消费者对食品安全的认知偏差, 提升其食品安全信心, 增强群众食品安全满意度与获得感, 以及思考如何破解不同城乡镇、不同业态、不同生产经营主体、不同角色、不同食品、不同有毒有害物质之间的认知或知识差异难题, 最终尽最大可能实现每位消费者了解、甚至掌握如何识别或避免食品安全问题。与此同时, 食品安全监管与研究人员需要围绕某个具体的食品安全瓶颈问题进行原因分析, 提出措施方案, 并思考如何形成长效机制。食品安全是一个非常复杂的需要长期坚守的系统工程, 不仅需要全社会力量共同维护与保障, 更需要以食品与人之间的复杂相互作用为核心思考点, 依托食品科学、化学、物理学、生物学、管理学、传播学、计算机科学、心理学等交叉学科的理论、方法和技术开展食品安全研究与监管工作, 系统揭示食品产业中的食品安全机制, 为食品行业的高质量发展培育新质生产力, 引领食品科学前沿技术领域的新突破。
  • 浙江工商大学学科建设管理项目(XKJS2023006)
  • 浙江工商大学2023年省级及以上教学平台自主设立校级教学项目(1110XJ0520121-06)
  • 浙江工商大学课程思政教学研究项目(1110XJ6224101)
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241020003
  • 接收时间:2024-10-20
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2025-01-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-20
基金
浙江工商大学学科建设管理项目(XKJS2023006)
浙江工商大学2023年省级及以上教学平台自主设立校级教学项目(1110XJ0520121-06)
浙江工商大学课程思政教学研究项目(1110XJ6224101)
作者信息
    1.浙江工商大学食品与生物工程学院, 杭州 310018
    2.浙江工商大学公共管理学院, 杭州 310018

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* 陈可先(1983—), 男, 博士, 讲师, 主要研究方向为食品安全研究与监管。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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