Article(id=1153986589723190028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986579971429187, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241008008, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1728316800000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-08, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753061443024, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1740412800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753061443024, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753061443024, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753061443024, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153986579971429187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='320', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753061440699, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1758783495950, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1177986619249406427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986579971429187, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1177986619249406428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986579971429187, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=254, endPage=263, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153986590721434422, articleId=1153986589723190028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Effects of different deodorization treatments on the flavor properties of oyster enzymatic hydrolysates, columnId=1151895321388347923, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Food Analysis and Detection, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To explore the optimal conditions of different deodorization treatment methods and compare the main flavor components of oyster raw materials, oyster enzymatic hydrolysates and the products obtained through different deodorization methods. Methods Taking the Crassostrea hongkongensis enzymatic hydrolysate as the research object, the changes in flavor after deodorization of the samples were investigated by means of single-factor experiments, sensory analysis and physicochemical analysis in combination. Results The optimal conditions for activated carbon deodorization were reaction time 50 min, reaction temperature 50 °C, and the amount of activated carbon addition was 1.0%. The optimal conditions for yeast deodorization were a fermentation temperature of 40 °C and a fermentation time of 60 min, and the yeast addition amount was 1.0%. Compared with oyster raw materials, the total free amino acid content in the enzymatic hydrolysate increased, both bitter and sweet amino acids increased, while the umami amino acids decreased slightly. Compared with the enzymatic hydrolysate, the sweet amino acids of the product treated with combined deodorization increased slightly, while the bitter and umami amino acids decreased slightly. The relative content of alcohols and acids increased by 21.50%. The relative content of ketones decreased by 8.49%, and the clam flavor and oil flavor decreased. Conclusion The combined deodorization of activated carbon and yeast effectively improves the flavor of Crassostrea hongkongensis enzymatic hydrolysate, providing valuable preliminary data for the development of oyster condiments.

, correspAuthors=Wen-Hong CAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jia-Ling LI, Jia-Wei LI, Shan ZENG, Zhong-Qin CHEN, Ming-Tang TAN, Wen-Hong CAO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1153986617250407001, articleId=1153986589723190028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=不同脱腥处理对牡蛎酶解产物风味特性的影响, columnId=1151895321958773274, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=食品分析与检测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 探究不同脱腥处理方式的最佳条件以及比较牡蛎原料、牡蛎酶解产物及通过不同脱腥方式处理得到的产物的主要风味成分。方法 以香港牡蛎酶解产物为研究对象, 采用单因素试验, 感官分析和理化分析结合的方式探究试样脱腥后风味变化。结果 活性炭脱腥最佳条件为反应时间50 min, 反应温度50 ℃, 活性炭添加量1.0%; 酵母脱腥最佳条件为发酵温度40 ℃, 发酵时间60 min, 酵母添加量1.0%。酶解产物中总游离氨基酸含量较牡蛎原料有所增加, 苦味、甜味氨基酸均上升, 鲜味氨基酸则稍有下降; 与酶解产物相比, 联合脱腥处理产物甜味氨基酸在一定程度上增加, 而苦味和鲜味氨基酸稍有下降; 醇类及酸类物质相对含量增加21.50%; 酮类物质相对含量减少8.49%, 蛤蜊味和油脂味减少。结论 活性炭和酵母联合脱腥对香港牡蛎酶解物风味具有良好的改善作用, 研究结果为牡蛎调味品的开发提供了重要的前期基础数据。

, correspAuthors=曹文红, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 曹文红(1977—), 男, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为水产品精深加工、海洋食品营养与功能。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=tuDnVy3w/jbPnQApw04bzg==, magXml=iprUO1zrtEt1xgnZTTyWfA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=h0Uv5FaSoXIsMhF9rl8KVA==, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=v+QThdw4xRc6Iq6YtyxUww==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

李佳玲(2004—), 女, 主要研究方向为食品质量与安全。E-mail:

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李佳玲(2004—), 女, 主要研究方向为食品质量与安全。E-mail:

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College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
2. National Research and Development Branch Center for Shellfish Processing Technology (Zhanjiang), Zhanjiang 524088, China
3. Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products Processing and Safety, Zhanjiang 524088, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1177985566437159923, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986589723190028, authorId=1177985566219056110, language=CN, stringName=陈忠琴, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, 3, address=1.广东海洋大学食品科技学院, 湛江 524088
2.国家贝类加工技术研发分中心(湛江), 湛江 524088
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2. National Research and Development Branch Center for Shellfish Processing Technology (Zhanjiang), Zhanjiang 524088, China
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2.国家贝类加工技术研发分中心(湛江), 湛江 524088
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Food Chemistry, 2016, 194: 12-19., articleTitle=Impact of high hydrostatic pressure on non-volatile and volatile compounds of squid muscles, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1177985571327717407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986589723190028, awardId=2022A05038, language=CN, fundingSource=湛江市科技计划项目(2022A05038), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1177985571399020576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986589723190028, awardId=CARS-49, language=CN, fundingSource=贝类产业技术体系项目(CARS-49), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1177985564927210453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986589723190028, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1177985564931404758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986589723190028, companyId=1177985564927210453, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1177985564990125015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986589723190028, companyId=1177985564927210453, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.广东海洋大学食品科技学院, 湛江 524088)]), AuthorCompany(id=1177985565107565528, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986589723190028, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1177985565111759833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986589723190028, companyId=1177985565107565528, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2. National Research and Development Branch Center for Shellfish Processing Technology (Zhanjiang), Zhanjiang 524088, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1177985565120148442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986589723190028, companyId=1177985565107565528, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.国家贝类加工技术研发分中心(湛江), 湛江 524088)]), AuthorCompany(id=1177985565233394651, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986589723190028, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1177985565237588956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986589723190028, companyId=1177985565233394651, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3. Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products Processing and Safety, Zhanjiang 524088, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1177985565245977565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986589723190028, companyId=1177985565233394651, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.广东省水产品加工与安全重点实验室, 湛江 524088 )])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1177985568374927369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986589723190028, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Effects of different conditions on sensory evaluation of the deodorized products, figureFileSmall=OmEsYUhzMEc0tvfBSjeIYA==, figureFileBig=s+aHZogfLCHaPyqpVcLknA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177985568483979274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986589723190028, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同条件对脱腥产物感官评分的影响

注: 不同字母表示组间具有显著性差异, P<0.05。图2同。

, figureFileSmall=OmEsYUhzMEc0tvfBSjeIYA==, figureFileBig=s+aHZogfLCHaPyqpVcLknA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177985568597225483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986589723190028, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effects of different conditions on sensory evaluation of the deodorized products, figureFileSmall=XFc2JVyKKOV4iYviBbbbdw==, figureFileBig=xOVpHWniIlz+dyLuSq5UIQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177985568718860300, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986589723190028, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同条件对脱腥产物感官评分的影响, figureFileSmall=XFc2JVyKKOV4iYviBbbbdw==, figureFileBig=xOVpHWniIlz+dyLuSq5UIQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177985568819523597, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986589723190028, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Sensory description analysis of enzymatic hydrolysis products (a) and deodorization treatment (b) of Crassostrea hongkongensis, figureFileSmall=Rgw68hiWovZvTIdqZw865w==, figureFileBig=SbH98CVrWGYafCHdQZnNUg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177985568915992590, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986589723190028, language=CN, label=图3, caption=香港牡蛎酶解产物(a)及脱腥处理后(b)感官描述分析, figureFileSmall=Rgw68hiWovZvTIdqZw865w==, figureFileBig=SbH98CVrWGYafCHdQZnNUg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177985569075376143, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986589723190028, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=E-nose response values of products under different deodorization methods, figureFileSmall=PNuu/rfM0em0bdd5IizX7A==, figureFileBig=8l8ShY+1+OvP+RCbtaV/4Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177985569192816656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986589723190028, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同脱腥方式下牡蛎酶解产物的电子鼻响应值, figureFileSmall=PNuu/rfM0em0bdd5IizX7A==, figureFileBig=8l8ShY+1+OvP+RCbtaV/4Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177985569348005905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986589723190028, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Effects of enzymatic hydrolysis products (a) and deodorization treatment (b) on volatile flavor compounds in Crassostrea hongkongensis, figureFileSmall=bcjYdYoZxplssByu2hs45w==, figureFileBig=rIuDKqk+C75kuTIPVgW6Eg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177985569461252114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986589723190028, language=CN, label=图5, caption=香港牡蛎酶解产物(a)及脱腥处理后(b)挥发性风味物质的影响, figureFileSmall=bcjYdYoZxplssByu2hs45w==, figureFileBig=rIuDKqk+C75kuTIPVgW6Eg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177985569566109715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986589723190028, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Sensory evaluation standards for the enzymatic hydrolysis products of Crassostrea hongkongensis and its deodorization products

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分值/分 外观(25分) 气味(25分) 口感(25分) 滋味(25分)
19~25 颜色呈无色或淡黄色, 溶液澄清透明 无明显牡蛎腥味 顺滑, 无涩口感 鲜, 苦味弱, 后味淡
11~18 颜色呈淡黄色或黄色, 溶液较为澄清透明 牡蛎腥味较淡 较为顺滑, 稍有涩口感 较鲜, 苦味较明显, 后味稍重
0~10 颜色呈黄色或黄绿色, 溶液浑浊 牡蛎腥味明显 粗糙, 涩口感明显 苦味明显, 后味重
), ArticleFig(id=1177985569662578708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986589723190028, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

香港牡蛎酶解产物及其脱腥处理后感官评定标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分值/分 外观(25分) 气味(25分) 口感(25分) 滋味(25分)
19~25 颜色呈无色或淡黄色, 溶液澄清透明 无明显牡蛎腥味 顺滑, 无涩口感 鲜, 苦味弱, 后味淡
11~18 颜色呈淡黄色或黄色, 溶液较为澄清透明 牡蛎腥味较淡 较为顺滑, 稍有涩口感 较鲜, 苦味较明显, 后味稍重
0~10 颜色呈黄色或黄绿色, 溶液浑浊 牡蛎腥味明显 粗糙, 涩口感明显 苦味明显, 后味重
), ArticleFig(id=1177985569767436309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986589723190028, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Name and performance description of electronic nose sensors

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 传感器名称 性能描述
1 W1C 芳香成分, 苯类
2 W5S 氮氧化合物
3 W3C 芳香成分, 氨类
4 W6S 氢化物
5 W5C 短链烷烃芳香
6 W1S 甲基类
7 W1W 硫化物
8 W2S 醇类, 醛酮类
9 W2W 芳香成分, 有机硫化物
10 W3S 长链烷烃
), ArticleFig(id=1177985569889071126, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986589723190028, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

电子鼻传感器名称及其性能描述

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 传感器名称 性能描述
1 W1C 芳香成分, 苯类
2 W5S 氮氧化合物
3 W3C 芳香成分, 氨类
4 W6S 氢化物
5 W5C 短链烷烃芳香
6 W1S 甲基类
7 W1W 硫化物
8 W2S 醇类, 醛酮类
9 W2W 芳香成分, 有机硫化物
10 W3S 长链烷烃
), ArticleFig(id=1177985570065231895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986589723190028, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Analysis of the key flavor substances before and after deodorization

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型 原料 阈值 ROVA 酶解 阈值 ROVA 活性炭 阈值 ROVA 酵母 阈值 ROVA 活性炭+酵母联合脱腥 阈值 ROVA





(E,Z)-2,6-壬二烯醛 0.00002 100 (E,Z)-2,6-壬二烯醛 0.00002 100 (E,Z)-2,6-壬二烯醛 0.00002 100 (E,Z)-2,6-壬二烯醛 0.00002 100 (E,Z)-2,6-
壬二烯醛
0.00002 100
(E)-2-壬
烯醛
0.00019 1.51 辛醛 0.0008 2.26 辛醛 0.0008 1.08 辛醛 0.0008 1.92 庚醛 0.0028 2.29
(Z)-4-庚
烯醛
0.000025 2.93 (E)-2-壬烯醛 0.00019 2 (E)-2-壬
烯醛
0.00019 5.65 (E)-2-壬
烯醛
0.00019 5.39 辛醛 0.0008 5.84
壬醛 0.0011 1.21 (Z)-4-庚
烯醛
0.000025 9.86 巴豆醛 0.0003 2.06 (E)-2-辛
烯醛
0.003 1.9
(E,E)-2,4-癸二烯醛 0.000027 5.97 芳樟醇 0.00022 3.12 (E,E)-2,4-癸二烯醛 0.000027 15.23 (E)-2-壬
烯醛
0.00019 26.17
月桂醛 0.00029 1.25 (E,Z)-3,6-壬二烯-
1-醇
0.003 2.25 芳樟醇 0.00022 4.13 壬醛 0.0011 2.99
芳樟醇 0.00022 1.64 1-辛烯-
3-醇
0.0015 2.13 (E,Z)-3,6-壬二烯-
1-醇
0.003 2.84 巴豆醛 0.0003 6.04
(E,Z)-3,6-壬二烯-1-醇 0.003 1.39 (Z)-6-壬
烯-1-醇
0.001 3.39 异戊醛 0.0011 1.5
1-辛烯-
3-醇
0.0015 3.41 芳樟醇 0.00022 15.39
正庚醇 0.0054 1.03 (E,Z)-3,6-壬二烯-1-醇 0.003 13.74
正己醇 0.0056 1.49 (Z)-6-壬
烯-1-醇
0.001 4.13
1-辛烯-3-醇 0.0015 5.74
正庚醇 0.0054 1.31
正己醇 0.0056 1.02






(E,E)-2,4-庚二烯醛 0.0154 0.12 (E,E)-2,4-庚二烯醛 0.0154 0.34 (E,E)-2,4-庚二烯醛 0.0154 0.23 (E,E)-2,4-庚二烯醛 0.0154 0.39 (E,E)-2,4-
庚二烯醛
0.0154 0.6
庚醛 0.0028 0.27 庚醛 0.0028 0.66 庚醛 0.0028 0.44 庚醛 0.0028 0.48 叶醇 0.0039 0.27
辛醛 0.0008 0.83 (E)-2-辛
烯醛
0.003 0.77 (E)-2-辛
烯醛
0.003 0.46 (E)-2-辛
烯醛
0.003 0.48 异戊醇 0.22 0.1
(E)-2-辛烯醛 0.003 0.13 巴豆醛 0.0003 0.49 壬醛 0.0011 0.35 壬醛 0.0011 0.75 2-癸酮 0.0083 0.12
壬醛 0.0011 0.24 癸醛 0.003 0.22 巴豆醛 0.0003 0.96 异戊醛 0.0011 0.43
巴豆醛 0.0003 0.62 异戊醛 0.0011 0.69 癸醛 0.003 0.13 叶醇 0.0039 0.22
1-辛烯-3-醇 0.0015 0.3 1-辛烯-
3-醇
0.0015 0.97 异戊醛 0.0011 0.63 2-癸酮 0.0083 0.1
正庚醇 0.0054 0.17 正庚醇 0.0054 0.26
), ArticleFig(id=1177985570203643928, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986589723190028, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

脱腥前后关键性风味物质分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型 原料 阈值 ROVA 酶解 阈值 ROVA 活性炭 阈值 ROVA 酵母 阈值 ROVA 活性炭+酵母联合脱腥 阈值 ROVA





(E,Z)-2,6-壬二烯醛 0.00002 100 (E,Z)-2,6-壬二烯醛 0.00002 100 (E,Z)-2,6-壬二烯醛 0.00002 100 (E,Z)-2,6-壬二烯醛 0.00002 100 (E,Z)-2,6-
壬二烯醛
0.00002 100
(E)-2-壬
烯醛
0.00019 1.51 辛醛 0.0008 2.26 辛醛 0.0008 1.08 辛醛 0.0008 1.92 庚醛 0.0028 2.29
(Z)-4-庚
烯醛
0.000025 2.93 (E)-2-壬烯醛 0.00019 2 (E)-2-壬
烯醛
0.00019 5.65 (E)-2-壬
烯醛
0.00019 5.39 辛醛 0.0008 5.84
壬醛 0.0011 1.21 (Z)-4-庚
烯醛
0.000025 9.86 巴豆醛 0.0003 2.06 (E)-2-辛
烯醛
0.003 1.9
(E,E)-2,4-癸二烯醛 0.000027 5.97 芳樟醇 0.00022 3.12 (E,E)-2,4-癸二烯醛 0.000027 15.23 (E)-2-壬
烯醛
0.00019 26.17
月桂醛 0.00029 1.25 (E,Z)-3,6-壬二烯-
1-醇
0.003 2.25 芳樟醇 0.00022 4.13 壬醛 0.0011 2.99
芳樟醇 0.00022 1.64 1-辛烯-
3-醇
0.0015 2.13 (E,Z)-3,6-壬二烯-
1-醇
0.003 2.84 巴豆醛 0.0003 6.04
(E,Z)-3,6-壬二烯-1-醇 0.003 1.39 (Z)-6-壬
烯-1-醇
0.001 3.39 异戊醛 0.0011 1.5
1-辛烯-
3-醇
0.0015 3.41 芳樟醇 0.00022 15.39
正庚醇 0.0054 1.03 (E,Z)-3,6-壬二烯-1-醇 0.003 13.74
正己醇 0.0056 1.49 (Z)-6-壬
烯-1-醇
0.001 4.13
1-辛烯-3-醇 0.0015 5.74
正庚醇 0.0054 1.31
正己醇 0.0056 1.02






(E,E)-2,4-庚二烯醛 0.0154 0.12 (E,E)-2,4-庚二烯醛 0.0154 0.34 (E,E)-2,4-庚二烯醛 0.0154 0.23 (E,E)-2,4-庚二烯醛 0.0154 0.39 (E,E)-2,4-
庚二烯醛
0.0154 0.6
庚醛 0.0028 0.27 庚醛 0.0028 0.66 庚醛 0.0028 0.44 庚醛 0.0028 0.48 叶醇 0.0039 0.27
辛醛 0.0008 0.83 (E)-2-辛
烯醛
0.003 0.77 (E)-2-辛
烯醛
0.003 0.46 (E)-2-辛
烯醛
0.003 0.48 异戊醇 0.22 0.1
(E)-2-辛烯醛 0.003 0.13 巴豆醛 0.0003 0.49 壬醛 0.0011 0.35 壬醛 0.0011 0.75 2-癸酮 0.0083 0.12
壬醛 0.0011 0.24 癸醛 0.003 0.22 巴豆醛 0.0003 0.96 异戊醛 0.0011 0.43
巴豆醛 0.0003 0.62 异戊醛 0.0011 0.69 癸醛 0.003 0.13 叶醇 0.0039 0.22
1-辛烯-3-醇 0.0015 0.3 1-辛烯-
3-醇
0.0015 0.97 异戊醛 0.0011 0.63 2-癸酮 0.0083 0.1
正庚醇 0.0054 0.17 正庚醇 0.0054 0.26
), ArticleFig(id=1177985570392387609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986589723190028, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Free amino acid contents and TAV value in the enzymatic hydrolysis products from different deodorization treatments

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
氨基酸种类 滋味特征 呈味阈值/(mg/g) 原料 酶解 活性炭 酵母 活性炭+酵母联合脱腥
含量/(mg/g) TAV值 含量/(mg/g) TAV值 含量/(mg/g) TAV值 含量/(mg/g) TAV值 含量/(mg/g) TAV值
天冬氨酸 1 2.75 2.75 3.53 3.53 3.11 3.11 3.06 3.06 3.02 3.02
谷氨酸 0.3 16.19 53.97 12.85 42.83 12.23 40.76 12.27 40.91 12.32 41.05
丝氨酸 1.5 1.13 0.75 6.73 4.49 6.67 4.45 6.68 4.45 7.36 4.91
甘氨酸 1.3 7.86 6.05 7.24 5.57 7.70 5.93 7.60 5.85 7.93 6.10
苏氨酸 2.6 1.28 0.49 6.06 2.33 5.73 2.21 5.75 2.21 5.87 2.26
瓜氨酸 1.39 0.98 1.15 0.92 0.96
丙氨酸 0.6 7.29 12.15 11.10 18.51 9.93 16.56 10.17 16.95 10.86 18.11
半胱氨酸 1.17 0.44 0.41 0.42 0.41
羟脯氨酸 0.5 0.83 1.67 0.55 1.11 0.38 0.76 0.40 0.81 0.39 0.78
脯氨酸 3 2.76 0.92 5.89 1.96 7.74 2.58 7.89 2.63 7.08 2.36
组氨酸 0.2 1.30 6.51 2.69 13.44 2.56 12.79 2.54 12.68 2.64 13.20
精氨酸 0.5 5.57 11.15 12.86 25.71 13.12 26.24 12.79 25.58 13.73 27.46
酪氨酸 1.16 4.85 4.11 4.78 4.94
缬氨酸 0.4 1.12 2.81 6.63 16.57 5.91 14.77 6.00 14.99 6.02 15.05
蛋氨酸 0.3 0.33 1.08 4.79 15.98 4.68 15.60 4.77 15.89 4.75 15.85
色氨酸 0.9 1.01 1.13 1.53 1.70 1.48 1.65 1.55 1.72 1.51 1.68
苯丙氨酸 0.9 0.67 0.74 6.33 7.04 6.12 6.80 6.23 6.92 6.17 6.86
异亮氨酸 0.9 4.42 4.91 6.42 7.13 5.82 6.47 5.93 6.59 6.08 6.75
赖氨酸 0.5 0.83 1.66 13.64 27.28 13.55 27.11 13.69 27.39 13.52 27.03
亮氨酸 1.9 1.75 0.92 12.10 6.37 11.74 6.18 11.74 6.18 12.20 6.42
γ-氨基丁酸 11.90 5.29 5.66 5.56 5.10
天冬酰胺 0.58 3.56 3.18 3.22 3.39
谷氨酰胺 3.00 2.23 2.18 2.20 1.99
正缬氨酸 0.22 0.27 0.23 0.24 0.26
肌氨酸 0.13 0.08 0.85 0.71 0.71
∑鲜味氨基酸 18.94 16.38 15.34 15.33 15.34
∑甜味氨基酸 23.72 38.99 39.72 39.83 40.86
∑苦味氨基酸 18.15 71.84 69.08 70.01 71.56
∑游离氨基酸 76.64 138.63 136.25 137.11 139.21
), ArticleFig(id=1177985570568548378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986589723190028, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

酶解产物及不同脱腥处理产物中游离氨基酸含量及TAV值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
氨基酸种类 滋味特征 呈味阈值/(mg/g) 原料 酶解 活性炭 酵母 活性炭+酵母联合脱腥
含量/(mg/g) TAV值 含量/(mg/g) TAV值 含量/(mg/g) TAV值 含量/(mg/g) TAV值 含量/(mg/g) TAV值
天冬氨酸 1 2.75 2.75 3.53 3.53 3.11 3.11 3.06 3.06 3.02 3.02
谷氨酸 0.3 16.19 53.97 12.85 42.83 12.23 40.76 12.27 40.91 12.32 41.05
丝氨酸 1.5 1.13 0.75 6.73 4.49 6.67 4.45 6.68 4.45 7.36 4.91
甘氨酸 1.3 7.86 6.05 7.24 5.57 7.70 5.93 7.60 5.85 7.93 6.10
苏氨酸 2.6 1.28 0.49 6.06 2.33 5.73 2.21 5.75 2.21 5.87 2.26
瓜氨酸 1.39 0.98 1.15 0.92 0.96
丙氨酸 0.6 7.29 12.15 11.10 18.51 9.93 16.56 10.17 16.95 10.86 18.11
半胱氨酸 1.17 0.44 0.41 0.42 0.41
羟脯氨酸 0.5 0.83 1.67 0.55 1.11 0.38 0.76 0.40 0.81 0.39 0.78
脯氨酸 3 2.76 0.92 5.89 1.96 7.74 2.58 7.89 2.63 7.08 2.36
组氨酸 0.2 1.30 6.51 2.69 13.44 2.56 12.79 2.54 12.68 2.64 13.20
精氨酸 0.5 5.57 11.15 12.86 25.71 13.12 26.24 12.79 25.58 13.73 27.46
酪氨酸 1.16 4.85 4.11 4.78 4.94
缬氨酸 0.4 1.12 2.81 6.63 16.57 5.91 14.77 6.00 14.99 6.02 15.05
蛋氨酸 0.3 0.33 1.08 4.79 15.98 4.68 15.60 4.77 15.89 4.75 15.85
色氨酸 0.9 1.01 1.13 1.53 1.70 1.48 1.65 1.55 1.72 1.51 1.68
苯丙氨酸 0.9 0.67 0.74 6.33 7.04 6.12 6.80 6.23 6.92 6.17 6.86
异亮氨酸 0.9 4.42 4.91 6.42 7.13 5.82 6.47 5.93 6.59 6.08 6.75
赖氨酸 0.5 0.83 1.66 13.64 27.28 13.55 27.11 13.69 27.39 13.52 27.03
亮氨酸 1.9 1.75 0.92 12.10 6.37 11.74 6.18 11.74 6.18 12.20 6.42
γ-氨基丁酸 11.90 5.29 5.66 5.56 5.10
天冬酰胺 0.58 3.56 3.18 3.22 3.39
谷氨酰胺 3.00 2.23 2.18 2.20 1.99
正缬氨酸 0.22 0.27 0.23 0.24 0.26
肌氨酸 0.13 0.08 0.85 0.71 0.71
∑鲜味氨基酸 18.94 16.38 15.34 15.33 15.34
∑甜味氨基酸 23.72 38.99 39.72 39.83 40.86
∑苦味氨基酸 18.15 71.84 69.08 70.01 71.56
∑游离氨基酸 76.64 138.63 136.25 137.11 139.21
), ArticleFig(id=1177985570711154715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986589723190028, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

The nucleotides contents and TAV value in the enzymatic hydrolysate and the different deodorization product

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
核苷酸种类 阈值/(mg/g) 原料 酶解 活性炭+酵母联合脱腥
含量/(mg/g) 占比/% TAV 含量/(mg/g) 占比/% TAV 含量/(mg/g) 占比/% TAV
IMP 0.25 0.28 12.43 1.12 0.16 4.42 0.58 0.00 0.00 0.00
AMP 0.5 1.28 56.73 2.56 2.27 61.60 4.54 2.73 67.30 5.47
鲜味核苷酸总计 1.56 69.15 2.43 66.01 2.73 67.30
三磷酸腺苷 0.03 1.26 0.67 18.14 0.82 20.09
二磷酸腺苷 0.01 0.65 0.02 0.54 0.02 0.56
其他核苷酸总计 0.04 1.91 0.69 18.68 0.84 20.65
Hx 0.36 15.99 0.35 9.57 0.40 9.76
HxR 0.29 12.95 0.21 5.74 0.09 2.28
苦味核苷酸总计 0.65 28.94 0.56 15.31 0.49 12.05
总计 2.26 3.68 3.68 5.12 4.06 5.47
), ArticleFig(id=1177985570816012316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986589723190028, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

酶解产物及不同脱腥处理产物中呈味核苷酸含量及TAV值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
核苷酸种类 阈值/(mg/g) 原料 酶解 活性炭+酵母联合脱腥
含量/(mg/g) 占比/% TAV 含量/(mg/g) 占比/% TAV 含量/(mg/g) 占比/% TAV
IMP 0.25 0.28 12.43 1.12 0.16 4.42 0.58 0.00 0.00 0.00
AMP 0.5 1.28 56.73 2.56 2.27 61.60 4.54 2.73 67.30 5.47
鲜味核苷酸总计 1.56 69.15 2.43 66.01 2.73 67.30
三磷酸腺苷 0.03 1.26 0.67 18.14 0.82 20.09
二磷酸腺苷 0.01 0.65 0.02 0.54 0.02 0.56
其他核苷酸总计 0.04 1.91 0.69 18.68 0.84 20.65
Hx 0.36 15.99 0.35 9.57 0.40 9.76
HxR 0.29 12.95 0.21 5.74 0.09 2.28
苦味核苷酸总计 0.65 28.94 0.56 15.31 0.49 12.05
总计 2.26 3.68 3.68 5.12 4.06 5.47
), ArticleFig(id=1177985570962812957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986589723190028, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Organic acid content and TAV value in enzymatic hydrolysis products and products from different deodorization treatments

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
有机酸
种类
呈味阈值/(mg/g) 原料 酶解 活性炭+酵母联合脱腥
含量/(mg/g) TAV 含量/(mg/g) TAV 含量/(mg/g) TAV
苹果酸 0.5 65.45 130.90 389.63 779.26 256.85 513.70
乳酸 0.13 60.49 465.33 159.91 1230.04 237.43 1826.41
柠檬酸 17.75 25.76 12.02
琥珀酸 0.11 46.13 419.33 72.92 662.88 111.90 1017.29
), ArticleFig(id=1177985571063476254, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986589723190028, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

酶解产物及联合脱腥处理产物中有机酸含量及TAV值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
有机酸
种类
呈味阈值/(mg/g) 原料 酶解 活性炭+酵母联合脱腥
含量/(mg/g) TAV 含量/(mg/g) TAV 含量/(mg/g) TAV
苹果酸 0.5 65.45 130.90 389.63 779.26 256.85 513.70
乳酸 0.13 60.49 465.33 159.91 1230.04 237.43 1826.41
柠檬酸 17.75 25.76 12.02
琥珀酸 0.11 46.13 419.33 72.92 662.88 111.90 1017.29
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不同脱腥处理对牡蛎酶解产物风味特性的影响
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李佳玲 1 , 李佳蔚 1 , 曾珊 1 , 陈忠琴 1, 2, 3 , 谭明堂 1, 2, 3 , 曹文红 1, 2, 3, *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品分析与检测 2025,16(4): 254-263
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品分析与检测 2025, 16(4): 254-263
不同脱腥处理对牡蛎酶解产物风味特性的影响
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李佳玲1 , 李佳蔚1, 曾珊1, 陈忠琴1, 2, 3, 谭明堂1, 2, 3, 曹文红1, 2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1.广东海洋大学食品科技学院, 湛江 524088
  • 2.国家贝类加工技术研发分中心(湛江), 湛江 524088
  • 3.广东省水产品加工与安全重点实验室, 湛江 524088
  • 李佳玲(2004—), 女, 主要研究方向为食品质量与安全。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 曹文红(1977—), 男, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为水产品精深加工、海洋食品营养与功能。E-mail:
Effects of different deodorization treatments on the flavor properties of oyster enzymatic hydrolysates
Jia-Ling LI1 , Jia-Wei LI1, Shan ZENG1, Zhong-Qin CHEN1, 2, 3, Ming-Tang TAN1, 2, 3, Wen-Hong CAO1, 2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1. College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
  • 2. National Research and Development Branch Center for Shellfish Processing Technology (Zhanjiang), Zhanjiang 524088, China
  • 3. Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products Processing and Safety, Zhanjiang 524088, China
出版时间: 2025-02-25 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241008008
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目的 探究不同脱腥处理方式的最佳条件以及比较牡蛎原料、牡蛎酶解产物及通过不同脱腥方式处理得到的产物的主要风味成分。方法 以香港牡蛎酶解产物为研究对象, 采用单因素试验, 感官分析和理化分析结合的方式探究试样脱腥后风味变化。结果 活性炭脱腥最佳条件为反应时间50 min, 反应温度50 ℃, 活性炭添加量1.0%; 酵母脱腥最佳条件为发酵温度40 ℃, 发酵时间60 min, 酵母添加量1.0%。酶解产物中总游离氨基酸含量较牡蛎原料有所增加, 苦味、甜味氨基酸均上升, 鲜味氨基酸则稍有下降; 与酶解产物相比, 联合脱腥处理产物甜味氨基酸在一定程度上增加, 而苦味和鲜味氨基酸稍有下降; 醇类及酸类物质相对含量增加21.50%; 酮类物质相对含量减少8.49%, 蛤蜊味和油脂味减少。结论 活性炭和酵母联合脱腥对香港牡蛎酶解物风味具有良好的改善作用, 研究结果为牡蛎调味品的开发提供了重要的前期基础数据。

牡蛎酶解产物  /  脱腥处理  /  联合脱腥  /  风味特性

Objective To explore the optimal conditions of different deodorization treatment methods and compare the main flavor components of oyster raw materials, oyster enzymatic hydrolysates and the products obtained through different deodorization methods. Methods Taking the Crassostrea hongkongensis enzymatic hydrolysate as the research object, the changes in flavor after deodorization of the samples were investigated by means of single-factor experiments, sensory analysis and physicochemical analysis in combination. Results The optimal conditions for activated carbon deodorization were reaction time 50 min, reaction temperature 50 °C, and the amount of activated carbon addition was 1.0%. The optimal conditions for yeast deodorization were a fermentation temperature of 40 °C and a fermentation time of 60 min, and the yeast addition amount was 1.0%. Compared with oyster raw materials, the total free amino acid content in the enzymatic hydrolysate increased, both bitter and sweet amino acids increased, while the umami amino acids decreased slightly. Compared with the enzymatic hydrolysate, the sweet amino acids of the product treated with combined deodorization increased slightly, while the bitter and umami amino acids decreased slightly. The relative content of alcohols and acids increased by 21.50%. The relative content of ketones decreased by 8.49%, and the clam flavor and oil flavor decreased. Conclusion The combined deodorization of activated carbon and yeast effectively improves the flavor of Crassostrea hongkongensis enzymatic hydrolysate, providing valuable preliminary data for the development of oyster condiments.

oyster enzymatic hydrolysates  /  deodorization treatment  /  combined deodorization  /  flavor properties
李佳玲, 李佳蔚, 曾珊, 陈忠琴, 谭明堂, 曹文红. 不同脱腥处理对牡蛎酶解产物风味特性的影响. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (4) : 254 -263 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241008008
Jia-Ling LI, Jia-Wei LI, Shan ZENG, Zhong-Qin CHEN, Ming-Tang TAN, Wen-Hong CAO. Effects of different deodorization treatments on the flavor properties of oyster enzymatic hydrolysates[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (4) : 254 -263 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241008008
牡蛎是我国重要的经济贝类, 在水产养殖业中占据着至关重要的地位。其高产性和美味口感使其深受消费者青睐。此外, 牡蛎富含多种生物活性物质和营养素, 特别是其高蛋白、低脂肪的特性, 使其在水产品市场中具有不可替代的重要地位[1]。然而, 尽管牡蛎及其加工产品在市场上的潜力巨大, 但在加工和贮藏过程中, 常常伴随着较为浓重的腥异味, 这显著降低了消费者的接受度和购买意愿, 从而限制了牡蛎产品的市场推广和深加工利用[2]。因此, 如何有效地脱除牡蛎及其加工产品的腥味, 提高其风味品质, 已经成为当前牡蛎加工领域亟待解决的关键技术问题。
针对牡蛎制品的脱腥处理, 研究者们已经探索了多种方法, 包括化学法、物理法和微生物法等[3]。化学法虽然在脱腥效果上显著, 但可能会引入化学物质残留, 从而增加食品安全风险; 物理法如活性炭吸附等, 虽然对表面的腥味有一定的去除效果, 但难以彻底去除深层的腥味; 微生物法如酵母发酵, 能够转化腥味物质, 但单独使用时效果有限, 且应用范围受限[4]。近年来, 联合脱腥技术因其能够结合多种方法的优点, 实现互补增效, 逐渐成为研究热点。然而, 当前的联合脱腥研究多集中于实验室阶段, 对于实际生产中的工艺参数优化、成本控制及大规模应用等方面的研究尚显不足, 且不同脱腥方法间的协同机制及效果仍需深入探讨[5]
鉴于此, 本研究以牡蛎酶解产物为研究对象, 采用活性炭和酵母联合脱腥技术, 通过单因素试验优化脱腥条件, 并利用感官分析、电子鼻评定及固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱法(solid phase microexteaction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, SPME-GC-MS)等方法, 系统研究不同脱腥处理对牡蛎酶解产物风味特性的影响, 为高品质牡蛎蛋白产品的开发提供技术支持, 并为牡蛎蛋白产品的深度加工和利用开拓新的视角与方法。
香港牡蛎, 2022年9月购于霞山水产品批发市场, 洗净沥干, 置于-20 ℃的冷冻存储条件下进行分装储存。
动物蛋白酶(1.3×105 U/g, 南宁庞博生物工程有限公司); 食品用活性炭粉(上海麦克林生化科技有限公司); 干酵母(安琪酵母股份有限公司); 氢氧化钠、氢氧化钾(分析纯, 上海易恩化学技术有限公司); 高氯酸(分析纯, 德国默克公司); 17种氨基酸混合标准品(1.0 mg/mL, 美国Sigma-Aldrich公司); 甲醇、磷酸二氢钾、磷酸氢二钾(色谱纯, 上海安谱实验科技股份有限公司)。
SHJ-AB磁力搅拌水浴锅(常州金坛良友仪器有限公司); KQ-500DE超声波清洗器(昆山市超声仪器有限公司); PEN3型电子鼻(德国AIRSENSE公司); FB224电子分析天平(精度0.1 mg, 上海舜宇恒平科学仪器有限公司); TAS-990原子吸收分光光度计(北京普析通用仪器有限责任公司); InertCap Pure-WAX石英毛细柱(30 m×0.25 mm, 0.25 μm)、TQ8050NX型气相色谱-质谱联用仪(日本岛津公司); Agilent1260高效液相色谱仪、Agilent1100液相色谱仪[安捷伦科技(中国)有限公司]; SA402B型电子舌(日本Insent公司); 5C18-MS-II (4.60 mm×250 mm, 5 μm, 日本Nacalai Tesque公司)。
将牡蛎肉料用料理机打成肉糜状, 称取15.00 g牡蛎肉糜置于烧杯中, 以料液比1:4 (g/mL)加入超纯水, 使用均质机均质(10000 r/min, 60 s), 超声处理10 min后用1.0 mol/L氢氧化钠调节pH至6.5, 加入1.6%的动物蛋白酶混匀后于50 ℃的磁力搅拌水浴锅中酶解4 h, 酶解过程中维持pH稳定; 酶解结束后, 在100 ℃条件下灭酶20 min, 混合液于4 ℃离心(9000 r/min, 15 min), 取上清液, 冷冻干燥得酶解产物(固体)[6]
(1)活性炭脱腥产物制备
取牡蛎酶解产物(固体)置于烧杯中, 加入适量食品用活性炭粉, 混匀后于设置温度后的磁力搅拌水浴锅中脱腥一定的时间, 脱腥完成后进行冷却, 于4500 r/min条件下离心20 min, 取上清液以备后续使用。
(2)酵母脱腥产物制备
取牡蛎酶解产物(固体)置于烧杯中, 加入适量安琪活性干酵母, 混匀后于设置温度后的磁力搅拌水浴锅中脱腥一定的时间, 脱腥完成后进行冷却, 于4500 r/min条件下离心15 min, 取上清液以备后续使用。
(3)联合脱腥产物制备
取牡蛎酶解产物(固体)置于烧杯中, 加入适量食品用活性炭粉, 混匀后于设置温度后的磁力搅拌水浴锅中脱腥一定的时间, 脱腥完成后进行冷却, 于4500 r/min条件下离心15 min, 取上清液以备后续使用。然后添加适量安琪活性干酵母, 混匀后于设置温度后的磁力搅拌水浴锅中脱腥一定时间, 脱腥完成后进行冷却, 于4500 r/min条件下离心15 min, 取上清液以备后续使用。
选择不同的反应时间、活性炭添加量、反应温度3个因素进行单因素实验, 以感官评价为指标, 探究不同单因素对活性炭脱腥效果的影响。固定反应温度50 ℃, 活性炭添加量1%, 设置反应时间分别为30、40、50、60、70 min, 探究反应时间对牡蛎酶解产物脱腥效果的影响; 固定反应温度50 ℃, 反应时间50 min, 设置活性炭添加量分别为0.5%、1.0%、1.5%、2.0%、2.5%, 探究活性炭添加量对牡蛎酶解产物脱腥效果的影响; 固定活性炭添加量1%, 反应时间50 min, 设置反应温度分别为30、40、50、60、70 ℃, 探究反应温度对牡蛎酶解产物脱腥效果的影响。
选择不同的发酵时间、酵母添加量、发酵温度3个因素进行单因素实验, 以感官评价为指标, 探究不同单因素对酵母脱腥效果的影响。固定发酵温度40 ℃, 酵母添加量1%, 设置发酵时间分别为40、50、60、70、80 min, 探究发酵时间对牡蛎酶解产物脱腥效果的影响; 固定发酵温度40 ℃, 发酵时间60 min, 设置酵母添加量分别为0.5%、0.8%、1.0%、1.2%、1.5%, 探究酵母添加量对牡蛎酶解产物脱腥效果的影响; 固定酵母添加量1%, 发酵时间60 min, 设置发酵温度分别为30、40、50、60、70 ℃, 探究发酵温度对牡蛎酶解产物脱腥效果的影响。
参考赵炫[7]的方法稍作修改。选择食品相关专业的学生20名(10名男性, 10名女性, 年龄为22~27岁, 身体状况良好, 无感冒等症状), 在感官评定前对参与评定人员进行培训, 使其熟悉明确各类感官描述词语以及不同浓度下牡蛎原料、牡蛎酶解产物及脱腥产物的味道, 经过嗅闻和品尝后, 确定感官描述词汇并依据感官评定标准表1对不同气味强度和滋味浓度的样品按照0分到10分、从弱到强进行打分, 最终结果以样品平均分为准。整体评定过程需在恒温(25 ℃)无其他异味的通风性良好的环境中进行。
分别称取0.5 g牡蛎原料、牡蛎酶解产物以及不同脱腥处理得到的样品置于20 mL顶空瓶中密封, 放置在室温(25 ℃)静置30 min, 使得样品气味充满顶空瓶后, 按照要求将电子鼻探头快速地插入顶空瓶中进行检测, 每个样品重复测定3次, 电子鼻传感器名称及其性能描述见表2
萃取方法: 参考张梅超[8]的方法稍作修改, 在20 mL的顶空进样瓶中装入质量浓度为0.5 g/mL的待测样品, 旋紧瓶盖后将萃取针于250 ℃环境下老化30 min后, 插入固相萃取瓶中, 平稳放置在70 ℃的水浴锅中吸附40 min(尽量避免萃取针接触样品), 结束后立即将萃取针插入气相进样口, 解析温度250 ℃, 解析时间5 min。
气相色谱条件: 参考杨心怡等[9]的方法稍作修改, 色谱柱为InertCap Pure-WAX石英毛细柱(30 m×0.25 mm, 0.25 μm); 载气为高纯度氦气; 流速为1.0 mL/min, 分流比为4:1, 进样口温度为250 ℃, 进样量为1 μL, 不分流进样。色谱柱起始柱温为40 ℃, 保持5 min, 以5 ℃/min的速率升至110 ℃, 保持5 min, 然后以10 ℃/min的速率升至230 ℃, 保持10 min。
质谱条件及数据处理: 采用电子电离(electron ionization, EI)离子源, 接口温度为250 ℃, 离子源温度为230 ℃, 扫描范围33~550 m/z, 经过岛津GC-MSsolution工作站的质谱数据库NISTl7.L自动检索各组分质谱数据, 分析匹配度超过80%的化合物鉴定结果, 采用峰面积归一化法确定物质的相对含量。
相对气味活性值(relative odor activity value, ROVA): 参考赵改名等[10]的方法评价香气组分对主体香气的贡献度, 样品总体风味贡献最大的组分为ROVA Rmax=100。其他组分的ROVA按公式(1)计算:
ROVA=(Ci/Cmax)×(Tmax/Ti)×100
式中, Ci为挥发性化合物的相对含量, %; Ti为其化合物的感觉阈值, mg/kg; Cmax为贡献最大的挥发性成分的相对含量, %; Tmax为贡献最大的挥发性成分的感觉阈值, mg/kg。
(1)游离氨基酸的分析条件
参考GB 5009.124—2016《食品中氨基酸的测定》的方法进行检测。
(2)呈味核苷酸的分析条件
参考司蕊等[11]的方法稍作修改后进行分析测定, 准确称取1 g样品, 加入15 mL高氯酸(10%)置于振荡器上均质2 min。在4 ℃条件下以10000 r/min转速离心10 min。得到的上清液再加入5 mL高氯酸(10%)洗涤沉淀, 重复离心一次后合并, 再添加5 mol/L氢氧化钾溶液调节pH至5.0。冰浴静置30 min后过0.45 μm滤膜备用。采用液相色谱法测定呈味核苷酸含量。
液相色谱条件: 色谱柱为5C18-MS-II (4.60 mm×250 mm, 5 μm); 柱温为25 ℃; 检测波长为254 nm, 流动相为5%甲醇和95% KH2PO4-K2HPO4缓冲溶液(50 mmol/L), 进样量为20 μL; 流速为0.7 mL/min; 等度洗脱。
(3)有机酸的分析条件
参考饶梦微等[12]的方法稍作修改后进行分析测定, 准确称取1 g样品, 加15 mL水在振荡器上均质5 min。在4 ℃下以10000 r/min转速离心20 min。取上清液过0.45 μm滤膜备用。采用液相色谱法测定有机酸含量。
液相色谱条件: 色谱柱为5C18-MS-II (4.60 mm×250 mm, 5 μm); 柱温为25 ℃; 检测波长为205 nm, 流动相为5%甲醇和95% KH2PO4-K2HPO4缓冲溶液(50 mmol/L), 进样量为20 μL; 流速为1 mL/min; 等度洗脱。
滋味活性值(taste activity value, TAV)表示呈味成分的浓度与该物质呈味阈值的比值, 它反映了单一成分对整体味感的贡献[13]。当TAV>1时, 表明该呈味成分对滋味有贡献。
以上实验均重复3次, 采用Excel 2021软件以及IBM SPSS Statistics 27.0.1软件进行数据处理及方差分析, P<0.05表示差异显著且具有统计学意义。采用Origin 2021软件及Excel 2021软件作图。
活性炭作为一种多孔性含碳物质, 因其具有高度发达的孔隙结构以及巨大的比表面积, 故吸附性极强。通常, 活性炭对非极性化合物、饱和键化合物及分子较大的化合物具有较强的吸附能力, 反之对其他类型化合物则表现出较低的吸附能力。由图1(a)可知, 活性炭吸附法脱腥中, 随活性炭添加量增加, 感官得分呈先上升后稳定的趋势。当添加量为1.0%时, 感官评分达89.33分, 但过量的活性炭加入时, 在吸附酶解产物中腥味物质的同时, 部分风味成分与营养成分也会被吸附, 致使样品的风味与营养价值降低[14]; 由图1(b)可见, 活性炭吸附法脱腥中, 随反应温度升高, 感官得分呈先上升后稳定趋势, 于50 ℃时达最高分; 由图1(c)可知, 活性炭吸附法脱腥中, 随反应时间延长, 感官得分先上升后稳定, 至50 min时下降更趋于平缓, 这可能是随着时间增加, 再添加一定量活性炭时, 所添加的活性炭已吸附用尽, 即使时间继续增加也不会对感官评分产生影响。
活性炭脱腥最佳条件为反应时间50 min, 反应温度50 ℃, 活性炭添加量1.0%。
酵母发酵过程能将醛、酮等小分子腥味物质转化为无腥味的大分子物质, 且其部分代谢产物具有一定特殊香味, 能在实现去腥的同时起到增香作用。如图2(a)所示, 随着酵母添加量不断增加, 感官得分先上升后下降, 在添加量为1.0%时脱腥效果最佳。发酵温度对脱腥效果的影响如图2(b)所示, 随着发酵温度上升, 感官得分呈先上升后下降趋势, 可能是由于40 ℃时酵母发酵能力较强, 物质转化反应能较好进行[15]。依据吸附动力学原理, 在一定范围内, 吸附能力随温度升高而增强。如图2(c)所示, 随着发酵时间延长, 感官得分先上升后下降, 于60 min时达最高分, 随着发酵时间增加, 酵母发酵程度逐渐加深乃至过度, 导致部分小分子肽、氨基酸被进一步分解为氮氧化物, 从而致使感官评分出现下降现象。
酵母对腥苦味的脱除可能是因其疏松结构对异味物质的吸附, 致其合成的大分子物质得以分离去除, 或是酵母自身所含多种酶反应使原本不悦风味物质得以转化, 且发酵过程中会产生部分中间代谢产物, 对异味物质起到一定遮掩作用[16]
酵母脱腥最佳条件为发酵温度40 ℃, 发酵时间60 min, 酵母添加量1.0%。
鉴于酶解产物存在异味较重并且溶解后澄清度不高的情况, 因此通过不同脱腥处理得到不同产物后再通过感官评价得出牡蛎原料、牡蛎酶解产物以及脱腥后产物气味描述词汇为腥味、黄瓜味、青草味、肉香、花果香, 口感滋味描述词为酸、甜、苦、鲜、咸。具体评分结果如图3所示。
图3分析可知, 牡蛎原料气味有黄瓜味、腥味及肉香等风味, 滋味主要为鲜和甜。这可能是牡蛎生长繁殖时食用水体中藻类物质, 受其内脏中消化或未消化藻类物质影响而呈黄瓜及青草味, 且因为环境因素导致牡蛎带不同程度腥味[14]。经动物蛋白酶水解后, 牡蛎花果香和黄瓜味减弱, 腥味增强, 这是由于酶解使牡蛎蛋白降解, 且酶解工艺中藻类物质被分离除去, 释放出更多原有腥味物质, 咸鲜苦味比水解前更明显[9]; 活性炭脱腥大幅降低牡蛎酶解产物腥味, 却也吸附了部分花果香, 明显脱除部分苦味, 因其表面多孔结构具有极强吸附力, 会在吸附腥味物质时也吸附其他成分; 酵母发酵脱腥不仅降低腥味和肉香, 还大幅提升花果香、青草味和黄瓜味, 口感上苦、鲜、甜均降低, 可能是酵母与部分异味物质合成大分子物质被脱除或发酵过程中产生新的含果香味、青草味等的醛类、醇类、酯类对其他异味物质遮掩[5]。采用以上方式联合脱腥后, 酶解产物腥味降至最低, 花果香、青草味、黄瓜味比其他两种处理更中和, 苦味、鲜味、咸味最低, 甜味和酸味提升, 但酸味仍低于酵母脱腥。由此可见联合脱腥使酶解产物整体风味得到显著改善。
不同脱腥处理方式下牡蛎酶解产物的雷达指纹轮廓相似, 由图4可知, 5种样品除了在W5S传感器的响应值最高, W1W传感器排列第二外, 其余传感器的检测值较小, 可以表明牡蛎原料、酶解产物以及不同脱腥处理的样品的特征气味物质主要为氮氧化合物和含硫化合物, 区别在于含量的高低[17]。有研究表明[18], 牡蛎中醛类物质的含量较高, 同时这一类型的物质阈值相对较低, 因此牡蛎的气味特征受其影响较大。挥发性物质响应强弱的程度是由雷达图的差异表现的, 脱腥前后的响应值可以由图4看出有明显的区别, 说明脱腥前后不但存在差异, 而且差异较为明显, 同时可以看出联合脱腥的产物响应值最低。
感官评定实验仅能对牡蛎原料、牡蛎酶解液及不同脱腥产物的整体风味特征予以大致描述, 无法明确酶解与脱腥处理对挥发性风味物质组成及含量的具体影响。故而, 通过SPME-GC-MS对牡蛎酶解前后及不同脱腥方式所得样品进行检测分析, 以获取其挥发性风味物质种类及相对含量[19-20]。牡蛎原料、酶解产物及脱腥处理产物的挥发性风味物质种类及相对含量变化情况如图5所示。
牡蛎原料检测出61种挥发性风味化合物, 其中醛类27种, 相对含量为43.86%; 醇类及酸类10种, 相对含量9.03%; 酮类12种, 相对含量18.87%; 烃类9种, 相对含量10.82%; 呋喃类及酯类3种, 相对含量0.66%。经动物蛋白酶酶解后的牡蛎酶解产物共检测出73种挥发性风味化合物, 醛类增加5种, 相对含量降低5.35%; 醇类及酸类增加11种, 相对含量增加9.44%; 烃类减少4种, 相对含量增加3%, 酯类及呋喃类变化不大。有研究表明[21-23], 牡蛎酶解后的样品能检测到醛类、醇类及酸类、酮类、烃类、呋喃类及酯类等, 且种类和相对含量会存在一定差异, 认为此差异是由酶解条件不同所致。
经活性炭脱腥的样品检测出60种挥发性风味化合物, 醛类29种, 相对含量29.77%, 比酶解产物下降8.74%; 醇类及酸类16种, 相对含量19.91%, 种类减少5种, 相对含量提高1.44%; 酮类减少7种, 相对含量减少3.53%; 烃类相对含量上升约7%; 酯类及呋喃类变化不大。经酵母脱腥的样品检测出71种挥发性风味化合物, 醛类27种, 相对含量18.41%, 比酶解产物下降20.1%; 醇类及酸类28种, 相对含量39.41%, 种类增加7种, 相对含量提高20.94%; 酮类减少4种, 相对含量减少2.87%; 烃类种类不变, 但相对含量上升约4%; 酯类及呋喃类变化不大。经活性炭与酵母联合脱腥的样品检测出66种挥发性风味化合物, 醛类22种, 比酶解产物减少10种, 相对含量下降22.89%; 酮类减少5种, 相对含量减少8.49%; 醇类及酸类增加9种, 相对含量增加21.50%; 烃类减少2种, 相对含量减少4.80%, 酯类及呋喃类变化不大。结果表明, 牡蛎原料、酶解产物及脱腥处理产物均富含挥发性风味化合物, 但脱腥处理后的样品整体呈现出较好风味的化合物增加, 腥味等异味化合物减少。
表3所示, 牡蛎原料中(E,Z)-2,6-壬二烯醛含量最高, 可判断其对总体风味贡献最大, 故规定其ROAV=100[24]。为分析挥发性气体成分变化[25], 依ROAV值的大小排列化合物, 结果见表3。由表3知, 牡蛎原料中有3种挥发性关键风味化合物(ROAV≥1), 即(E,Z)-2,6-壬二烯醛、(E)-2-壬烯醛、(Z)-4-庚烯醛, 均呈黄瓜味和青草味, 与顾聆琳等[26]研究结果相似; 还有7种修饰性风味物质(0.1≤ROAV<1), 大多带鱼腥味和蛤蜊味, 表明牡蛎原料主要有黄瓜和青草香, 带一定鱼腥味、蛤蜊味和油脂味。
牡蛎酶解液有8种关键风味化合物, 如(E,Z)-2,6-壬二烯醛、辛醛等, 其中辛醛等带油脂味和鱼腥味, 其余为愉悦气味物质; 另有8种修饰性风味物质如庚醛等带来腥味等异味, 可见酶解后的牡蛎产物主要呈油脂味和花果清香, 并有明显鱼腥味和蛤蜊味, 与张梅超[8]研究结果相似, 表明酶解后牡蛎风味会变差。活性炭脱腥后样品有7种关键风味化合物, 如(E,Z)-2,6-壬二烯醛等, 主要呈黄瓜味和青草味, 修饰性风味物质8种, 多带油脂味和鱼腥味, 整体呈黄瓜味和青草味, 带一定油脂味。酵母发酵脱腥后有11种关键风味化合物, 包括(E,Z)-2,6-壬二烯醛等, 除青草味、黄瓜味外还有果香等7种修饰性风味物质带鱼腥味等。联合脱腥产物有14种关键风味化合物, 如(E,Z)-2,6-壬二烯醛等, 以青草味、黄瓜味等为主, 4种修饰性风味物质带鱼腥味等, 说明联合脱腥产物主要有青草味、黄瓜味和花果香, 带少许鱼腥味。
游离氨基酸主要由蛋白质水解产生, 是重要的呈味物质, 通常依呈味特点分为鲜味、甜味和苦味氨基酸三类[27], 其含量与阈值对滋味影响大, 且会与核苷酸等相互作用影响风味[28]表4所示酶解游离氨基酸总量为138.63 mg/g, 其中鲜味氨基酸总含量16.38 mg/g, 占比11.81%, 比原料降低2.56 mg/g, 比活性炭+酵母联合脱腥后增加1.04 mg/g; 甜味氨基酸总含量38.99 mg/g, 占比28.13%, 比原料增加15.27 mg/g, 比活性炭+酵母联合脱腥后降低1.87 mg/g; 苦味氨基酸总含量71.84 mg/g, 占比51.82%, 比原料增加53.69 mg/g, 比活性炭+酵母联合脱腥后增加0.28 mg/g。由此可见酶解后苦味氨基酸居多, 表明酶解能使牡蛎中苦味氨基酸释放。脱腥处理后, 甜味氨基酸含量略微增加, 苦味和鲜味氨基酸含量稍有下降。
核苷酸类物质是海产品中重要的呈味物质, 它是一类风味增强剂, 能够与其他呈味物质协同增鲜, 例如核苷酸与谷氨酸存在协同作用, 会使水产品的鲜味明显增强[29-30], 其中主要的鲜味核苷酸是次黄嘌呤核苷酸‌(inosine monophosphate, IMP)和‌腺嘌呤核苷酸‌(adenosine monophosphate, AMP)[31], IMP具有明显的鲜味, AMP和IMP之间具有协同作用。苦味核苷酸则是次黄嘌呤核苷(inosine, HxR)和次黄嘌呤(hypoxanthine, Hx), 呈现出轻微的苦味。
表5可知酶解后鲜味核苷酸(IMP、AMP)含量为2.43 mg/g, 比原料的鲜味核苷酸增加0.87 mg/g; 脱腥样品比酶解后鲜味核苷酸增加0.30 mg/g, 主要表现在AMP含量的提高。酶解样品中苦味核苷酸(Hx、HxR)含量为0.56 mg/g, 比原料的苦味核苷酸减少了0.09 mg/g; 脱腥样品比酶解后减少0.07 mg/g。这表明, 3种样品中呈鲜味核苷酸居多, 酶解脱腥处理后鲜味核苷酸增加, 苦味核苷酸稍有减少。
琥珀酸主要源于贝类的糖原及氨基酸的降解, 是呈鲜味的有机酸; 而乳酸则对鲜味具有增强作用。3种样品中有机酸含量较大, 酶解后苹果酸、乳酸、琥珀酸均增加。脱腥处理后除苹果酸含量下降外其余有机酸均上升。但其TAV值均大于1, 如表6, 表明有机酸对3种样品的鲜味强度具有较大贡献。
香港牡蛎经动物蛋白酶酶解后的产物咸鲜度提高、苦味明显、腥味物质增加, 醇类、酸类、烃类化合物的相对含量有所上升, 活性炭和酵母均有较好的脱腥效果。相比之下, 活性炭+酵母联合脱腥处理对牡蛎酶解产物的风味改良作用显著大于单一活性炭和酵母处理的脱腥效果。经联合脱腥后醛类减少量较高的同时醇类的相对含量提升较大; 酶解和脱腥后的呈味物质对滋味有较大的贡献。总体而言, 经过联合脱腥处理后的产物含有丰富的风味化合物, 整体香味增加, 带有鱼腥味、蛤蜊味等异味物质减少, 苦味、鲜味等呈味游离氨基酸及苦味核苷酸等减少, 整体特征风味表现为花果香, 青草味等愉悦的风味物质, 整体风味质量得到了明显的改善。
  • 湛江市科技计划项目(2022A05038)
  • 贝类产业技术体系项目(CARS-49)
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2025年第16卷第4期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241008008
  • 接收时间:2024-10-08
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2025-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-08
基金
湛江市科技计划项目(2022A05038)
贝类产业技术体系项目(CARS-49)
作者信息
    1.广东海洋大学食品科技学院, 湛江 524088
    2.国家贝类加工技术研发分中心(湛江), 湛江 524088
    3.广东省水产品加工与安全重点实验室, 湛江 524088

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* 曹文红(1977—), 男, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为水产品精深加工、海洋食品营养与功能。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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