Article(id=1153986585063314292, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986579971429187, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241014010, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1728835200000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-14, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753061441913, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1740412800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753061441913, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753061441913, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753061441913, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153986579971429187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='320', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753061440699, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1758783495950, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1177986619249406427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986579971429187, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1177986619249406428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986579971429187, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=299, endPage=308, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153986585629545335, articleId=1153986585063314292, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Determination of heavy metal content and health risk evaluation of different dried Chaidamu Lycium barbarum L., columnId=1153433739154678309, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Food Safety Supervision and Management, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To detect and analyze the content of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni and Pb in different dried Lycium barbarum L. from Nuomuhong Farm, Chaidamu, and evaluate the health risk of heavy metals in Lycium barbarum L. via the dietary route to humans. Methods The content of 6 kinds of heavy metals in Lycium barbarum L. was determined by inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometer. The pollution degree of Lycium barbarum L. heavy metals was evaluated by single factor index, mean pollution index, pollution factor analysis and Nemero's composite pollution index. The target risk factor method was used to evaluate the health risk of single and complex heavy metal intake of Lycium barbarum L. Results The single pollution index of 6 kinds of heavy metals in Lycium barbarum L. in this area was less than 1, and the comprehensive pollution index was less than 0.7, and the mean pollution index of the lock-in freshness group was less than 0.1, which was uncontaminated, and the mean pollution index of the sun-dried, hot air dried, and hang-dried groups was less than 0.2, which was a slightly contaminated state, and among them, Cu, and Cd were the main contaminating factors. Through correlation and principal component analysis, the sources of heavy metal pollution in the drying process of Lycium barbarum L. were characterized by diversified and multiple pathways, and the heavy metal content of Lycium barbarum L. that had undergone lock-in freshness treatment and hang-dried treatment had a higher safety coefficient; the single or compound heavy metals ingested by the human body through the consumption of Lycium barbarum L. did not pose a health risk to either children or adults. Conclusion The pollution degree of heavy metal of Lycium barbarum L. in this region is low, and the content is in accordance with the limited requirement of Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2020, and there is a certain effect of different drying on the heavy metal content of Lycium barbarum L., and this test can provide a reference basis for the prevention and control of heavy metal pollution of Lycium barbarum L. in the drying system.

, correspAuthors=Ming XIAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Min SHI, Ni AN, Ji-Dong WU, Guo-Qiang ZHEN, Ming XIAO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1153986607356039419, articleId=1153986585063314292, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=不同干制柴达木枸杞重金属含量测定及健康风险评价, columnId=1153433739318256173, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=食品安全监管, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 对柴达木诺木洪农场不同干制枸杞中的As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb的含量进行检测分析, 并评价枸杞经食用途径摄入的重金属对人体的健康风险。方法 使用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪, 对枸杞中的6种重金属元素含量进行测定; 采用单因子指数法、均值污染指数法、污染因子分析法、内梅罗综合污染指数对枸杞重金属的污染程度进行全面的分析评价; 采用目标危险系数法对枸杞进行单一及复合重金属摄入健康风险评价。结果 该地区枸杞中的6种重金属单项污染指数均小于1, 综合污染指数均小于0.7, 锁鲜组均值污染指数小于0.1, 为未污染状态, 晒干、烘干、吊干组均值污染指数小于0.2, 为轻微污染状态, 其中Cu、Cd为主要污染因子; 通过相关性和主成分分析, 枸杞干制过程中的重金属污染源具有多样化且多种途径的特征, 经过锁鲜处理和吊干处理的枸杞重金属含量安全系数更高; 经食用枸杞人体所摄入的单一重金属或复合重金属对儿童或成人均不造成健康风险。结论 该地区枸杞重金属的污染程度低, 含量符合中国药典2020的限量要求, 不同干制对枸杞的重金属含量存在一定的影响, 本研究可为干制中枸杞的重金属污染防治提供参考依据。

, correspAuthors=肖明, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 肖明(1971—), 男, 博士, 副研究员, 主要研究方向为农产品质量安全风险评估。E-mail:
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师敏(1997—), 女, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为食品安全检测。E-mail:

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Laboratory of Agricultural Product Quality and Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qinghai Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Xining 810016, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1177985548967883401, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986585063314292, companyId=1177985548955300487, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.青海省农林科学院农业农村部农产品质量安全风险评估实验室, 西宁 810016)]), AuthorCompany(id=1177985549118878346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986585063314292, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1177985549123072651, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986585063314292, companyId=1177985549118878346, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3. Agricultural Product Quality and Ssfety Inspection Center of Huangzhong District, Xining 811600, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1177985549131461260, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986585063314292, companyId=1177985549118878346, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.西宁市湟中区农产品质量安全检查中心, 西宁 811600)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1177985552663065323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986585063314292, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Box plots of heavy metal content of different dried Lycium barbarum L., figureFileSmall=YknMeQLbvHAgpXEBatUUBw==, figureFileBig=Zpn7Mh4otzBPQ14qBqRS8w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177985552763728621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986585063314292, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同干制枸杞重金属含量箱线图, figureFileSmall=YknMeQLbvHAgpXEBatUUBw==, figureFileBig=Zpn7Mh4otzBPQ14qBqRS8w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177985552885363442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986585063314292, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Heavy metal correlation of dried Lycium barbarum L., figureFileSmall=EuiA9LVJVcD1Fit70xV7Zg==, figureFileBig=jhBvGSEdjm0CMOl3RBNHBw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177985552994415349, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986585063314292, language=CN, label=图2, caption=干制枸杞重金属相关性

注: a. 晒干枸杞; b. 烘干枸杞; c. 吊干枸杞; d. 锁鲜枸杞。图中*表示差异显著, P<0.05。

, figureFileSmall=EuiA9LVJVcD1Fit70xV7Zg==, figureFileBig=jhBvGSEdjm0CMOl3RBNHBw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177985553095078648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986585063314292, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=PCA plot of heavy metals in different dried Lycium barbarum L., figureFileSmall=0yZNFL112H6Bajshabq+UA==, figureFileBig=y5B/BtikHWirgVzJ3DG12g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177985553304793853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986585063314292, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同干制枸杞重金属PCA图, figureFileSmall=0yZNFL112H6Bajshabq+UA==, figureFileBig=y5B/BtikHWirgVzJ3DG12g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177985553376097022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986585063314292, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Sample digestion procedure of graphite furnace

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
步骤 目标温度/℃ 保持时间/min 状态
1 120 30 密闭、静置、消解
2 150 90 密闭、每30 min振荡15 s
3 150 40 开盖、静置、赶酸
), ArticleFig(id=1177985553485148933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986585063314292, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

石墨炉消解样品程序

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
步骤 目标温度/℃ 保持时间/min 状态
1 120 30 密闭、静置、消解
2 150 90 密闭、每30 min振荡15 s
3 150 40 开盖、静置、赶酸
), ArticleFig(id=1177985553556452103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986585063314292, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Evaluation criteria for mean pollution index

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
等级 PI 污染程度
I PI≤0.1 未污染
II 0.1<PI≤0.2 轻微污染
III 0.2<PI≤0.5 轻污染
IV 0.5<PI≤0.7 中度污染
V 0.7<PI≤1.0 重度污染
VI PI>1.0 严重污染
), ArticleFig(id=1177985553640338185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986585063314292, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

均值污染指数评价标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
等级 PI 污染程度
I PI≤0.1 未污染
II 0.1<PI≤0.2 轻微污染
III 0.2<PI≤0.5 轻污染
IV 0.5<PI≤0.7 中度污染
V 0.7<PI≤1.0 重度污染
VI PI>1.0 严重污染
), ArticleFig(id=1177985553782944526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986585063314292, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Evaluation criteria of integrated pollution index

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
等级 P 污染程度
I P≤0.7 安全
II 0.7<P≤1.0 警戒线
III 1.0<P≤2.0 轻度污染
IV 2.0<P≤3.0 中度污染
V P>3.0 重度污染
), ArticleFig(id=1177985553875219218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986585063314292, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

综合污染指数评价标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
等级 P 污染程度
I P≤0.7 安全
II 0.7<P≤1.0 警戒线
III 1.0<P≤2.0 轻度污染
IV 2.0<P≤3.0 中度污染
V P>3.0 重度污染
), ArticleFig(id=1177985553967493911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986585063314292, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Standard curve equations for heavy metal elements

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
元素 线性回归方程 相关系数(r2) 波长/nm
Pb Y=0.0106802X-0.2783779 0.99991 220.353
Cd Y=5.222909×10-4X-0.0586611 0.99996 226.502
Cr Y=0.0039726X-0.0866304 0.99995 206.149
AS Y=0.0028391X-0.1342330 0.99986 228.812
Cu Y=2.202861×10-4X-0.060283 0.99992 324.754
Ni Y=0.0015699X-0.0867747 0.99995 231.604
), ArticleFig(id=1177985554034602777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986585063314292, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

重金属元素标准曲线方程

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
元素 线性回归方程 相关系数(r2) 波长/nm
Pb Y=0.0106802X-0.2783779 0.99991 220.353
Cd Y=5.222909×10-4X-0.0586611 0.99996 226.502
Cr Y=0.0039726X-0.0866304 0.99995 206.149
AS Y=0.0028391X-0.1342330 0.99986 228.812
Cu Y=2.202861×10-4X-0.060283 0.99992 324.754
Ni Y=0.0015699X-0.0867747 0.99995 231.604
), ArticleFig(id=1177985554139460380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986585063314292, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Descriptive statistics of heavy metal contents in different dry preparations of Lycium barbarum L.

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
干制 样品数量 指标 As Cd Cr Cu Ni Pb
晒干处理 18 最小值/(mg/kg) 0.024 0.010 0.140 8.373 0.194 0.047
最大值/(mg/kg) 0.033 0.032 0.242 12.540 0.362 0.112
平均值/(mg/kg) 0.029 0.025 0.177 10.626 0.256 0.076
变异系数/% 11.1 24.1 16.8 13.2 19.3 27.2
烘干处理 12 最小值/(mg/kg) 0.023 0.021 0.107 6.08 0.131 0.043
最大值/(mg/kg) 0.028 0.026 0.194 10.74 0.233 0.064
平均值/(mg/kg) 0.026 0.024 0.149 8.113 0.179 0.053
变异系数/% 5.7 6.2 17.5 20.3 21.3 13.3
吊干处理 6 最小值/(mg/kg) 0.022 0.021 0.034 5.87 0.092 0.029
最大值/(mg/kg) 0.031 0.028 0.133 8.74 0.164 0.059
平均值/(mg/kg) 0.027 0.025 0.109 7.963 0.134 0.047
变异系数/% 10.3 10.0 34.4 13.2 18.4 22.8
锁鲜处理 6 最小值/(mg/kg) 0.020 0.018 0.120 6.25 0.075 0.022
最大值/(mg/kg) 0.026 0.024 0.138 7.75 0.136 0.045
平均值/(mg/kg) 0.023 0.021 0.127 7.137 0.106 0.033
变异系数/% 15.0 15.4 5.4 8.8 23.7 35.2
), ArticleFig(id=1177985554277872417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986585063314292, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

枸杞不同干制重金属含量描述性统计结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
干制 样品数量 指标 As Cd Cr Cu Ni Pb
晒干处理 18 最小值/(mg/kg) 0.024 0.010 0.140 8.373 0.194 0.047
最大值/(mg/kg) 0.033 0.032 0.242 12.540 0.362 0.112
平均值/(mg/kg) 0.029 0.025 0.177 10.626 0.256 0.076
变异系数/% 11.1 24.1 16.8 13.2 19.3 27.2
烘干处理 12 最小值/(mg/kg) 0.023 0.021 0.107 6.08 0.131 0.043
最大值/(mg/kg) 0.028 0.026 0.194 10.74 0.233 0.064
平均值/(mg/kg) 0.026 0.024 0.149 8.113 0.179 0.053
变异系数/% 5.7 6.2 17.5 20.3 21.3 13.3
吊干处理 6 最小值/(mg/kg) 0.022 0.021 0.034 5.87 0.092 0.029
最大值/(mg/kg) 0.031 0.028 0.133 8.74 0.164 0.059
平均值/(mg/kg) 0.027 0.025 0.109 7.963 0.134 0.047
变异系数/% 10.3 10.0 34.4 13.2 18.4 22.8
锁鲜处理 6 最小值/(mg/kg) 0.020 0.018 0.120 6.25 0.075 0.022
最大值/(mg/kg) 0.026 0.024 0.138 7.75 0.136 0.045
平均值/(mg/kg) 0.023 0.021 0.127 7.137 0.106 0.033
变异系数/% 15.0 15.4 5.4 8.8 23.7 35.2
), ArticleFig(id=1177985554416284452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986585063314292, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Analysis of variance for heavy metal content of different dried Lycium barbarum L.

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
干制 样品数量 As Cd Cr Cu Ni Pb
晒干处理 18 0.029a 0.025a 0.177a 10.626a 0.256a 0.076a
烘干处理 12 0.026b 0.024a 0.149b 8.113b 0.179b 0.053b
吊干处理 6 0.027ab 0.025a 0.109c 7.963b 0.134c 0.047c
锁鲜处理 6 0.023c 0.021a 0.127bc 7.137c 0.106d 0.033d
), ArticleFig(id=1177985554516947750, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986585063314292, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

不同干制枸杞重金属含量方差分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
干制 样品数量 As Cd Cr Cu Ni Pb
晒干处理 18 0.029a 0.025a 0.177a 10.626a 0.256a 0.076a
烘干处理 12 0.026b 0.024a 0.149b 8.113b 0.179b 0.053b
吊干处理 6 0.027ab 0.025a 0.109c 7.963b 0.134c 0.047c
锁鲜处理 6 0.023c 0.021a 0.127bc 7.137c 0.106d 0.033d
), ArticleFig(id=1177985554634388264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986585063314292, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Contribution of variance of principal components

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
主成分 特征值 方差贡献率/% 累计贡献率/%
1 3.589 59.809 59.809
2 1.086 18.093 77.902
3 0.747 12.452 90.354
), ArticleFig(id=1177985554697302826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986585063314292, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

主成分方差贡献率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
主成分 特征值 方差贡献率/% 累计贡献率/%
1 3.589 59.809 59.809
2 1.086 18.093 77.902
3 0.747 12.452 90.354
), ArticleFig(id=1177985554764411692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986585063314292, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Evaluation results of heavy metal pollution of different dried Lycium barbarum L.

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
干制 元素 Pi PI L P 限量值/(mg/kg) 超标率/%
晒干处理 As 0.014 0.147 0.025 0.390 2.00 0.00
Cd 0.025 0.043 1.00 0.00
Cr - - - 0.00
Cu 0.531 0.907 20 0.00
Ni - - - 0.00
Pb 0.015 0.026 5 0.00
烘干处理 As 0.013 0.113 0.028 0.292 2.00 0.00
Cd 0.024 0.053 1.00 0.00
Cr - - - 0.00
Cu 0.406 0.896 20 0.00
Ni - - - 0.00
Pb 0.011 0.023 5 0.00
吊干处理 As 0.014 0.112 0.030 0.298 2.00 0.00
Cd 0.025 0.057 1.00 0.00
Cr - - - 0.00
Cu 0.398 0.891 20 0.00
Ni - - - 0.00
Pb 0.009 0.021 5 0.00
锁鲜处理 As 0.012 0.099 0.029 0.262 2.00 0.00
Cd 0.021 0.054 1.00 0.00
Cr - - - 0.00
Cu 0.357 0.901 20 0.00
Ni - - - 0.00
Pb 0.007 0.017 5 0.00
), ArticleFig(id=1177985554844103470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986585063314292, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

不同干制枸杞重金属污染评价结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
干制 元素 Pi PI L P 限量值/(mg/kg) 超标率/%
晒干处理 As 0.014 0.147 0.025 0.390 2.00 0.00
Cd 0.025 0.043 1.00 0.00
Cr - - - 0.00
Cu 0.531 0.907 20 0.00
Ni - - - 0.00
Pb 0.015 0.026 5 0.00
烘干处理 As 0.013 0.113 0.028 0.292 2.00 0.00
Cd 0.024 0.053 1.00 0.00
Cr - - - 0.00
Cu 0.406 0.896 20 0.00
Ni - - - 0.00
Pb 0.011 0.023 5 0.00
吊干处理 As 0.014 0.112 0.030 0.298 2.00 0.00
Cd 0.025 0.057 1.00 0.00
Cr - - - 0.00
Cu 0.398 0.891 20 0.00
Ni - - - 0.00
Pb 0.009 0.021 5 0.00
锁鲜处理 As 0.012 0.099 0.029 0.262 2.00 0.00
Cd 0.021 0.054 1.00 0.00
Cr - - - 0.00
Cu 0.357 0.901 20 0.00
Ni - - - 0.00
Pb 0.007 0.017 5 0.00
), ArticleFig(id=1177985554948961072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986585063314292, language=EN, label=Table 9, caption=

Targeted hazard factors for heavy metals in Lycium barbarum L.

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
干制 指标 As Cd Cr Pb Cu
晒干处理 儿童THQ 0.002 0.006 0.013 0.005 0.059
成人THQ 0.002 0.013 0.010 0.003 0.003
TTHQ(儿童/成人) 0.085/0.032
烘干处理 儿童THQ 0.002 0.005 0.011 0.003 0.045
成人THQ 0.001 0.012 0.009 0.002 0.003
TTHQ(儿童/成人) 0.067/0.027
吊干处理 儿童THQ 0.002 0.006 0.008 0.003 0.044
成人THQ 0.001 0.011 0.005 0.002 0.002
TTHQ(儿童/成人) 0.063/0.022
锁鲜处理 儿童THQ 0.002 0.005 0.009 0.002 0.040
成人THQ 0.001 0.011 0.007 0.001 0.002
TTHQ(儿童/成人) 0.058/0.023
), ArticleFig(id=1177985555020264242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986585063314292, language=CN, label=表9, caption=

枸杞中重金属的目标危险系数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
干制 指标 As Cd Cr Pb Cu
晒干处理 儿童THQ 0.002 0.006 0.013 0.005 0.059
成人THQ 0.002 0.013 0.010 0.003 0.003
TTHQ(儿童/成人) 0.085/0.032
烘干处理 儿童THQ 0.002 0.005 0.011 0.003 0.045
成人THQ 0.001 0.012 0.009 0.002 0.003
TTHQ(儿童/成人) 0.067/0.027
吊干处理 儿童THQ 0.002 0.006 0.008 0.003 0.044
成人THQ 0.001 0.011 0.005 0.002 0.002
TTHQ(儿童/成人) 0.063/0.022
锁鲜处理 儿童THQ 0.002 0.005 0.009 0.002 0.040
成人THQ 0.001 0.011 0.007 0.001 0.002
TTHQ(儿童/成人) 0.058/0.023
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不同干制柴达木枸杞重金属含量测定及健康风险评价
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师敏 1, 2 , 安妮 1, 2 , 吴冀东 1, 2 , 甄国强 3 , 肖明 1, 2, *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品安全监管 2025,16(4): 299-308
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品安全监管 2025, 16(4): 299-308
不同干制柴达木枸杞重金属含量测定及健康风险评价
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师敏1, 2 , 安妮1, 2, 吴冀东1, 2, 甄国强3, 肖明1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1.青海大学农牧学院, 西宁 810016
  • 2.青海省农林科学院农业农村部农产品质量安全风险评估实验室, 西宁 810016
  • 3.西宁市湟中区农产品质量安全检查中心, 西宁 811600
  • 师敏(1997—), 女, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为食品安全检测。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 肖明(1971—), 男, 博士, 副研究员, 主要研究方向为农产品质量安全风险评估。E-mail:
Determination of heavy metal content and health risk evaluation of different dried Chaidamu Lycium barbarum L.
Min SHI1, 2 , Ni AN1, 2, Ji-Dong WU1, 2, Guo-Qiang ZHEN3, Ming XIAO1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. College of Agriculture and Animals Husbandry, Qinghai Univeisity, Xining 810016, China
  • 2. Laboratory of Agricultural Product Quality and Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qinghai Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Xining 810016, China
  • 3. Agricultural Product Quality and Ssfety Inspection Center of Huangzhong District, Xining 811600, China
出版时间: 2025-02-25 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241014010
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目的 对柴达木诺木洪农场不同干制枸杞中的As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb的含量进行检测分析, 并评价枸杞经食用途径摄入的重金属对人体的健康风险。方法 使用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪, 对枸杞中的6种重金属元素含量进行测定; 采用单因子指数法、均值污染指数法、污染因子分析法、内梅罗综合污染指数对枸杞重金属的污染程度进行全面的分析评价; 采用目标危险系数法对枸杞进行单一及复合重金属摄入健康风险评价。结果 该地区枸杞中的6种重金属单项污染指数均小于1, 综合污染指数均小于0.7, 锁鲜组均值污染指数小于0.1, 为未污染状态, 晒干、烘干、吊干组均值污染指数小于0.2, 为轻微污染状态, 其中Cu、Cd为主要污染因子; 通过相关性和主成分分析, 枸杞干制过程中的重金属污染源具有多样化且多种途径的特征, 经过锁鲜处理和吊干处理的枸杞重金属含量安全系数更高; 经食用枸杞人体所摄入的单一重金属或复合重金属对儿童或成人均不造成健康风险。结论 该地区枸杞重金属的污染程度低, 含量符合中国药典2020的限量要求, 不同干制对枸杞的重金属含量存在一定的影响, 本研究可为干制中枸杞的重金属污染防治提供参考依据。

枸杞  /  晒干  /  烘干  /  吊干  /  锁鲜  /  重金属含量  /  健康风险

Objective To detect and analyze the content of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni and Pb in different dried Lycium barbarum L. from Nuomuhong Farm, Chaidamu, and evaluate the health risk of heavy metals in Lycium barbarum L. via the dietary route to humans. Methods The content of 6 kinds of heavy metals in Lycium barbarum L. was determined by inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometer. The pollution degree of Lycium barbarum L. heavy metals was evaluated by single factor index, mean pollution index, pollution factor analysis and Nemero's composite pollution index. The target risk factor method was used to evaluate the health risk of single and complex heavy metal intake of Lycium barbarum L. Results The single pollution index of 6 kinds of heavy metals in Lycium barbarum L. in this area was less than 1, and the comprehensive pollution index was less than 0.7, and the mean pollution index of the lock-in freshness group was less than 0.1, which was uncontaminated, and the mean pollution index of the sun-dried, hot air dried, and hang-dried groups was less than 0.2, which was a slightly contaminated state, and among them, Cu, and Cd were the main contaminating factors. Through correlation and principal component analysis, the sources of heavy metal pollution in the drying process of Lycium barbarum L. were characterized by diversified and multiple pathways, and the heavy metal content of Lycium barbarum L. that had undergone lock-in freshness treatment and hang-dried treatment had a higher safety coefficient; the single or compound heavy metals ingested by the human body through the consumption of Lycium barbarum L. did not pose a health risk to either children or adults. Conclusion The pollution degree of heavy metal of Lycium barbarum L. in this region is low, and the content is in accordance with the limited requirement of Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2020, and there is a certain effect of different drying on the heavy metal content of Lycium barbarum L., and this test can provide a reference basis for the prevention and control of heavy metal pollution of Lycium barbarum L. in the drying system.

Lycium barbarum L.  /  sun-dried  /  hot air dried  /  hang-dried  /  lock-in freshness  /  heavy metal content  /  health risk
师敏, 安妮, 吴冀东, 甄国强, 肖明. 不同干制柴达木枸杞重金属含量测定及健康风险评价. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (4) : 299 -308 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241014010
Min SHI, Ni AN, Ji-Dong WU, Guo-Qiang ZHEN, Ming XIAO. Determination of heavy metal content and health risk evaluation of different dried Chaidamu Lycium barbarum L.[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (4) : 299 -308 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241014010
枸杞是(Lycium barbarum L.)是一种茄科枸杞属植物果实, 其植株为多年生、多分枝、多棘刺落叶灌木[1]。作为一种药食同源的经济林果, 其果实、叶和根茎在食品和药品行业具有较大的开发利用价值[2-3]。现代医学研究发现, 枸杞中含有丰富的活性物质, 如多糖、黄酮、类胡萝卜素、甜菜碱等[4-5], 该类成分具有增强免疫调节、抗衰老、预防癌症、降低血糖和血脂等多种功效[6-8]。自从2024年“毒枸杞”事件的爆发, 人们更加注重枸杞的安全品质, 其中枸杞的重金属安全性评估包括3方面内容: 资源环境条件、种植环节污染风险、加工贮运环节的污染[9]。王奂仑等[10]对青海主要种植区的枸杞土壤重金属进行检测分析, 表明诺木洪种植区的土壤质量处于安全水平。通过对诺木洪土壤重金属Cd指标的研究, 其原生土壤是清洁的, 可以用于生产无公害的绿色食品[11]
随着枸杞产业的规模化种植, 农药和化肥等农业生产投入品的不合理使用容易引起农田重金属污染等问题[10,12]。枸杞根系对重金属有较强的吸附能力, 可通过物质流动、扩散等途径进入植物根部, 再经过导管和筛管上行至茎、叶和果实, 从而达到对重金属的富集, 而后通过枸杞食用途径进入人体, 经长时间的食物链累积, 容易引起人体急慢性疾病, 如神经系统的损伤、心血管疾病以及癌症等[13-14]。此外重金属在植株中可以通过对枸杞根系、光合作用、呼吸作用、对抗性的影响从而导致枸杞多糖、甜菜碱等枸杞品质的降低以及产量的下降[15]。目前枸杞重金属的研究主要集中在不同地区的枸杞土壤污染源、污染测定方法和污染现状调查等方面, 但是关于加工贮运环节对枸杞重金属的影响研究较少。在古海刚等[16]在重金属污染物风险评估中, 涉及到可通过探讨不同的加工和处理方法对枸杞中重金属污染物含量的影响进行重金属风险管理, 如清洗、浸泡和加工等。本研究通过对不同干制柴达木枸杞重金属含量的测定, 分析干制方式对枸杞重金属含量的影响, 重金属来源的相关性和主成分, 参考中国药典(2020)对枸杞的重金属污染程度进行评价, 深入探讨枸杞重金属对人体的健康影响, 以期为干制过程中的枸杞重金属污染防治提供参考依据。
硝酸、过氧化氢(优级纯, 国药集团化学试剂有限公司); Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、As、Ni标准溶液(质量浓度为1000 mg/L, 国家有色金属及电子材料分析测试中心); 红薯粉成分分析标准物质(GBW10199, 坛墨质检科技股份有限公司)。
XS104分析天平(精度0.0001 g, 瑞士梅特勒-托利多公司); ICPE-9000型电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(日本岛津有限公司); DEENA-m型Thomas Cain全自动石墨消解及前处理系统(美国Thomas Cain公司); 聚四氟乙烯消解罐(深圳市白鳍豚生物科技有限公司)。
以青海省都兰县诺木洪农场为研究区域, 以不同干制工艺处理的枸杞为研究对象, 对14个样点的枸杞进行收集, 重复组为3, 样品总数量为42, 对这些枸杞样品进行干制, 包括晒干样品18个、烘干样品12个、以及标记吊干样品6个和锁鲜样品6个。每个枸杞样品在1.0 kg左右, 记录装袋。
称取枸杞子20 g左右放入玻璃皿中, 在80 ℃的热风干燥箱中烘48 h至恒重, 最后用研钵研磨并过100目筛, 将处理好的样品放进已写标签的密封袋中保存备用。
精确称取0.500 g经过100目处理的枸杞子于50 mL的四氟聚乙烯管中, 依次加入10 mL浓硝酸、2 mL过氧化氢, 在通风橱里将枸杞浸泡24 h进行预消解, 避免因高含糖量对消解过程的影响。利用全自动石墨炉消解, 消解程序如表1所示, 期间手动振摇观察, 至枸杞样品溶液为浅黄色澄清溶液时消解完成, 带样液冷却至室温后用1%的硝酸溶液溶解并转移至50 mL的刻度试管中, 超纯水定容至25 mL, 静置备用。同时每个样品做3个平行, 以试剂空白为参照, 以标准物质红薯粉为质控样品进行消解[17-18]
(1)重金属标准系列溶液的配制
准确吸取1 mL质量浓度为1000 mg/L的砷、镉、铬、铜、镍、铅混合标准溶液, 并用水定容至100 mL容量瓶中, 将母液稀释为10 mg/L的混合标准子液。分别吸取混合标准子液置于100 mL容量瓶中, 用1% HNO3溶液定容至刻度线, 制成质量浓度为0、0.001、0.002、0.005、0.010、0.025、0.050、0.075、0.100、0.200、0.400、0.600、0.800和1.000 mg/L的标准系列重金属混合工作液[19]。将标准系列重金属混合工作液注入电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪, 测定待测元素的信号响应值, 以待测元素的质量浓度为横坐标, 其响应值为纵坐标, 绘制标准曲线。以红薯粉成分分析标准物质GBW10199为标准样品, 作为数据参考及仪器准确性的依据。
(2)样品重金属含量的测定
利用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪对枸杞样品消解液中Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、As、Ni等重金属元素的含量进行测定。其中ICPE-9000的主要参数为: 点火模式为标准水; 附件为微型矩管; 高频功率为1200 W; 等离子体流量为14 L/min; 辅助流量为1.2 L/min; 载气流量为0.70 L/min; 观测方向为Axial; 蠕动泵转速20 r/min; 分光器温度38 ℃; 测量次数为3。
枸杞重金属评价以《中国药典》2020版为依据, 规定枸杞中重金属的具体限量要求Pb为5 mg/kg、Cd为1 mg/kg、Cu为20 mg/kg、As为2 mg/kg。
通过单因子指数法评价单一重金属对枸杞的污染程度[20-21], 单因子污染指数计算如公式(1)所示:
$P_{i}=\frac{C_{i}}{S_{i}}$
式中: Pi为干制枸杞某种重金属的污染指数; Ci为干制枸杞某种重金属的实测值, mg/kg; Si为干制枸杞某种重金属质量评价标准值, mg/kg。
通过均值指数法反映各项重金属污染程度的平均值[22-23], 均值污染指数计算如公式(2)所示:
$\mathrm{PI}=\sum \frac{P_{i}}{n}$
式中: PI为均值污染指数; Pi为某种重金属的单因子指数; n为重金属种类。根据均值污染指数法的计算结果(表2)将枸杞的重金属污染程度划分为6个等级。
通过污染因子分析法得出枸杞中主要的重金属污染因子[22,24], 其计算如公式(3)所示:
$L=\frac{P_{i}}{\sum P_{i}}$
式中: L为污染物负荷比; Pi为枸杞某种重金属的污染指数。
通过内梅罗综合污染指数对枸杞的重金属含量做综合评价[21,25], 其计算如公式(4)所示:
$P_{\text {综 }}=\sqrt{\frac{P_{\text {mean }}^{2}+P_{i \max }^{2}}{2}}$
式中: P为干制枸杞综合污染指数; Pmean为干制枸杞单因子污染指数平均值; Pi max为干制枸杞重金属单项污染指数最大值。综合污染指数评价标准如表3
通过超标率可以反映枸杞整体的重金属污染情况, 其计算如公式(5)所示:
$C_{i} / \%=\frac{n_{i}}{N_{i}} \times 100 \%$
式中: Ci为干制枸杞中某种重金属元素的超标率, %; ni为干制枸杞中某种重金属超标样品数; Ni为采集干制枸杞样品数。
采用目标危害系数(target hazard factor, THQ)/总目标危害系数(total target hazard factor, TTHQ)法对枸杞重金属进行暴露人群的健康风险评价[26-28], 其计算公式(6)、(7)所示:
$\mathrm{THQ}=\frac{E_{\mathrm{F}} \times E_{\mathrm{D}} \times F_{\mathrm{IR}} \times \mathrm{C}}{R_{\mathrm{FD}} \times W_{\mathrm{AB}} \times T_{\mathrm{A}}} \times 10^{-3}$
TTHQ=∑THQ
式中: EF为人体暴露频率, 365 d/a; ED为人体暴露时间(儿童6年; 成人70年); FIR为推荐枸杞摄入量, 儿童枸杞摄入量6 g/d, 成人枸杞摄入量12 g/d, 参考中国药典推荐枸杞摄入量6~12 g/d; C为干制枸杞中重金属的质量浓度, mg/kg; RFD为参考剂量, As 0.003、Cd 0.001、Cr 0.003、Cu 0.04、Pb 0.0035, mg/(kg·d), 参考HJ 25.3—2014《污染场地风险评估技术导则》和美国国家环境保护局的重金属经口摄入参考计量; WAB为平均体重, kg(儿童27 kg, 成人60 kg); TA为平均暴露时间, 365 d/a×ED
单一重金属风险THQ<1表明无明显健康风险, THQ>1表明存在健康风险; 复合重金属风险TTHQ<1即存在较低的健康风险, TTHQ>1即存在较大的健康风险。
使用Microsoft Excel 2021软件对干制枸杞原始重金属数据进行统计和分析, 使用SPSS 26.0软件对干制枸杞重金属数据进行显著性分析, 使用Origin 2024软件进行图形绘制。
表4可知, 各重金属元素在0~1 mg/L的范围内呈现出良好的线性关系, 相关系数r2均在0.9998以上, 说明重金属的标准曲线在样品质量浓度与响应值之间的线性关系可靠且准确, 能够用于重金属元素的定量分析。
采集枸杞干样42份, 其中包括晒干18份、烘干12份、吊干6份、锁鲜6份, 对4种干制组枸杞6种重金属含量的测定分析结果如表5所示。晒干组枸杞重金属的平均含量大小为Cu>Ni>Cr>Pb>As>Cd; 烘干组重金属的平均含量大小为Cu>Ni>Cr>Pb>As>Cd; 吊干组枸杞重金属的平均含量大小为Cu>Ni>Cr>Pb>As>Cd; 锁鲜组枸杞重金属的平均含量大小为Cu>Cr>Ni>Pb>As>Cd, 变异系数能够反映各干制组样品间重金属含量的离散程度, 4个干制组枸杞各重金属含量的变异系数集中在5.4%~35.2%, 属于中等程度变异, 说明这些重金属污染受到不同样点间的人为干扰活动较为严重[29-30]。此外经过不同干制后的枸杞在重金属含量的构成比例中各不相同, 说明干制对重金属含量存在一定的影响, 可对其进行更深一步的分析。
不同干制枸杞重金属含量方差分析如表6所示。
表6可知, 经过不同干制的枸杞, As含量的晒干组显著(P<0.05)高于烘干、锁鲜; Cd含量在各干制组间无显著性差异; Cr含量的晒干组显著高于烘干、吊干、锁鲜, 烘干组显著高于吊干; Cu含量的晒干组显著高于烘干、吊干、锁鲜, 烘干和吊干显著高于锁鲜; Ni、Pb含量各干制组间都呈现出显著性差异。其中Cu在各处理组间的含量较高, 可能是因为它有利于作物的生长发育、能够增强植株的抗旱、抗病毒。
对不同干制枸杞重金属含量的箱线图1进一步分析, 发现As、Cu、Cd的含量在各干制组间依次为晒干>吊干>烘干>锁鲜, Ni、Pb的含量在各干制组间依次为晒干>烘干>吊干>锁鲜, Cr的含量在各干制组间依次为晒干>烘干>锁鲜>吊干, 通过以上分析可知晒干枸杞各重金属含量整体偏高, 究其原因可能为枸杞自身具有的重金属水平, 在清洗、浸泡时的工艺处理不同, 且在天然晒场进行干制, 在这个过程中更容易受到其他途径的重金属污染, 污染源多且复杂, 而锁鲜枸杞重金属水平相较于其他处理组整体偏低。
相关性是推测枸杞重金属来源是否一致的重要依据, 不同干制枸杞6种重金属含量间的相关性如图所示。根据图2a可知, 晒干组枸杞重金属As-Pb、Ni-Pb、As-Ni、Cr-Ni、As-Cr、Cr-Pb之间显著正相关, 重金属As-Cu、Cu-Pb之间显著负相关, Cu与其他重金属元素不存在显著性相关; 该数据表明经过晒干的枸杞As、Pb、Ni之间具有高度的同源性, 其次Cr与以上3种金属元素具有较高的同源性, Cu与As、Pb重金属元素之间存在此消彼长的作用关系, 且与其他Cd、Cr、Ni等重金属元素的来源不同。
根据图2b可知, 烘干组枸杞重金属As-Cd、Cd-Cr、As-Cr之间存在极强正相关, 重金属Cr-Ni、Cd-Ni之间存在较强的正相关性, 重金属Cd-Pb、Pb-As、Pb-Cr、Pb-Ni之间显著负相关, Pb与Cu之间不存在显著性相关; 以上分析表明经过烘干的枸杞As、Cd、Cr之间有同源性, 其重金属污染来源路径相同或者相似, 其次Cd、Cr与Ni等重金属元素具有同源性, 说明Cd与Cr元素可能存在二次污染, Pb与Cd、As、Cr、Ni等重金属元素之间存在竞争关系, 且与Cu元素的来源不同, 以上分析表明烘干枸杞的Cu、Pb具有独立的污染途径, 但Cd、As、Cr、Ni等元素在一定程度上可以影响Pb的含量。
根据图2c可知吊干枸杞重金属As-Cd、Cd-Cu、Cd-Cr、Cr-Pb、Cr-Ni、Cr-Cu、Cu-Pb、Cu-Ni、Ni-Pb之间的相关性系数分别为0.99、0.82、0.84、0.86、0.86、0.98、0.90、0.88、0.93, 均呈现出极强的正相关性。其中As和Cd污染来源相同, 与其他重金属元素污染来源不相同; Cd与Cu和Cr具有较高的同源性, 与Ni和Pb的污染源不同; 同时Cr又与Cd、Cu、Ni、Pb具有较高的同源性, 表明Cd和Cr容易产生复合性污染; 且Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb等重金属元素之间存在同源性。
根据图2d可知锁鲜枸杞重金属As-Pb、As-Ni、As-Cu、As-Cd、Cd-Pb、Cd-Ni、Cd-Cu、Cu-Pb、Cu-Ni、Ni-Pb之间的相关性系数分别为1.00、0.95、0.95、1.00、1.00、0.94、0.95、0.94、0.89、0.94, 以上数据均呈现出极强的正相关性, 表明经过锁鲜干制的枸杞重金属As、Cd、Cu、N、Pb之间具有高度的同源性, 同时Cr与其他重金属元素之间不存在显著的相关性, 其污染源与该干制组其他的重金属污染源不同。综合以上分析, 4个干制组中, 锁鲜组呈现出更为简单的重金属相关性关系、其次是吊干、晒干、烘干, 干制枸杞的重金属污染源复杂且多样化, 可考虑因素为: 枸杞自身的生长环境不同, 干制过程中各处理间涉及到的清洗浸泡方法、晾晒环境、所用的金属器具等污染源的影响。
为客观评价各干制方式对枸杞重金属指标的影响, 采用主成分分析对枸杞安全品质进行评价。由表7可知, 第一主成分贡献率为59.809%, 包括Ni、Pb、As、Cr、Cu、Cd, 第二主成分贡献率为18.093%, 包括Cd、As、Pb, 如图3可知, 主成分1和主成分2可以共同解释总方差的77.902%[31-32]。干制枸杞中各项重金属元素As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb之间呈现出正相关性, 各干制组间重金属含量表现出较大的差异, 其中锁鲜组的和吊干组位于第二、三象限, 距离晒干组的第一、四象限较远, 表明吊干和锁鲜对各重金属含量的影响较大。晒干与烘干组彼此距离较近, 甚至有重合迹象, 说明这两个干制方式对各重金属的影响差异不大。
表8所示对不同干制的枸杞重金属含量做污染程度评价, 中国药典2020仅对As、Cd、Pb、Cu 4种重金属进行限量, 因此在数据分析中只涉及As、Cd、Pb、Cu含量的重金属污染程度评价。通过单因子污染指数法分析可知, 枸杞中各重金属元素的Pi值均小于1, 为无污染的状态。在晒干、烘干、吊干、锁鲜等4种干制间, As的单因子污染指数在0.012~0.014之间、Cd的单因子污染指数在0.021~0.025之间、Pb的单因子污染指数在0.007~0.015之间、Cu的单因子污染指数在0.357~0.531之间; 其中Pb、Cu在各干制组间的单因子污染指数由大到小依次为晒干组、烘干组、吊干组、锁鲜组。表明干制方式基本不改变As和Cd的含量, 但是可以改变Pb、Cu的含量, 这可能是因为As和Cd的重金属含量源于其枸杞植株自身的背景值, 而Pb和Cu除却其自身背景值外, 干制过程中也会携带一部分重金属元素, 导致其含量增高。研究表明诺木洪土壤重金属As的污染途径中, 磷酸二铵的贡献率达到50%, 其次是复合肥、鸡粪、酵素有机肥[33]。Cd的主要污染路径中, 鸡粪的贡献率最大, 其次为复合肥、磷酸二铵以及有机肥, 这些重金属在植株体内富集, 最终通过枸杞果实带走一部分, 经人体摄入累积从而伤害人体健康[11]
通过均值污染指数法分析可知, 4种干制枸杞重金属的PI值依次为晒干0.147、烘干0.113、吊干0.112、锁鲜0.099, 其中晒干组、烘干组和吊干组的枸杞重金属含量处于轻微污染状态, 锁鲜组的枸杞重金属含量处于未污染状态, 说明锁鲜干制较其他干制其安全品质更高。通过污染因子分析法得知, 在晒干组L的大小依次为Cu>Cd>Pb>As; 在烘干组、吊干组、锁鲜组L的大小依次均为Cu>Cd>As>Pb, Cu和Cd是主要的污染因子, 该结论与柴达木干果重金属安全评价的研究结果相一致[22]。以中国药典枸杞为评价标准, 所得晒干、烘干、吊干、锁鲜等干制组间综合污染指数P数分别为0.390、0.292、0.298、0.262, 均小于0.7, 其重金属含量处于安全状态。以GB 2762—2022《食品安全国家标准 食品中污染物限量》中Cr的限量值1.00 mg/kg、Ni的限量值1.00 mg/kg为依据, As、Cd、Pb、Cu参照中国药典, 对其42份枸杞的重金属含量超标率进行计算, 枸杞中各重金属的超标率为0.00%, 表明所生产枸杞其重金属安全达到生产标准。
表9可知, 不同干制的枸杞其重金属As、Cd、Cr、Pb和Cu对儿童及成人的THQ低于1, 表明经过不同干制的柴达木枸杞以上5种单一重金属元素不会产生健康隐患, 同时枸杞重金属对儿童和成年人的TTHQ也均小于1, 说明经过干制后的柴达木枸杞以上5种不同重金属之间的复合污染没有对儿童和成人产生健康风险。
本研究结果表明, 柴达木诺木洪农场42份干制枸杞的6种重金属元素, 其中As、Cd、Cu、Pb以中国药典对于枸杞重金属含量的限定值为参考, Cr和Ni以GB 2762—2022中1.00 mg/kg的限量值为参考, 对枸杞样品的各种重金属污染情况进行判定, 其检测结果并无严重超标现象。从单因子污染指数、内梅罗综合污染指数分析, 干制枸杞中As、Cd、Cu、Pb等元素污染水平均处于安全清洁状态。通过不同干制重金属含量的比较分析, 晒干组间的各重金属含量相较其他组偏高, 锁鲜组的重金属含量则较低。通过相关性分析晒干组间的As、Pb、Ni、Cr之间的污染源具有同源性, 烘干组间Cd、Cr、Ni的污染源具有同源性, 且该干制组间的Cd与Cr存在二次污染, Pb、Cu具有独立的污染途径, 吊干组中的Cr、Cu、Pb、Ni的污染源具有同源性, 锁鲜组中As、Cd、Pb、Ni、Cu之间的污染具有同源性, 各重金属含量在干制过程中呈现出复杂的相关性关系, 表明枸杞干制过程中的重金属污染源具有多样化且多种途径的特征, 且经过锁鲜和吊干干制的枸杞重金属含量安全性更高。
此外干制枸杞As、Cd元素的污染更多是源于枸杞的自身值, 受干制方式的影响较小, Pb、Cu等元素受到干制方式的影响较大; 值得注意的是, Cu元素在枸杞中虽然处于安全水平, 但其重金属含量较高, 有研究表明土壤中的重金属铜会被农作物全部吸收, 通过食物链积累在人体或是集中在农作物根部产生毒害作用甚至导致植株枯死, 未来可在农田管理中加强重金属Cu的检测, 从而预防枸杞植株的枯死[34-35]。还可通过干制生产管理过程中的有效控制而减少污染的途径, 预防因Cu元素摄入过多而降低人体机能、损害人体器官、危害身体健康等一系列问题[22]。因此本研究结果旨在为不同干制枸杞中的重金属含量进行检测分析, 并分析各种干制方式对枸杞重金属含量的影响, 以期在干制过程中对重金属污染源进行有效管理与控制, 提高柴达木枸杞的安全品质。
  • 农产品质量安全风险评估项目(GJPF2019020)
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2025年第16卷第4期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241014010
  • 接收时间:2024-10-14
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2025-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-14
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农产品质量安全风险评估项目(GJPF2019020)
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    1.青海大学农牧学院, 西宁 810016
    2.青海省农林科学院农业农村部农产品质量安全风险评估实验室, 西宁 810016
    3.西宁市湟中区农产品质量安全检查中心, 西宁 811600

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* 肖明(1971—), 男, 博士, 副研究员, 主要研究方向为农产品质量安全风险评估。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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