Article(id=1153433636243234865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433633999282214, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241008002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1728316800000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-08, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752929608641, onlineDateStr=2025-07-19, pubDate=1742832000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752929608641, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752929608641, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752929608641, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153433633999282214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='322', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752929608105, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1758086445549, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1175062977960096080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433633999282214, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1175062977960096081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433633999282214, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=45, endPage=51, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153433636813660214, articleId=1153433636243234865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Dietary exposure risk assessment of chlorpyrifos in vegetables and fruits in residents in Shanghai from 2014 to 2023, columnId=1151923892655846010, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Food Safety Risk Assessment and Risk Monitoring, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To understand the residual levels of chlorpyrifos in vegetables and fruits in Shanghai in 2014—2023, and evaluate the dietary exposure risk of chlorpyrifos in vegetables and fruits. Methods A number of different varieties of vegetables and fruits in Shanghai were inspected and monitored for the detection of chlorpyrifos from 2014 to 2023. Combined with the food consumption data of residents in Shanghai in 2013, dietary exposure risk assessment of chlorpyrifos were conducted by point assessment method. The assessment results were compared with the acute reference dose (ARfD) and acceptable daily intake (ADI) to assess the acute and chronic exposure risk of chlorpyrifos in vegetables and fruits in residents in Shanghai. Results The quantity of vegetables samples was 33796, the detection rate was 0.97%, the average value was 0.00131 mg/kg, and the exceedance rate was 0.46%. The quantity of fruits samples was 9228, the detection rate was 5.26%, the average value was 0.00320 mg/kg, and the exceedance rate was 0.00%. The acute exposure of chlorpyrifos residues ingested through vegetables and fruits were 0.0432 mg/kg bw and 0.0141 mg/kg bw, the ratio of acute exposure to ARfD respectively were 43.19% and 14.15% among the population aged 3 and above. The chronic exposure of chlorpyrifos residues ingested through vegetables and fruits were 5.34×10-6 mg/kg bw and 8.43×10-6 mg/kg bw, the ratio of chronic exposure to ADI respectively were 0.053% and 0.084%. Conclusion Both the acute and chronic exposure risks of chlorpyrifos ingested through vegetables and fruits in residents are low in Shanghai.

, correspAuthors=Shao-Jie PENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Chen-Cheng WANG, Sheng-Hao YU, Shao-Jie PENG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1153433655113409127, articleId=1153433636243234865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=2014—2023年上海市居民蔬菜和水果中毒死蜱膳食暴露评估, columnId=1152687438456603210, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=本期专题:食品安全风险评估与风险监测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 了解2014—2023年上海市蔬菜和水果中毒死蜱残留水平, 评估蔬菜和水果中毒死蜱膳食暴露风险。方法 收集整理2014—2023年上海市蔬菜和水果毒死蜱抽检监测数据, 结合2013年上海市居民食物消费量数据, 采用点评估方法计算居民毒死蜱膳食暴露量, 并与毒死蜱急性参考剂量(acute reference dose, ARfD)和每日允许摄入量(acceptable daily intake, ADI)进行比较, 评估上海市居民通过蔬菜和水果摄入毒死蜱的急性中毒风险和慢性健康风险。结果 33796件蔬菜样本检出率为0.97%, 平均值为0.00131 mg/kg, 超标率为0.46%。9228件水果样本检出率为5.26%, 平均值为0.00320 mg/kg, 超标率为0.00%。上海市3岁以上人群通过蔬菜和水果摄入毒死蜱的急性暴露量分别为0.0432 mg/kg bw和0.0141 mg/kg bw, 急性暴露量占ARfD比值分别为43.19%和14.15%。通过蔬菜和水果摄入毒死蜱的慢性暴露量分别为5.34×10-6 mg/kg bw和8.43×10-6 mg/kg bw, 慢性暴露量占ADI比值分别为0.053%和0.084%。结论 上海市居民通过蔬菜和水果中毒死蜱摄入的急性中毒风险和慢性健康风险均较低。

, correspAuthors=彭少杰, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 彭少杰(1968—), 男, 硕士, 主任医师, 主要研究方向为食品安全风险监测与评估。E-mail:
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王晨诚(1990—), 女, 硕士, 助理研究员, 主要研究方向为食品安全监管政策, 风险交流。E-mail:

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王晨诚(1990—), 女, 硕士, 助理研究员, 主要研究方向为食品安全监管政策, 风险交流。E-mail:

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王晨诚(1990—), 女, 硕士, 助理研究员, 主要研究方向为食品安全监管政策, 风险交流。E-mail:

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Modern Food Science and Technology, 2023, 39(6): 277-283., articleTitle=Risk assessment of pesticide residues in vegetables and fruits from Taishan City based on the index of food safety, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1175086807831167057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433636243234865, awardId=2024-50, language=CN, fundingSource=2024年上海市市场监督管理局科技项目(2024-50), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1175086804731576357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433636243234865, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1175086804735770662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433636243234865, companyId=1175086804731576357, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Information Application Research Center of Shanghai Municipal Administration for Market Regulation, Shanghai 200030, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1175086804744159271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433636243234865, companyId=1175086804731576357, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=上海市市场监督管理局信息应用研究中心, 上海 200030)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1175086806472212545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433636243234865, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Detection rates and mean values of chlorpyrifos from vegetables and fruits in different month, figureFileSmall=zH2BBmEi3Z30reA9ugSrZg==, figureFileBig=8YZD/FPsL+pwQsoEZ/uOvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175086806535127106, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433636243234865, language=CN, label=图1, caption=蔬菜和水果在不同抽样月份毒死蜱检出率和检出均值, figureFileSmall=zH2BBmEi3Z30reA9ugSrZg==, figureFileBig=8YZD/FPsL+pwQsoEZ/uOvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175086806614818883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433636243234865, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Detection rates and mean values of chlorpyrifos from vegetables and fruits in different sampling sites, figureFileSmall=5DknNl+NIGLjYaQ7levdzA==, figureFileBig=cVeKyIOM+7NY6kgGKHXFfw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175086806677733444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433636243234865, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同抽样场所蔬菜和水果毒死蜱检出率和检出均值, figureFileSmall=5DknNl+NIGLjYaQ7levdzA==, figureFileBig=cVeKyIOM+7NY6kgGKHXFfw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175086806736453701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433636243234865, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Composition ratio of chronic exposure of chlorpyrifos in varieties of vegetables and fruits from 2014 to 2023, figureFileSmall=2r1+xK8iCN1vUKCgl4/W3w==, figureFileBig=+ryR4wDKJaUBZ16yY+Ol7Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175086806816145478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433636243234865, language=CN, label=图3, caption=2014—2023年各品类蔬菜和水果毒死蜱慢性暴露量构成比, figureFileSmall=2r1+xK8iCN1vUKCgl4/W3w==, figureFileBig=+ryR4wDKJaUBZ16yY+Ol7Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175086806874865735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433636243234865, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Monitoring results of chlorpyrifos residue in vegetables and fruits from 2014 to 2023

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份 蔬菜 水果
样本量/件 检出率/% 超标率/% 平均值/(mg/kg) 样本量/件 检出率/% 超标率/% 平均值/(mg/kg)
2014 660 3.48 2.86 0.00970 400 6.00 0.00 0.00181
2015 588 3.23 2.13 0.00440 368 13.32 0.00 0.00879
2016 1233 2.60 1.77 0.00495 350 9.14 0.00 0.00349
2017 869 2.65 1.63 0.00330 438 10.27 0.00 0.00583
2018 1111 1.53 0.64 0.00162 559 3.04 0.00 0.00118
2019 1196 1.34 0.69 0.00107 474 1.90 0.00 0.00091
2020 8229 0.49 0.28 0.00028 1759 2.90 0.00 0.00179
2021 7174 0.82 0.39 0.00127 1884 4.30 0.00 0.00315
2022 8830 0.72 0.19 0.00094 2300 5.30 0.00 0.00323
2023 3906 0.92 0.31 0.00088 696 7.90 0.00 0.00610
合计 33796 0.97 0.46 0.00131 9228 5.26 0.00 0.00320
), ArticleFig(id=1175086806950363208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433636243234865, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

2014—2023年上海市蔬菜和水果毒死蜱抽检监测结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份 蔬菜 水果
样本量/件 检出率/% 超标率/% 平均值/(mg/kg) 样本量/件 检出率/% 超标率/% 平均值/(mg/kg)
2014 660 3.48 2.86 0.00970 400 6.00 0.00 0.00181
2015 588 3.23 2.13 0.00440 368 13.32 0.00 0.00879
2016 1233 2.60 1.77 0.00495 350 9.14 0.00 0.00349
2017 869 2.65 1.63 0.00330 438 10.27 0.00 0.00583
2018 1111 1.53 0.64 0.00162 559 3.04 0.00 0.00118
2019 1196 1.34 0.69 0.00107 474 1.90 0.00 0.00091
2020 8229 0.49 0.28 0.00028 1759 2.90 0.00 0.00179
2021 7174 0.82 0.39 0.00127 1884 4.30 0.00 0.00315
2022 8830 0.72 0.19 0.00094 2300 5.30 0.00 0.00323
2023 3906 0.92 0.31 0.00088 696 7.90 0.00 0.00610
合计 33796 0.97 0.46 0.00131 9228 5.26 0.00 0.00320
), ArticleFig(id=1175086807034249289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433636243234865, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Sampling and monitoring results of chlorpyrifos in different species of vegetables and fruits

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
食品品类 具体品类 样本量
/件
检出率
/%
超标率
/%
平均值/(mg/kg)
蔬菜品类 鳞茎类 3685 1.09 0.71 0.00099
芸薹属类 1290 0.08 0.08 0.00006
叶菜类 18882 0.99 0.43 0.00172
茄果类 3748 0.67 0.37 0.00041
瓜类 2921 0.10 0.03 0.00002
豆类 527 2.28 1.90 0.00305
茎类 292 0.34 0.00 0.00007
根茎和薯
芋类
1813 2.54 1.05 0.00159
水生类 97 1.03 1.03 0.00024
芽菜类 88 1.14 1.14 0.00026
其他类蔬菜 2 0.00 0.00 0.00000
鲜食用菌 451 2.66 / 0.00391
小计 33796 0.97 0.46 0.00131
水果品类 柑橘类 1611 13.90 0.00 0.00676
瓜果类 490 0.00 0.00 0.00000
核果类 324 5.25 0.00 0.00716
浆果和其他小型水果 227 1.32 0.00 0.00021
热带和亚热带水果 724 5.94 0.00 0.00688
仁果类 5852 3.38 0.00 0.00193
小计 9228 5.26 0.00 0.00320
), ArticleFig(id=1175086807130718282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433636243234865, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同蔬菜和水果品类毒死蜱抽检监测结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
食品品类 具体品类 样本量
/件
检出率
/%
超标率
/%
平均值/(mg/kg)
蔬菜品类 鳞茎类 3685 1.09 0.71 0.00099
芸薹属类 1290 0.08 0.08 0.00006
叶菜类 18882 0.99 0.43 0.00172
茄果类 3748 0.67 0.37 0.00041
瓜类 2921 0.10 0.03 0.00002
豆类 527 2.28 1.90 0.00305
茎类 292 0.34 0.00 0.00007
根茎和薯
芋类
1813 2.54 1.05 0.00159
水生类 97 1.03 1.03 0.00024
芽菜类 88 1.14 1.14 0.00026
其他类蔬菜 2 0.00 0.00 0.00000
鲜食用菌 451 2.66 / 0.00391
小计 33796 0.97 0.46 0.00131
水果品类 柑橘类 1611 13.90 0.00 0.00676
瓜果类 490 0.00 0.00 0.00000
核果类 324 5.25 0.00 0.00716
浆果和其他小型水果 227 1.32 0.00 0.00021
热带和亚热带水果 724 5.94 0.00 0.00688
仁果类 5852 3.38 0.00 0.00193
小计 9228 5.26 0.00 0.00320
), ArticleFig(id=1175086807206215755, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433636243234865, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Consumption of vegetables and fruits by residents in Shanghai (kg/d)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
食品品类 具体品类 3~17岁 18~59岁 60岁以上 合计
平均值 P97.5 平均值 P97.5 平均值 P97.5 平均值 P97.5
蔬菜品类 叶菜类蔬菜 0.099 0.454 0.115 0.380 0.134 0.452 0.117 0.424
根茎类和薯芋类蔬菜 0.026 0.227 0.019 0.122 0.027 0.150 0.023 0.150
豆类蔬菜 0.008 0.071 0.011 0.099 0.011 0.083 0.010 0.091
茄果类蔬菜 0.050 0.360 0.031 0.186 0.025 0.164 0.033 0.209
芸薹属类蔬菜 0.022 0.212 0.016 0.114 0.014 0.106 0.017 0.122
鳞茎类蔬菜 0.008 0.115 0.009 0.100 0.006 0.067 0.008 0.090
瓜类蔬菜 0.021 0.212 0.016 0.114 0.015 0.106 0.017 0.122
茎类蔬菜 0.002 0.035 0.009 0.100 0.009 0.100 0.007 0.089
水生类蔬菜 0.002 0.017 0.003 0.033 0.002 0.025 0.003 0.030
芽菜类蔬菜 0.010 0.122 0.004 0.050 0.002 0.033 0.005 0.060
其他类蔬菜 0.007 0.102 0.011 0.122 0.009 0.100 0.010 0.114
鲜食用菌 0.009 0.078 0.005 0.053 0.007 0.069 0.006 0.059
小计 0.265 0.952 0.250 0.680 0.261 0.750 0.255 0.743
水果品类 热带和亚热带水果 0.044 0.500 0.024 0.210 0.022 0.210 0.027 0.210
仁果类水果 0.105 0.400 0.045 0.205 0.043 0.208 0.055 0.249
瓜果类水果 0.014 0.125 0.012 0.150 0.009 0.100 0.011 0.125
核果类水果 0.002 0.000 0.002 0.013 0.002 0.020 0.002 0.015
柑橘类水果 0.054 0.480 0.022 0.240 0.027 0.255 0.029 0.270
浆果和其他小型水果 0.014 0.200 0.004 0.060 0.005 0.075 0.006 0.075
小计 0.234 0.946 0.109 0.497 0.107 0.475 0.131 0.605
), ArticleFig(id=1175086807298490444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433636243234865, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

上海市居民蔬菜和水果消费量情况(kg/d)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
食品品类 具体品类 3~17岁 18~59岁 60岁以上 合计
平均值 P97.5 平均值 P97.5 平均值 P97.5 平均值 P97.5
蔬菜品类 叶菜类蔬菜 0.099 0.454 0.115 0.380 0.134 0.452 0.117 0.424
根茎类和薯芋类蔬菜 0.026 0.227 0.019 0.122 0.027 0.150 0.023 0.150
豆类蔬菜 0.008 0.071 0.011 0.099 0.011 0.083 0.010 0.091
茄果类蔬菜 0.050 0.360 0.031 0.186 0.025 0.164 0.033 0.209
芸薹属类蔬菜 0.022 0.212 0.016 0.114 0.014 0.106 0.017 0.122
鳞茎类蔬菜 0.008 0.115 0.009 0.100 0.006 0.067 0.008 0.090
瓜类蔬菜 0.021 0.212 0.016 0.114 0.015 0.106 0.017 0.122
茎类蔬菜 0.002 0.035 0.009 0.100 0.009 0.100 0.007 0.089
水生类蔬菜 0.002 0.017 0.003 0.033 0.002 0.025 0.003 0.030
芽菜类蔬菜 0.010 0.122 0.004 0.050 0.002 0.033 0.005 0.060
其他类蔬菜 0.007 0.102 0.011 0.122 0.009 0.100 0.010 0.114
鲜食用菌 0.009 0.078 0.005 0.053 0.007 0.069 0.006 0.059
小计 0.265 0.952 0.250 0.680 0.261 0.750 0.255 0.743
水果品类 热带和亚热带水果 0.044 0.500 0.024 0.210 0.022 0.210 0.027 0.210
仁果类水果 0.105 0.400 0.045 0.205 0.043 0.208 0.055 0.249
瓜果类水果 0.014 0.125 0.012 0.150 0.009 0.100 0.011 0.125
核果类水果 0.002 0.000 0.002 0.013 0.002 0.020 0.002 0.015
柑橘类水果 0.054 0.480 0.022 0.240 0.027 0.255 0.029 0.270
浆果和其他小型水果 0.014 0.200 0.004 0.060 0.005 0.075 0.006 0.075
小计 0.234 0.946 0.109 0.497 0.107 0.475 0.131 0.605
), ArticleFig(id=1175086807378182221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433636243234865, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Acute exposure of chlorpyrifos in vegetables and fruits consumed in different populations

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
人群 蔬菜 水果
年龄/岁 体重/kg P97.5消费量
/(kg/d)
急性暴露量/(mg/kg bw) 急性暴露量占ARfD比值/% P97.5消费量/(kg/d) 急性暴露量
/(mg/kg bw)
急性暴露量占ARfD比值/%
3~17 41.66 0.952 0.0795 79.52 0.946 0.0318 31.79
18~59 63.84 0.680 0.0371 37.07 0.497 0.0109 10.90
≥60 63.89 0.750 0.0409 40.85 0.475 0.0104 10.41
合计(≥3) 59.87 0.743 0.0432 43.19 0.605 0.0141 14.15
), ArticleFig(id=1175086807483039822, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433636243234865, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同人群食用蔬菜和水果中的毒死蜱急性暴露量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
人群 蔬菜 水果
年龄/岁 体重/kg P97.5消费量
/(kg/d)
急性暴露量/(mg/kg bw) 急性暴露量占ARfD比值/% P97.5消费量/(kg/d) 急性暴露量
/(mg/kg bw)
急性暴露量占ARfD比值/%
3~17 41.66 0.952 0.0795 79.52 0.946 0.0318 31.79
18~59 63.84 0.680 0.0371 37.07 0.497 0.0109 10.90
≥60 63.89 0.750 0.0409 40.85 0.475 0.0104 10.41
合计(≥3) 59.87 0.743 0.0432 43.19 0.605 0.0141 14.15
), ArticleFig(id=1175086807575314511, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433636243234865, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Chronic exposure of chlorpyrifos in vegetables and fruits consumed in different populations

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年龄/岁 体重/kg 蔬菜 水果 合计
慢性暴露量
/(mg/kg bw)
慢性暴露量占ADI比值/% 慢性暴露量/(mg/kg bw) 慢性暴露量占ADI比值/% 慢性暴露量/(mg/kg bw) 慢性暴露量占ADI
比值/%
3~17 41.66 7.29×10-6 0.073 2.14×10-5 0.214 2.87×10-5 0.287
18~59 63.84 4.86×10-6 0.049 6.51×10-6 0.065 1.14×10-5 0.114
≥60 63.89 5.49×10-6 0.055 6.72×10-6 0.067 1.22×10-5 0.122
合计(≥3) 59.87 5.34×10-6 0.053 8.43×10-6 0.084 1.38×10-5 0.138
), ArticleFig(id=1175086807680172112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433636243234865, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同人群食用蔬菜和水果中的毒死蜱慢性暴露量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年龄/岁 体重/kg 蔬菜 水果 合计
慢性暴露量
/(mg/kg bw)
慢性暴露量占ADI比值/% 慢性暴露量/(mg/kg bw) 慢性暴露量占ADI比值/% 慢性暴露量/(mg/kg bw) 慢性暴露量占ADI
比值/%
3~17 41.66 7.29×10-6 0.073 2.14×10-5 0.214 2.87×10-5 0.287
18~59 63.84 4.86×10-6 0.049 6.51×10-6 0.065 1.14×10-5 0.114
≥60 63.89 5.49×10-6 0.055 6.72×10-6 0.067 1.22×10-5 0.122
合计(≥3) 59.87 5.34×10-6 0.053 8.43×10-6 0.084 1.38×10-5 0.138
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2014—2023年上海市居民蔬菜和水果中毒死蜱膳食暴露评估
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王晨诚 , 宇盛好 , 彭少杰 *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:食品安全风险评估与风险监测 2025,16(6): 45-51
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:食品安全风险评估与风险监测 2025, 16(6): 45-51
2014—2023年上海市居民蔬菜和水果中毒死蜱膳食暴露评估
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王晨诚 , 宇盛好, 彭少杰*
作者信息
  • 上海市市场监督管理局信息应用研究中心, 上海 200030
  • 王晨诚(1990—), 女, 硕士, 助理研究员, 主要研究方向为食品安全监管政策, 风险交流。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 彭少杰(1968—), 男, 硕士, 主任医师, 主要研究方向为食品安全风险监测与评估。E-mail:
Dietary exposure risk assessment of chlorpyrifos in vegetables and fruits in residents in Shanghai from 2014 to 2023
Chen-Cheng WANG , Sheng-Hao YU, Shao-Jie PENG*
Affiliations
  • Information Application Research Center of Shanghai Municipal Administration for Market Regulation, Shanghai 200030, China
出版时间: 2025-03-25 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241008002
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目的 了解2014—2023年上海市蔬菜和水果中毒死蜱残留水平, 评估蔬菜和水果中毒死蜱膳食暴露风险。方法 收集整理2014—2023年上海市蔬菜和水果毒死蜱抽检监测数据, 结合2013年上海市居民食物消费量数据, 采用点评估方法计算居民毒死蜱膳食暴露量, 并与毒死蜱急性参考剂量(acute reference dose, ARfD)和每日允许摄入量(acceptable daily intake, ADI)进行比较, 评估上海市居民通过蔬菜和水果摄入毒死蜱的急性中毒风险和慢性健康风险。结果 33796件蔬菜样本检出率为0.97%, 平均值为0.00131 mg/kg, 超标率为0.46%。9228件水果样本检出率为5.26%, 平均值为0.00320 mg/kg, 超标率为0.00%。上海市3岁以上人群通过蔬菜和水果摄入毒死蜱的急性暴露量分别为0.0432 mg/kg bw和0.0141 mg/kg bw, 急性暴露量占ARfD比值分别为43.19%和14.15%。通过蔬菜和水果摄入毒死蜱的慢性暴露量分别为5.34×10-6 mg/kg bw和8.43×10-6 mg/kg bw, 慢性暴露量占ADI比值分别为0.053%和0.084%。结论 上海市居民通过蔬菜和水果中毒死蜱摄入的急性中毒风险和慢性健康风险均较低。

蔬菜  /  水果  /  毒死蜱  /  膳食暴露  /  风险评估

Objective To understand the residual levels of chlorpyrifos in vegetables and fruits in Shanghai in 2014—2023, and evaluate the dietary exposure risk of chlorpyrifos in vegetables and fruits. Methods A number of different varieties of vegetables and fruits in Shanghai were inspected and monitored for the detection of chlorpyrifos from 2014 to 2023. Combined with the food consumption data of residents in Shanghai in 2013, dietary exposure risk assessment of chlorpyrifos were conducted by point assessment method. The assessment results were compared with the acute reference dose (ARfD) and acceptable daily intake (ADI) to assess the acute and chronic exposure risk of chlorpyrifos in vegetables and fruits in residents in Shanghai. Results The quantity of vegetables samples was 33796, the detection rate was 0.97%, the average value was 0.00131 mg/kg, and the exceedance rate was 0.46%. The quantity of fruits samples was 9228, the detection rate was 5.26%, the average value was 0.00320 mg/kg, and the exceedance rate was 0.00%. The acute exposure of chlorpyrifos residues ingested through vegetables and fruits were 0.0432 mg/kg bw and 0.0141 mg/kg bw, the ratio of acute exposure to ARfD respectively were 43.19% and 14.15% among the population aged 3 and above. The chronic exposure of chlorpyrifos residues ingested through vegetables and fruits were 5.34×10-6 mg/kg bw and 8.43×10-6 mg/kg bw, the ratio of chronic exposure to ADI respectively were 0.053% and 0.084%. Conclusion Both the acute and chronic exposure risks of chlorpyrifos ingested through vegetables and fruits in residents are low in Shanghai.

vegetables  /  fruits  /  chlorpyrifos  /  dietary exposure  /  risk assessment
王晨诚, 宇盛好, 彭少杰. 2014—2023年上海市居民蔬菜和水果中毒死蜱膳食暴露评估. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (6) : 45 -51 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241008002
Chen-Cheng WANG, Sheng-Hao YU, Shao-Jie PENG. Dietary exposure risk assessment of chlorpyrifos in vegetables and fruits in residents in Shanghai from 2014 to 2023[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (6) : 45 -51 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241008002
毒死蜱属于有机磷杀虫剂, 中等毒性, 具有触杀、胃毒和熏蒸作用[1], 是全世界目前使用最广泛的杀虫剂之一[2]。毒死蜱具有环境持久性和生物蓄积性, 能通过饮水、食物、呼吸等渠道进入人体内, 分布于血液、唾液, 作用于神经、免疫、生殖、内分泌等器官系统。毒死蜱主要产生乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制作用, 表现为急性神经毒性, 此外还可能会引起DNA损伤、基因突变、染色体畸变等遗传毒性, 诱导细胞癌变, 增加肺癌、白血病等癌症的发病风险[3]
毒死蜱相比其他高毒类有机磷农药毒性相对较低, 因此作为替代品得到了广泛的应用[4], 在蔬菜、水果和土壤中均发现其残留甚至超标[5-11], 已经成为各地食品安全风险监测和监督抽检的重点对象。由于毒死蜱会对环境、生物和人体健康造成影响[12-19], 近年来, 欧盟已取消毒死蜱的相关使用登记, 美国、加拿大、澳大利亚等国也取消了家用和家庭花园用毒死蜱的登记, 印度、泰国等国也提议禁用毒死蜱[20]。我国农业部第2032号公告规定, 自2014年12月31日起, 撤销毒死蜱在蔬菜上的登记; 自2016年12月31日起, 禁止毒死蜱在蔬菜上使用[21]。联合国粮农组织/世界卫生组织农药残留专家联席会议(Joint Meeting on Pesticide Residues, JMPR)于2006年和1999年分别提出了毒死蜱的急性参考剂量(acute reference dose, ARfD)和每日允许摄入量(acceptable daily intake, ADI), 分别为0.1 mg/kg bw、0.01 mg/kg bw, 用于评价毒死蜱短期急性暴露和长期慢性暴露所造成的健康危害[22]。如胡宁恩等[23]研究2020—2023年浙江省温州市市售果蔬中农药残留及膳食暴露风险, 其中毒死蜱在果蔬中检出率为6.91%, 超标率为1.06%, 急性膳食摄入风险较低。聂宏骞等[24]研究2019—2020年海南省蔬菜中农药残留及膳食暴露风险, 其中毒死蜱在6种蔬菜中检出率为3.15%, 超标率为3.15%, 急性和慢性膳食摄入风险均较低。
本研究对上海市2014—2023年蔬菜和水果中的毒死蜱抽检监测结果进行了梳理和分析, 并结合2013年上海市居民食物消费量调查数据, 对毒死蜱膳食暴露的急性中毒风险和慢性健康风险进行了评估, 为后续科学开展蔬菜和水果抽检监测, 降低毒死蜱残留、提高监管针对性提供对策建议。
2014—2023年, 上海市市场监管部门(含原上海市食品药品监管部门)在全市16个区开展蔬菜和水果中农药残留抽检监测, 共完成蔬菜样品33796件, 水果样品9228件。样品来源于流通环节的批发市场、农贸市场, 商场超市、食品店、网购, 以及餐饮环节的大型餐馆、中型餐馆、小型餐馆和单位食堂等共计9个场所。蔬菜品类包括鳞茎类、芸薹属类、叶菜类、茄果类、瓜类、豆类、茎类、根茎类和薯芋类、水生类、芽菜类、其他类蔬菜和鲜食用菌共12个品类, 水果品类包括柑橘类、瓜果类、核果类、浆果和其他小型水果、热带和亚热带水果和仁果类共6个品类。
按照GB/T 20769—2008《水果和蔬菜中450种农药及相关化学品残留量的测定 液相色谱-串联质谱法》、GB/T 23202—2008《食用菌中440种农药及相关化学品残留量的测定 液相色谱-串联质谱法》、NY/T 761—2008《蔬菜和水果中有机磷、有机氯、拟除虫菊酯和氨基甲酸酯类农药多残留的测定》、GB 23200.8—2016《食品安全国家标准 水果和蔬菜中500种农药及相关化学品残留量的测定 气相色谱-质谱法》、GB 23200.121—2021《食品安全国家标准 植物源性食品中331种农药及其代谢物残留量的测定 液相色谱-质谱联用法》等方法检测毒死蜱含量, 上述方法检出限范围为0.005~0.0126 mg/kg。本研究根据GB 2763—2021《食品安全国家标准 食品农药残留最大限量》即现行有效标准对2014—2023年蔬菜和水果中毒死蜱抽检监测结果进行评价。
膳食暴露量计算所需的毒死蜱含量数据来源于2014—2023年上海市市场监管部门(含原上海市食品药品监管部门)开展的各类蔬菜和水果中毒死蜱抽检监测数据, 所需消费量数据来源于2013年上海市3岁以上居民食物消费量调査数据。该调査采用分阶段整群随机抽样方法, 在春夏秋冬每个季节选择一天, 采用24 h回顾法、食品频率表法等进行居民入户调査, 共调査5875人。
其中, 急性暴露量计算如公式(1):
E=$\frac{{{F}_{c}}\times {{C}_{\max }}}{W}$
式中: E为居民通过蔬菜和水果摄入毒死蜱的急性暴露量, mg/kg bw; Fc为居民食物消费量的97.5百分位数(P97.5), kg/d; Cmax为单个食品毒死蜱最大检测值, mg/kg; W为居民平均体重, kg。
慢性暴露量计算如公式(2):
E=$\sum{\begin{align} & n \\ & i \\ \end{align}}\frac{{{F}_{i}}\times {{C}_{i}}}{W}$
式中: E代表居民通过蔬菜和水果摄入毒死蜱的慢性暴露量, mg/kg bw; Fi为第i品类食物的消费量, kg/d; Ci为第i品类食物中毒死蜱的含量, mg/kg; W为居民平均体重, kg。
本研究以JMPR提出的毒死蜱ARfD (0.1 mg/kg bw)和ADI (0.01 mg/kg bw)分别作为评估毒死蜱慢性健康风险和急性中毒风险的健康指导值。毒死蜱急性和慢性膳食摄入风险水平分别采用急性暴露量与ARfD的比值, 以及慢性暴露量与ADI的比值来表示。当急性暴露量与ARfD的比值≤100%时, 表示风险可以接受, 值越小风险越小, 当急性暴露量与ARfD的比值>100%时, 表示存在一定急性中毒风险; 当慢性暴露量与ADI的比值≤100%时, 表示风险可以接受, 值越小风险越小, 当慢性暴露量与ADI的比值>100%时, 表示存在一定慢性健康风险。
根据世界卫生组织提出的数据处理方法, 本研究在计算平均值时把样品中毒死蜱未检出(not detected, ND)的数据赋值为0[25]。采用Excel 2013、SPSS 28.0软件对数据进行处理与分析。通过卡方检验比较不同品类、不同抽检月份和不同抽样场所的蔬菜和水果毒死蜱检出率是否有统计学差异。
2014—2023年, 蔬菜和水果共抽检监测33796件和9228件, 毒死蜱在蔬菜和水果中的检出率分别为0.97%和5.26%, 毒死蜱在蔬菜和水果中的超标率分别为0.46%和0.00%。毒死蜱在蔬菜和水果中的平均检出值分别为0.00131 mg/kg和0.00320 mg/kg。其中, 普通白菜中的毒死蜱检出值在蔬菜中是最高的, 达3.48 mg/kg; 桃中的毒死蜱检出值在水果中是最高的, 达1.40 mg/kg。近10年, 蔬菜中的毒死蜱检出率呈现逐年下降趋势。其中, 2014年蔬菜中的毒死蜱检出率和检出均值最高, 分别为3.48%和0.00970 mg/kg。近10年, 水果中的毒死蜱检出率呈现波动趋势。其中, 2015年水果中的毒死蜱检出率和检出均值最高, 分别为13.32%和0.00879 mg/kg。具体结果见表1
不同蔬菜品类毒死蜱检出率差异具有统计学意义(χ2=107.754, P<0.05), 检出率较高的蔬菜品类主要包括鲜食用菌(2.66%)、根茎和薯芋类(2.54%)及豆类(2.28%)。不同水果品类毒死蜱检出率差异具有统计学意义(χ2=318.108, P<0.05), 检出率较高的水果品类主要包括柑橘类(13.90%)、热带和亚热带水果(5.94%)及核果类(5.25%)。检测结果见表2
2014—2023年, 总体上, 水果中毒死蜱检出率和检出均值高于蔬菜。其中, 1月与12月抽样的蔬菜中毒死蜱检出率最高, 均为1.60%(见图1), 12月蔬菜中毒死蜱检出均值最高, 为0.00294 mg/kg。1月抽样的水果中毒死蜱检出率最高, 为10.56%, 3月抽样的水果中毒死蜱检出均值最高, 为0.00635 mg/kg。不同抽样月份水果中毒死蜱检出率差异具有统计学意义(χ2=76.047, P<0.05), 但不同抽样月份蔬菜中毒死蜱检出率差异无统计学意义。
在中型餐馆抽样的蔬菜中毒死蜱检出率和检出均值均最高, 分别为1.34%和0.00364 mg/kg(见图2)。在单位食堂抽样的水果中毒死蜱检出率和检出均值最高, 分别为14.81%和0.00893 mg/kg。在不同抽样场所蔬菜与水果中的毒死蜱检出率差异均具有统计学意义(χ2分别为710.510和154.156, P<0.05)。
根据2013年上海市居民食物消费量数据调查结果, 本市3岁以上居民蔬菜消费量平均值为0.255 kg/d, 水果消费量平均值为0.131 kg/d, 具体见表3。蔬菜中平均消费量最高的是叶菜类, 平均值为0.117 kg/d。水果中平均消费量最高的是仁果类, 平均值为0.055 kg/d。
根据2013年上海市居民食物消费量数据, 计算每人每天蔬菜和水果消费量的97.5百分位值(P97.5), 结合蔬菜中毒死蜱检测最大值3.48 mg/kg和水果中毒死蜱检测最大值1.40 mg/kg, 计算各年龄组人群的急性暴露量。不同年龄组人群食用蔬菜和水果毒死蜱急性暴露量见表4。结果显示, 3岁以上人群食用蔬菜和水果毒死蜱急性暴露量分别占ARfD的43.19%和14.15%, 各年龄组人群食用蔬菜和水果毒死蜱急性暴露量均小于ARfD(0.1 mg/kg bw), 其中食用蔬菜毒死蜱急性暴露量占ARfD的比值为37.07%~79.52%, 食用水果毒死蜱急性暴露量占ARfD的比值为10.41%~31.79%, 急性中毒风险均较低。
根据2013年上海市居民食物消费量数据, 计算每人每天蔬菜和水果消费量的平均值, 以蔬菜和水果中毒死蜱检测平均值为依据, 计算3岁以上人群食用蔬菜和水果的毒死蜱慢性暴露量分别是5.34×10-6 mg/kg bw和8.43×10-6 mg/kg bw, 不同年龄组人群食用蔬菜和水果的毒死蜱慢性暴露量见表5。结果显示, 3岁以上人群通过蔬菜和水果毒死蜱慢性膳食暴露量占ADI的比值为0.138%, 各年龄组人群通过蔬菜和水果毒死蜱慢性膳食暴露量均小于ADI (0.01 mg/kg bw), 慢性健康风险较低。
2014—2023年, 各品类蔬菜和水果毒死蜱慢性暴露量构成比变化见图3, 其中热带和亚热带水果、叶菜类蔬菜和柑橘类水果在10年内的慢性暴露量贡献率排名前3, 毒死蜱慢性暴露量贡献率超过50%的品类分别是: 热带和亚热带水果2022年和2021年慢性暴露量贡献率分别为80.36%和58.33%; 叶菜类2014年、2016年和2018年慢性暴露量贡献率分别为78.30%、50.51%和66.25%; 柑橘类水果2020年慢性暴露量贡献率为52.54%。各年份不同品类蔬菜和水果毒死蜱慢性暴露量变化较大, 主要与相应品类蔬菜和水果毒死蜱检测均值差异较大有关。
上海市抽检监测的蔬菜存在毒死蜱超标现象, 其中叶菜类蔬菜对毒死蜱暴露量贡献率最大, 但总体上本市居民通过蔬菜和水果毒死蜱急性暴露风险和慢性健康风险均较低。本次膳食暴露评估存在一定不确定性: (1)毒死蜱的摄入来源除了蔬菜和水果以外, 还可能来自谷物、油脂、坚果、饮料等各类食物, 本研究只是考察了蔬菜和水果来源的毒死蜱膳食暴露, 具有一定局限性。(2)本研究所采用的上海市居民食物消费量调查数据完成于2013年, 与现阶段人群食用蔬菜和水果的消费情况存在一定的差异。(3)在不同年份对蔬菜和水果来源的毒死蜱进行检测时所采用的检测方法不同, 检出限也不同, 因此会产生一定不确定性。
本研究发现, 近10年本市蔬菜中毒死蜱总体检出率接近1%, 蔬菜中毒死蜱检出率总体呈现下降趋势, 说明在我国农业部第2032号公告关于“自2014年12月31日起, 撤销毒死蜱在蔬菜上的登记”后, 蔬菜中违禁使用毒死蜱的现象逐渐减少, 但仍有部分蔬菜被检出毒死蜱超标, 这与蔬菜种植户违禁使用毒死蜱有关, 也可能是环境中残留的毒死蜱通过种植环节迁移至蔬菜中[26]。近10年本市水果中毒死蜱总体检出率在5%左右, 明显较蔬菜检出率高, 其中, 瓜果类水果、部分热带及亚热带水果和浆果类水果等暂没有国家标准而不做评价。研究发现, 检出毒死蜱的蔬菜主要是根茎和薯芋类及鲜食用菌, 检出毒死蜱的水果主要是柑橘类及热带和亚热带水果。
相比其他学者研究, 本研究中蔬菜毒死蜱检出率、超标率低于云南省[1]、海南省[24]、广西贺州[27]、浙江绍兴[28]、贵州[29], 水果毒死蜱检出率略高于陕西[30]、广东台山[31]。不同地区蔬菜和水果毒死蜱残留情况不同可能与抽检监测食用农产品品类构成、抽检监测时间、种植户农药使用种类和方式等不同有关。
考虑到毒死蜱是我国明令在蔬菜中禁用的农药, 建议农业部门进一步加强蔬菜种植环节毒死蜱农药合理使用的监管和指导, 加强对农药蔬菜种植户的相关法律法规和技术培训, 提高农民正确合理使用农药的知识和技能, 确保农户严格按照国家规定使用毒死蜱。上海市作为食品输入型超大城市, 应加强蔬菜和水果等食用农产品的源头对接和进货查验, 强化抽检监测和溯源管理, 对发现的不合格产品及时进行查处和通报。
  • 2024年上海市市场监督管理局科技项目(2024-50)
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2025年第16卷第6期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241008002
  • 接收时间:2024-10-08
  • 首发时间:2025-07-19
  • 出版时间:2025-03-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-08
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2024年上海市市场监督管理局科技项目(2024-50)
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    上海市市场监督管理局信息应用研究中心, 上海 200030

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* 彭少杰(1968—), 男, 硕士, 主任医师, 主要研究方向为食品安全风险监测与评估。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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