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Article(id=1153433637207924794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433633999282214, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240930001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1727625600000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752929608870, onlineDateStr=2025-07-19, pubDate=1742832000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752929608870, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752929608870, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752929608870, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153433633999282214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='322', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752929608105, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1758086445549, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1175062977960096080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433633999282214, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1175062977960096081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433633999282214, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=59, endPage=65, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153433638575267909, articleId=1153433637207924794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Comparison of the mold counting effects between potato dextrose agar and rose Bengal agar culture medium, columnId=1151923892655846010, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Food Safety Risk Assessment and Risk Monitoring, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To compare the mold counting effects of potato dextrose agar and rose Bengal agar as 2 types of counting culture medium. Methods Growth rate, specificity, and selectivity were compared between potato dextrose agar and rose Bengal agar culture medium using 20 kinds of standard mold strains and 15 kinds of common foodborne pathogen strains. Additionally, the counting effects of both culture medium were assessed using 36 actual food samples and 174 swab samples from food contact environments in refrigerators. Results The growth rate (PR value) of the 20 kinds of mold strains on both potato dextrose agar and rose Bengal agar culture medium was greater than 0.7, and the selectivity (G value) was less than 1. However, molds on potato dextrose agar culture medium exhibited more typical colony morphology, indicating better specificity than rose Bengal agar culture medium. In the detection of actual samples, the detection rate of potato dextrose agar culture medium was relatively high, showing a significant difference compared to rose Bengal agar culture medium (χ2=13.551, P=0.001). It exhibited a particularly higher detection rate in samples with low contamination (χ2=9.929, P=0.001). However, for highly contaminated samples, rose Bengal agar culture medium was more convenient for counting. Conclusion Using a single culture medium can affect counting results. It is recommended to apply 2 types of culture medium or select an appropriate counting medium based on the contamination level when conducting mold counting tests on food samples.

, correspAuthors=Xia CUI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Zheng LU, Xiao-Ai ZHANG, Kui DONG, Li-Li WANG, Chun-Di MU, Xia CUI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1153433638856286278, articleId=1153433637207924794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂与孟加拉红琼脂培养基检测霉菌的效果比较, columnId=1152687438456603210, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=本期专题：食品安全风险评估与风险监测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 比较马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂与孟加拉红琼脂两种计数培养基的霉菌计数效果。方法 分别使用马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂培养基与孟加拉红琼脂培养基对20株霉菌标准菌株、15株常见食源性致病菌标准菌株进行生长率、特异性及选择性比较, 并应用两种培养基对36件实际食品样品和174件食品接触环境冰箱涂抹样品进行计数效果对比。结果 测试的20种霉菌标准菌株在马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂与孟加拉红琼脂两种培养基的生长率PR值均大于0.7、选择性G值均小于1, 但在马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂培养基上霉菌具有更为典型的菌落形态, 其特异性优于孟加拉红琼脂培养基。在实际样品检测中马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂培养基检出率较高, 与孟加拉红培养基相比差异性显著(χ2=13.551, P=0.001), 特别是在低污染的样品检测中具有较高的检出率(χ2=9.929, P=0.001), 但是对于高污染样品, 使用孟加拉红琼脂培养基更便于计数。结论 使用单一培养基会影响计数结果, 建议在食品样品进行霉菌计数时, 同时应用两种培养基或根据污染程度选择适当的计数培养基。

, correspAuthors=崔霞, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 崔霞(1982—), 女, 副研究员, 主要研究方向为食品微生物。E-mail:
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陆峥(1969—), 女, 副主任技师, 主要研究方向为食品微生物检测。E-mail:

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陆峥(1969—), 女, 副主任技师, 主要研究方向为食品微生物检测。E-mail:

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陆峥(1969—), 女, 副主任技师, 主要研究方向为食品微生物检测。E-mail:

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Establishment of a rat model of liver cancer induced by aflatoxin B1[J]. Heilongjiang Medicine and Pharmacy, 2012, 35(6): 47-48., articleTitle=Establishment of a rat model of liver cancer induced by aflatoxin B1, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1175086598732525681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433637207924794, awardId=2017FYC1601400, language=CN, fundingSource=科技部“食品安全关键技术研发”重点专项(2017FYC1601400), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1175086593900687375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433637207924794, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1175086593946824720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433637207924794, companyId=1175086593900687375, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing 100013, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1175086593992962066, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433637207924794, companyId=1175086593900687375, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.北京市疾病预防控制中心/食物中毒诊断溯源技术北京市重点实验室, 北京 100013)]), AuthorCompany(id=1175086594156539924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433637207924794, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1175086594164928533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433637207924794, companyId=1175086594156539924, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2. International College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 100096, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1175086594173317142, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433637207924794, companyId=1175086594156539924, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.北京农学院国际学院, 北京 100096)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1175086597675561051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433637207924794, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Growth rate test results of 2 types of different culture medium

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
标准菌株
名称		 SDA PDA RBA 标准菌株
名称		 SDA PDA RBA
计数/(CFU/g) 计数/(CFU/g) PR值 计数/(CFU/g) PR值 计数/(CFU/g) 计数/(CFU/g) PR值 计数/(CFU/g) PR值
杂色曲霉CICC2474 83 88 1.06 80 0.96 桔青霉CICC2478 34 34 1.00 34 1.00
赭曲霉CICC24718 2 2 1.00 2 1.00 毒青霉CICC4036 61 55 0.90 48 0.79
黑曲霉CICC2487 40 35 0.88 45 1.13 鲜绿青霉CICC4029 25 26 1.18 22 0.88
黄曲霉CICC2219 55 50 0.91 60 1.09 金灰青霉CICC4026 30 27 0.90 25 0.83
黄曲霉BNCC336156 32 31 0.97 41 1.28 串珠镰孢CICC2490 70 67 0.96 66 0.94
杂色曲霉CICC2474 83 83 1.00 65 0.78 禾谷镰刀菌BNCC113713 45 40 0.89 37 0.82
炭黑曲霉CICC41254 40 37 0.93 50 1.25 串珠镰刀菌BNCC186247 33 33 1.00 31 0.94
寄生曲霉CICC41386 43 44 1.02 43 1.00 互隔铰链孢霉CICC123548 45 38 0.84 37 0.82
构巢曲霉CICC2438 20 14 0.70 20 1.00 哈茨木霉CICC41290 无法计数 无法计数 / 26 /
岛青霉CICC4034 16 15 0.93 16 1.00 卷枝毛霉CICC2633 无法计数 无法计数 / 6 /
), ArticleFig(id=1175086597780418653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433637207924794, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

2种培养基生长率测试结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
标准菌株
名称		 SDA PDA RBA 标准菌株
名称		 SDA PDA RBA
计数/(CFU/g) 计数/(CFU/g) PR值 计数/(CFU/g) PR值 计数/(CFU/g) 计数/(CFU/g) PR值 计数/(CFU/g) PR值
杂色曲霉CICC2474 83 88 1.06 80 0.96 桔青霉CICC2478 34 34 1.00 34 1.00
赭曲霉CICC24718 2 2 1.00 2 1.00 毒青霉CICC4036 61 55 0.90 48 0.79
黑曲霉CICC2487 40 35 0.88 45 1.13 鲜绿青霉CICC4029 25 26 1.18 22 0.88
黄曲霉CICC2219 55 50 0.91 60 1.09 金灰青霉CICC4026 30 27 0.90 25 0.83
黄曲霉BNCC336156 32 31 0.97 41 1.28 串珠镰孢CICC2490 70 67 0.96 66 0.94
杂色曲霉CICC2474 83 83 1.00 65 0.78 禾谷镰刀菌BNCC113713 45 40 0.89 37 0.82
炭黑曲霉CICC41254 40 37 0.93 50 1.25 串珠镰刀菌BNCC186247 33 33 1.00 31 0.94
寄生曲霉CICC41386 43 44 1.02 43 1.00 互隔铰链孢霉CICC123548 45 38 0.84 37 0.82
构巢曲霉CICC2438 20 14 0.70 20 1.00 哈茨木霉CICC41290 无法计数 无法计数 / 26 /
岛青霉CICC4034 16 15 0.93 16 1.00 卷枝毛霉CICC2633 无法计数 无法计数 / 6 /
), ArticleFig(id=1175086597902053471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433637207924794, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Specificity tests results of 2 types of culture medium

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
菌株名称 PDA培养基 RBA培养基
杂色曲霉CICC2474 局限, 菌落稍厚, 孢子绿色 局限, 菌落稍厚, 孢子黄色
赭曲霉CICC24718 平坦丝绒状, 疏松褐色孢子 稍局限, 平坦丝绒状, 白色孢子
黑曲霉CICC2487 丝绒状, 黑色孢子 丝绒状, 褐色孢子
黄曲霉CICC2219 细致丝绒状, 黄绿色孢子 稍局限, 细致丝绒状, 黄白色孢子
黄曲霉BNCC336156 细致丝绒状, 黄绿色孢子 稍局限, 细致丝绒状, 黄白色孢子
杂色曲霉CICC2474 局限, 菌落稍厚, 孢子绿色 局限, 菌落稍厚, 孢子黄色
炭黑曲霉CICC41254 丝绒状, 黑色孢子 丝绒状, 黑褐色孢子
寄生曲霉CICC41386 平坦丝绒状, 边缘白色, 孢子深绿色 平坦丝绒状, 边缘白色, 孢子淡绿色
构巢曲霉CICC2438 平坦丝绒状, 边缘白色, 孢子灰绿色 稍局限, 平坦丝绒状, 孢子黄白色
岛青霉CICC4034 局限, 同心圆纹, 绒状, 孢子黄绿色 局限, 同心圆纹, 绒状, 孢子橘色
桔青霉CICC2478 局限, 放射皱纹, 绒状, 孢子蓝绿色 局限, 放射状纹, 绒状, 孢子白色
毒青霉CICC4036 局限, 同心圆纹, 中间絮状, 孢子黄绿色 局限, 同心圆纹, 中间絮状, 孢子浅黄色
鲜绿青霉CICC4029 局限, 放射皱纹, 绒状, 孢子黄绿色 局限, 放射状纹, 绒状, 孢子白色
金灰青霉CICC4026 局限, 放射皱纹, 绒状, 孢子灰绿色 局限, 放射状纹, 绒状, 孢子白色
卷枝毛霉CICC2633 生长迅速, 长毛, 产孢不良呈白色 生长迅速, 长毛, 产孢不良呈白色
串珠镰孢CICC2490 棉絮状, 孢子淡粉紫色 稍局限, 絮状, 淡黄色孢子
禾谷镰刀菌BNCC113713 棉絮状, 菌丝淡紫色, 产孢不良 棉絮状, 菌丝白色, 产孢不良
串珠镰刀菌BNCC186247 棉絮状, 孢子淡粉紫色 稍局限, 絮状, 淡黄色孢子
互隔交链孢霉CICC123548 絮状, 同心圆, 黑褐色 局限, 同心圆, 褐色
哈茨木霉CICC41290 生长迅速, 棉絮状, 产孢不良呈白色 生长迅速, 棉絮状, 产孢不良呈白色
金黄色葡萄球菌MCC26003 未生长 未生长
金黄色葡萄球菌CICC21600 未生长 未生长
蜡样芽胞杆菌CICC21261 未生长 未生长
无乳链球菌ATCC19615 未生长 未生长
克罗诺阪崎肠杆菌ICC21546 未生长 未生长
肺炎克雷伯氏菌CICC10870 未生长 未生长
单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌CICC21633 未生长 未生长
单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌ATCC191151 未生长 未生长
大肠埃希氏菌CICC10389 未生长 未生长
大肠埃希氏菌ATCC25922 未生长 未生长
鼠伤寒沙门氏菌CICC21484 未生长 未生长
肠炎沙门氏菌CMCC50041 未生长 未生长
副溶血性弧菌CICC21617 未生长 未生长
福氏志贺氏菌CICC21534 未生长 未生长
粪大肠杆菌ATCC29212 未生长 未生长
), ArticleFig(id=1175086597998522466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433637207924794, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

2种培养基特异性测试结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
菌株名称 PDA培养基 RBA培养基
杂色曲霉CICC2474 局限, 菌落稍厚, 孢子绿色 局限, 菌落稍厚, 孢子黄色
赭曲霉CICC24718 平坦丝绒状, 疏松褐色孢子 稍局限, 平坦丝绒状, 白色孢子
黑曲霉CICC2487 丝绒状, 黑色孢子 丝绒状, 褐色孢子
黄曲霉CICC2219 细致丝绒状, 黄绿色孢子 稍局限, 细致丝绒状, 黄白色孢子
黄曲霉BNCC336156 细致丝绒状, 黄绿色孢子 稍局限, 细致丝绒状, 黄白色孢子
杂色曲霉CICC2474 局限, 菌落稍厚, 孢子绿色 局限, 菌落稍厚, 孢子黄色
炭黑曲霉CICC41254 丝绒状, 黑色孢子 丝绒状, 黑褐色孢子
寄生曲霉CICC41386 平坦丝绒状, 边缘白色, 孢子深绿色 平坦丝绒状, 边缘白色, 孢子淡绿色
构巢曲霉CICC2438 平坦丝绒状, 边缘白色, 孢子灰绿色 稍局限, 平坦丝绒状, 孢子黄白色
岛青霉CICC4034 局限, 同心圆纹, 绒状, 孢子黄绿色 局限, 同心圆纹, 绒状, 孢子橘色
桔青霉CICC2478 局限, 放射皱纹, 绒状, 孢子蓝绿色 局限, 放射状纹, 绒状, 孢子白色
毒青霉CICC4036 局限, 同心圆纹, 中间絮状, 孢子黄绿色 局限, 同心圆纹, 中间絮状, 孢子浅黄色
鲜绿青霉CICC4029 局限, 放射皱纹, 绒状, 孢子黄绿色 局限, 放射状纹, 绒状, 孢子白色
金灰青霉CICC4026 局限, 放射皱纹, 绒状, 孢子灰绿色 局限, 放射状纹, 绒状, 孢子白色
卷枝毛霉CICC2633 生长迅速, 长毛, 产孢不良呈白色 生长迅速, 长毛, 产孢不良呈白色
串珠镰孢CICC2490 棉絮状, 孢子淡粉紫色 稍局限, 絮状, 淡黄色孢子
禾谷镰刀菌BNCC113713 棉絮状, 菌丝淡紫色, 产孢不良 棉絮状, 菌丝白色, 产孢不良
串珠镰刀菌BNCC186247 棉絮状, 孢子淡粉紫色 稍局限, 絮状, 淡黄色孢子
互隔交链孢霉CICC123548 絮状, 同心圆, 黑褐色 局限, 同心圆, 褐色
哈茨木霉CICC41290 生长迅速, 棉絮状, 产孢不良呈白色 生长迅速, 棉絮状, 产孢不良呈白色
金黄色葡萄球菌MCC26003 未生长 未生长
金黄色葡萄球菌CICC21600 未生长 未生长
蜡样芽胞杆菌CICC21261 未生长 未生长
无乳链球菌ATCC19615 未生长 未生长
克罗诺阪崎肠杆菌ICC21546 未生长 未生长
肺炎克雷伯氏菌CICC10870 未生长 未生长
单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌CICC21633 未生长 未生长
单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌ATCC191151 未生长 未生长
大肠埃希氏菌CICC10389 未生长 未生长
大肠埃希氏菌ATCC25922 未生长 未生长
鼠伤寒沙门氏菌CICC21484 未生长 未生长
肠炎沙门氏菌CMCC50041 未生长 未生长
副溶血性弧菌CICC21617 未生长 未生长
福氏志贺氏菌CICC21534 未生长 未生长
粪大肠杆菌ATCC29212 未生长 未生长
), ArticleFig(id=1175086598074019940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433637207924794, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Selective test results for 2 types of culture medium

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
菌株名称 G值
PDA
培养基		 RBA
培养基
金黄色葡萄球菌CMCC26003 <1 <1
金黄色葡萄球菌CICC21600 <1 <1
蜡样芽胞杆菌CICC21261 <1 <1
无乳链球菌ATCC19615 <1 <1
克罗诺阪崎肠杆菌CICC21546 <1 <1
肺炎克雷伯氏菌CICC10870 <1 <1
单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌CICC21633 <1 <1
单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌ATCC191151 <1 <1
大肠埃希氏菌CICC10389 <1 <1
大肠埃希氏菌ATCC25922 <1 <1
鼠伤寒沙门氏菌CICC21484 <1 <1
肠炎沙门氏菌CMCC50041 <1 <1
副溶血性弧菌CICC21617 <1 <1
福氏志贺氏菌CICC21534 <1 <1
粪大肠杆菌ATCC29212 <1 <1
), ArticleFig(id=1175086598132740198, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433637207924794, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

2种培养基选择性测试结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
菌株名称 G值
PDA
培养基		 RBA
培养基
金黄色葡萄球菌CMCC26003 <1 <1
金黄色葡萄球菌CICC21600 <1 <1
蜡样芽胞杆菌CICC21261 <1 <1
无乳链球菌ATCC19615 <1 <1
克罗诺阪崎肠杆菌CICC21546 <1 <1
肺炎克雷伯氏菌CICC10870 <1 <1
单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌CICC21633 <1 <1
单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌ATCC191151 <1 <1
大肠埃希氏菌CICC10389 <1 <1
大肠埃希氏菌ATCC25922 <1 <1
鼠伤寒沙门氏菌CICC21484 <1 <1
肠炎沙门氏菌CMCC50041 <1 <1
副溶血性弧菌CICC21617 <1 <1
福氏志贺氏菌CICC21534 <1 <1
粪大肠杆菌ATCC29212 <1 <1
), ArticleFig(id=1175086598241792104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433637207924794, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Molds detection results in 210 actual samples using 2 types of culture medium

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
培养基 检出霉菌
/件		 检出率/% 计数结果
<150 CFU/g(mL)/件		 低污染[<150 CFU/g(mL)] 检出率/% 计数结果
>150 CFU/g(mL)/件		 高污染[>150 CFU/g(mL)] 检出率/%
PDA 155 73.8 135 64.3 20 9.5
RBA 134 63.8 107 51.0 27 12.9
), ArticleFig(id=1175086598350844008, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433637207924794, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

2种培养基210件实际样品霉菌检出结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
培养基 检出霉菌
/件		 检出率/% 计数结果
<150 CFU/g(mL)/件		 低污染[<150 CFU/g(mL)] 检出率/% 计数结果
>150 CFU/g(mL)/件		 高污染[>150 CFU/g(mL)] 检出率/%
PDA 155 73.8 135 64.3 20 9.5
RBA 134 63.8 107 51.0 27 12.9
), ArticleFig(id=1175086598480867435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433637207924794, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Analysis results of mold flora in actual samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
培养基 曲霉 青霉 毛霉 其他霉菌
菌株数 相对频率/% 菌株数 相对频率/% 菌株数 相对频率/% 菌株数 相对频率/%
PDA 21 3.2 178 26.9 4 0.6 459 69.3
RBA 25 3.3 162 21.2 20 2.6 557 72.9
), ArticleFig(id=1175086598547976301, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433637207924794, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

实际样品霉菌菌相分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
培养基 曲霉 青霉 毛霉 其他霉菌
菌株数 相对频率/% 菌株数 相对频率/% 菌株数 相对频率/% 菌株数 相对频率/%
PDA 21 3.2 178 26.9 4 0.6 459 69.3
RBA 25 3.3 162 21.2 20 2.6 557 72.9
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马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂与孟加拉红琼脂培养基检测霉菌的效果比较
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陆峥 1 , 张晓嫒 1 , 董葵 1 , 王丽丽 1 , 牟椿頔 2 , 崔霞 1, *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题：食品安全风险评估与风险监测 2025,16(6): 59-65
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题：食品安全风险评估与风险监测 2025, 16(6): 59-65
马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂与孟加拉红琼脂培养基检测霉菌的效果比较
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陆峥1 , 张晓嫒1, 董葵1, 王丽丽1, 牟椿頔2, 崔霞1, *
作者信息
  • 1.北京市疾病预防控制中心/食物中毒诊断溯源技术北京市重点实验室, 北京 100013
  • 2.北京农学院国际学院, 北京 100096

    • 陆峥(1969—), 女, 副主任技师, 主要研究方向为食品微生物检测。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 崔霞(1982—), 女, 副研究员, 主要研究方向为食品微生物。E-mail:
Comparison of the mold counting effects between potato dextrose agar and rose Bengal agar culture medium
Zheng LU1 , Xiao-Ai ZHANG1, Kui DONG1, Li-Li WANG1, Chun-Di MU2, Xia CUI1, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing 100013, China
  • 2. International College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 100096, China
出版时间: 2025-03-25 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240930001
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摘要
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目的 比较马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂与孟加拉红琼脂两种计数培养基的霉菌计数效果。方法 分别使用马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂培养基与孟加拉红琼脂培养基对20株霉菌标准菌株、15株常见食源性致病菌标准菌株进行生长率、特异性及选择性比较, 并应用两种培养基对36件实际食品样品和174件食品接触环境冰箱涂抹样品进行计数效果对比。结果 测试的20种霉菌标准菌株在马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂与孟加拉红琼脂两种培养基的生长率PR值均大于0.7、选择性G值均小于1, 但在马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂培养基上霉菌具有更为典型的菌落形态, 其特异性优于孟加拉红琼脂培养基。在实际样品检测中马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂培养基检出率较高, 与孟加拉红培养基相比差异性显著(χ2=13.551, P=0.001), 特别是在低污染的样品检测中具有较高的检出率(χ2=9.929, P=0.001), 但是对于高污染样品, 使用孟加拉红琼脂培养基更便于计数。结论 使用单一培养基会影响计数结果, 建议在食品样品进行霉菌计数时, 同时应用两种培养基或根据污染程度选择适当的计数培养基。

霉菌  /  孟加拉红琼脂培养基  /  马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂培养基  /  计数检测

Objective To compare the mold counting effects of potato dextrose agar and rose Bengal agar as 2 types of counting culture medium. Methods Growth rate, specificity, and selectivity were compared between potato dextrose agar and rose Bengal agar culture medium using 20 kinds of standard mold strains and 15 kinds of common foodborne pathogen strains. Additionally, the counting effects of both culture medium were assessed using 36 actual food samples and 174 swab samples from food contact environments in refrigerators. Results The growth rate (PR value) of the 20 kinds of mold strains on both potato dextrose agar and rose Bengal agar culture medium was greater than 0.7, and the selectivity (G value) was less than 1. However, molds on potato dextrose agar culture medium exhibited more typical colony morphology, indicating better specificity than rose Bengal agar culture medium. In the detection of actual samples, the detection rate of potato dextrose agar culture medium was relatively high, showing a significant difference compared to rose Bengal agar culture medium (χ2=13.551, P=0.001). It exhibited a particularly higher detection rate in samples with low contamination (χ2=9.929, P=0.001). However, for highly contaminated samples, rose Bengal agar culture medium was more convenient for counting. Conclusion Using a single culture medium can affect counting results. It is recommended to apply 2 types of culture medium or select an appropriate counting medium based on the contamination level when conducting mold counting tests on food samples.

mold  /  rose Bengal agar culture medium  /  potato dextrose agar culture medium  /  counting detection
陆峥, 张晓嫒, 董葵, 王丽丽, 牟椿頔, 崔霞. 马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂与孟加拉红琼脂培养基检测霉菌的效果比较. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (6) : 59 -65 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240930001
Zheng LU, Xiao-Ai ZHANG, Kui DONG, Li-Li WANG, Chun-Di MU, Xia CUI. Comparison of the mold counting effects between potato dextrose agar and rose Bengal agar culture medium[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (6) : 59 -65 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240930001
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0 引言
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霉菌不是分类学的名词, 是形成分枝菌丝真菌的统称, 在分类上属于真菌门的各个亚门, 在自然界中广泛存在。在酿造、工业发酵、抗生素和酶制剂中广泛应用, 但同时也是水果、坚果、粮食及其制品等食品发霉变质的主要原因[1-3]。目前我国已针对易受霉菌污染的糕点、果酱, 坚果、乳与乳制品、熟制米面制品[4-7]等制定了较为严格的限量标准, 一般允许范围在10~150 CFU/g之间, 因此一种灵敏性、特异性、选择性好的计数培养基不仅对于霉菌计数检测中具有重要意义, 同时也是判定一种食品产品合格与否的关键[8-10]。
目前可参考的食品中霉菌检测标准有美国BAM Chapter 18-2001、澳大利亚AS 5013.29—2009、国际标准化组织ISO 21527—2008, 在这些标准中多以氯硝胺玫瑰红氯霉素琼脂(改良孟加拉红培养基)作为计数培养基, 而我国GB 4789.15—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品微生物学检验 霉菌和酵母计数》则以孟加拉红琼脂(rose Bengal agar, RBA)培养基和葡萄糖马铃薯琼脂(potato dextrose agar, PDA)培养基作为食品中霉菌计数的推荐培养基, 却未给出明确推荐或各自的适用性, 为此本研究对2种培养基进行霉菌生长率、特异性、选择性以及在食品样品霉菌计数应用方面进行了系统对比分析。由于霉菌种类繁多, 食品基质复杂、在实验室计数检测和实验室比对中发现[11-13], 任何一种单一的培养基的使用都不能适合所有霉菌的生长, 可能出现计数结果不准确甚至漏检的问题, 增加食品限量要求的误判风险, 从而增加了由霉菌超标食品引起食源性疾患的发生风险。
鉴于此, 本研究使用RBA和PDA两种培养基对20株霉菌的标准菌株、15株其他食源性致病菌的标准菌株、36件食品样品以及174件食品接触环境(冰箱)涂抹样品进行计数效果对比试验, 以此了解2种霉菌计数培养基特点及其适用情况, 以提高计数准确性, 减少判读误差, 同时为今后相关标准的改进提出建议。
1 材料与方法
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1.1 试验菌株
霉菌标准菌株20株, 分别为杂色曲霉CICC2474、赭曲霉CICC24718、黑曲霉CICC2487、黄曲霉CICC2219及BNCC336156、杂色曲霉CICC2474、炭黑曲霉CICC41254、寄生曲霉CICC41386、构巢曲霉CICC2438、岛青霉CICC4034、桔青霉CICC2478、毒青霉CICC4036、鲜绿青霉CICC4029、金灰青霉CICC4026、产黄青霉BNCC336234、串珠镰孢CICC2490、禾谷镰刀菌BNCC113713、串珠镰刀菌BNCC186247、互隔铰链孢霉CICC123548、哈茨木霉CICC41290。常见食源性致病细菌标准菌株15株, 分别为蜡样芽胞杆菌CICC21261、金黄色葡萄球菌CMCC26003及CICC21600、无乳链球菌ATCC19615、克罗诺阪崎肠杆菌CICC21546、肺炎克雷伯氏菌CICC10870、单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌CICC21633及ATCC19115、大肠埃希氏菌CICC10389及ATCC25922、鼠伤寒沙门氏菌CICC21484、肠炎沙门氏菌CMCC50041、副溶血性弧菌CICC21617、福氏志贺氏菌CICC21534、粪大肠杆菌ATCC29212, 以上菌株来源于中国工业微生物菌种保藏中心、美国模式培养物研究所、中国微生物菌种保藏中心和中国医学细菌菌种保藏管理中心, 所有试验菌株均为有证标准物质。
1.2 样品来源
2024年北京市售散装食品36件, 包括糕点8件、坚果5件、蜜饯果干6件、乳与乳制品6件、米面制品6件, 鲜切水果5件。北京西城区家用冰箱涂抹样品174件。
1.3 培养基和试剂
RBA、PDA、沙氏葡萄糖琼脂(sabouraud dextrose agar, SDA)、沙氏葡萄糖肉汤(sabouraud’s dextrose broth, SDB)、脑心浸液琼脂(brain heart infusion agar, BHIA)、脑心浸液肉汤(brain heart infusion broth, BHI)等培养基(北京陆桥技术股份有限公司); 乳酸酚棉蓝染液(南京森贝伽生物科技有限公司)。
1.4 仪器设备
ECLIPSE Ci连续变倍体视显微镜(日本Nikon公司); Microflex LT飞行时间质谱仪(德国Bruker公司); VITEK浊度仪(法国BioMerieux公司); 实验用Milli-Q去离子水系统(美国Millipore公司); MSC-ADRANTAGE生物安全柜(美国Thermal公司); KBF240霉菌培养箱(德国Binder公司)。
1.5 生长率测试
根据GB 4789.28—2024《食品安全国家标准 食品微生物学检验 培养基和试剂质量要求》, 将20株霉菌标准菌株, 经SDA平板纯培养后, 转种SDB肉汤中, 28 ℃培养24~72 h, 将肉汤制成0.5个麦氏浊度菌悬液, 进行10倍梯度稀释, 选择10-5、10-6、10-7、10-8和10-9 5个稀释度菌液, 每个稀释度吸取1 mL加入平皿, 分别倾入RBA、PDA及SDA培养基摇匀, 28 ℃培养3~5 d后选择稀释度适宜(10~150 CFU/皿)的平板进行计数, 计算每个稀释度的菌悬液在2种培养基上的菌落数与SDA培养基上菌落数的比值(PR值), 即为霉菌的生长率[9], PR>0.7判定培养基具有良好生长率。
1.6 特异性测试
根据GB 4789.28—2024, 将20株霉菌标准菌株, 经SDA平板纯培养后, 分别分离RBA平板和PDA平板, 28 ℃培养24~72 h; 同时将15种常见食源性致病菌标准菌株经BHIA平板纯培养后, 分别分离RBA平板和PDA平板, 28 ℃培养3~5 d, 观察各菌株在2种平板的生长情况, 比较2种培养基对测试菌株的特异性。
1.7 选择性测试
根据GB4 789.28—2024非目标菌选择性半定量测试法, 将金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希氏菌等15株常见食源性致病菌标准菌株经BHIA平板纯培养后, 转种BHI肉汤中, 30 ℃培养18 h, 将肉汤制成0.5个麦氏浊度菌悬液, 用10 μL接种环分别取一环菌悬液6段线法划线分离RBA平板和PDA平板, 每条线生长稠密的计为1, 一半生长的计0.5, 最高G值为6, 生长量小于线的一半的计为0, 通过计算生长指数G值, 来测试2种培养基的选择性, G<1判定培养基具有良好选择性。
1.8 样品检测
36件市售散装食品样品依照GB 4789.15—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品微生物学检验 霉菌和酵母计数》第一法平板计数法进行检测, 174件家用冰箱涂抹样品参照GB 14934—2016《食品安全国家标准 消毒餐饮具》棉拭子涂抹法进行检测。食品样品称取25 g于225 g磷酸盐缓冲液中均质, 涂抹棉拭子置于10 mL磷酸盐缓冲液中振荡混匀, 分别制成1:10 (V:V)稀释液, 选择2~3个适宜的稀释度, 每个稀释度吸取1 mL加入平皿, 分别倾入温度适宜的RBA培养基和PDA培养基摇匀, 28 ℃正置培养3~5 d后计数, 并挑取霉菌菌落进行鉴定。
1.9 菌株鉴定
观察2种培养基上的菌落形态、并挑取2种培养基上霉菌菌落进行乳酸苯酚涂片镜检[14-18], 挑取新鲜的霉菌菌丝进行飞行质谱鉴定[19-23], 部分通过形态学和质谱难以鉴定的霉菌菌株进行基因测序[24-25]。
1.10 数据处理
采用SPSS 21.0对检测结果进行统计学分析。
2 结果与分析
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2.1 生长率测试
20株霉菌标准菌株在PDA培养基和RBA培养基上生长率(PR值)如表1, 除卷枝毛霉和哈茨木霉, 由于其生长迅速、菌丝生长旺盛, 蔓延生长, 造成参比培养基SDA无法计数, 从而无法计算PR值外, 其他18种霉菌生长率PR值均大于0.7, 依据GB 4789.28—2024对于选择性计数培养基PR>0.7的评定规定, 2种培养基均具有良好的生长率。
2.2 培养基特异性
20株霉菌标准菌株, 在PDA与RBA两种培养基上均可见霉菌菌落形态, 15株非霉菌的常见食源性致病菌标准菌株均未生长, 可以与霉菌有效区分, 特异性较好。但PDA上20株霉菌标准菌株无论菌丝和孢子均可见较为典型的霉菌菌落形态, 且生长较RBA迅速, 不但缩短培养时间还利于后续的菌相分析及鉴定试验。与RBA相比, PDA在培养基的特异性上具有优势, 便于后续的霉菌鉴定。与PDA相比, 多数霉菌标准菌株在RBA培养基上均生长局限且菌丝和孢子特征不典型, 虽不利于后续的鉴定, 但并不影响霉菌的计数, 特别是对于污染严重或有一些例如毛霉、木霉以及一些生长迅速, 菌丝及孢子丰富、蔓延生长的霉菌存在时, RBA培养基由于其含有孟加拉红成分使得霉菌局限生长, 避免了霉菌成片或满平皿生长, 反而较PDA更易于得到更为准确的计数结果。见表2。
2.3 培养基选择性
15株细菌标准菌株在PDA培养基与RBA培养基上均为G<1, 选择性均为100%, 由于2种培养基均加入了抗菌素氯霉素作为抑菌剂, 可以有效的抑制食品中常见食源性致病菌的生长, 实验结果表明PDA培养基和RBA培养基均具有很好的选择性, 结果见表3。
2.4 食品样品的检出结果
用2种培养基对36件食品样品及174件食品接触环境(冰箱)涂抹样品共计210件进行检测。PDA培养基155件检出霉菌, 检出率为73.8%, RBA培养基134件检出霉菌, 检出率为63.8%, 采用2×2配对χ2检验进行分析, χ2=13.551, P=0.001, 小于显著水平0.05, 差异显著, 表明RBA与PDA两种培养基的检测效果有显著差异。参照糕点、果酱, 坚果、乳与乳制品、熟制米面制品等国家霉菌限量标准50~150 CFU/g, 将计数结果分为低污染(<150 CFU/g)、高污染(>150 CFU/g), PDA培养基210件实际样品霉菌计数结果低污染135件, 低污染检出率为64.3%, 高污染20件, 高污染检出率为9.5%; 而RBA培养基低污染107件, 低污染检出率为51.0%, 高污染27件, 高污染检出率为12.9%。χ2检验结果表明PDA和RBA两种培养基高污染检出率无显著差异(χ2=0.834, P=0.240), PDA培养基的低污染检出率显著高于RBA培养基(χ2=9.929, P=0.001)。提示PDA具有更高的检出率, 且更加适合低污染样品的计数检测, 但由于食品样品基质及背景菌复杂, 在含有类似毛霉、木霉, 甚至是部分曲霉存在时, 由于这些霉菌在PDA上生长迅速、菌丝生长旺盛, 蔓延生长, 从而计数困难, 而RBA培养基虽然在检出率不及PDA, 却由于其特殊的成分孟加拉红既可以作为选择性抑菌剂, 还可以使霉菌局限生长, 可以避免菌落漫延从而掩蔽其他霉菌的生长与计数, 因此在高污染背景的实际样品霉菌检测中RBA培养基具有优势, 另外即使平皿正面霉菌生长出现融合, 由于RBA培养基背面易形成红色等颜色反应, 从而更利于霉菌计数。结果见表4。
将2种培养基检出的霉菌通过形态学、飞行时间质谱、部分菌株进行基因测序进行鉴定及菌相分析。结果如表5所示, PDA培养基检出21株曲霉、178株青霉、4株毛霉、其他霉菌459株; RBA培养基检出25株曲霉、162株青霉、20株毛霉、其他霉菌557株。采用χ2检验对2种培养基上各类霉菌检测相对频率进行差异分析, 检验结果显示在PDA和RBA培养基上曲霉(χ2=0.036, P=0.486)和其他霉菌(χ2=2.207, P=0.078)相对频率无显著差异, 青霉(χ2=6.311, P=0.007)及毛霉(χ2=8.691, P=0.002)相对频率差异显著, 提示PDA培养基对于青霉这一类生长较为缓慢, 生长局限的霉菌相比RBA培养基具有更好的检出结果, 但对于毛霉这一类蔓延生长、菌丝特别丰富的霉菌采用PDA培养基易造成叠加生长、边界不清、难以计数的问题, 相较PDA培养基RBA培养基则具有更好计数效果。
3 结论
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霉菌是食品常见的卫生质量与安全性评价的指标菌, 我国目前已有糕点、果酱、坚果、乳与乳制品、熟制米面制品等多个霉菌限量标准, 因此计数培养基已成为食品中霉菌监测及判断食品卫生质量、与产品是否合格的关键。目前PDA培养基与RBA培养基作为GB 4789.16—2016以及《2024年北京市食品微生物及其致病因子监测工作手册》中霉菌计数检测中的指定培养基, 本研究通过实验表明PDA培养基与RBA培养基在生长率与选择性上无较大差异, 在培养基的特异性以及实际样品检出率上, 特别是低污染情况下PDA培养基与RBA培养基相比具有优势。在高污染的实际样品以及具有蔓延生长的霉菌存在时, RBA培养基较PDA培养基更易于得到更为准确的计数结果。
产毒霉菌在一定条件下可产生真菌毒素, 真菌毒素是一类真菌次生代谢产物, 多种真菌毒素已被证实具有致癌、致畸、致突变的危害[26-30], 因此相比细菌菌落总数限量要求, 霉菌限量要求更为严格, 以GB 7099—2003《食品安全国家标准 糕点、面包卫生标准》和GB 19640—2016《食品安全国家标准 冲调谷物制品》为例, 细菌总数限量均为小于1×104 CFU/g, 而霉菌限量则分别为150 CFU/g和50 CFU/g, 因此对于霉菌计数培养基的选择尤为重要, 培养基的选择是否适宜, 会直接影响计数结果, 从而影响对食品卫生质量及合格与否的判定, 但无论是PDA培养基还是RBA培养基都无法适用于所有霉菌的计数培养, 因此建议在食品霉菌计数方法或标准中对于培养基的选择上给出明确推荐, 对霉菌污染程度较高, 菌丝丰富且生长迅速的样品进行霉菌计数时, 建议使用RBA培养基, 可局限霉菌的生长, 有利于计数。如样品污染程度较低, 且在计数后需要进行后续霉菌鉴定及菌相研究时建议使用PDA培养基。另外任何一种单一培养基的使用都有可能造成霉菌漏检, 造成计数结果不准确, 因此建议对于易受多种霉菌污染的食品在进行霉菌计数检测时, 参照GB 4789.35—2023《食品安全国家标准 食品微生物学检验 乳酸菌检验》和GB 4789.15—2016可以联合使用PDA与RBA两种培养基, 选择相同稀释度下菌落数最接近10~150 CFU的平板进行计数, 以降低培养基对计数结果的影响。
基金
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  • 科技部“食品安全关键技术研发”重点专项(2017FYC1601400)
文献
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240930001
  • 接收时间：2024-09-30
  • 首发时间：2025-07-19
  • 出版时间：2025-03-25
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  • 收稿日期：2024-09-30
基金
科技部“食品安全关键技术研发”重点专项(2017FYC1601400)
作者信息
    1.北京市疾病预防控制中心/食物中毒诊断溯源技术北京市重点实验室, 北京 100013
    2.北京农学院国际学院, 北京 100096

通讯作者:

* 崔霞(1982—), 女, 副研究员, 主要研究方向为食品微生物。E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/spaq/CN/10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240930001
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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