Article(id=1153986583637250908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986579971429187, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240929001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1727539200000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-29, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753061441573, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1740412800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753061441573, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753061441573, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753061441573, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153986579971429187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='320', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753061440699, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1758783495950, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1177986619249406427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986579971429187, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1177986619249406428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986579971429187, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=104, endPage=112, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153986584278979433, articleId=1153986583637250908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Effects of combined treatment of stir-frying and ultramicro grinding on quality of Crataegus pinnatifida kernel, columnId=1153986583259767470, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Food Quality Analysis and Evaluation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To explore the effect of stir-frying and ultramicro grinding on the quality of Crataegus pinnatifida kernel. Methods The Crataegus pinnatifida kernels produced and processed by the enterprise were used as the test materials, and the Crataegus pinnatifida kernels were treated by ordinary grinding, frying-ordinary grinding and frying-ultrafine grinding combined treatment technology, and the physical properties of surface color, surface structure, water-holding capacity, oil-holding capacity, and the changes of oxidation resistance and flavonoid release were determined. Results The Crataegus pinnatifida kernel powder treated by frying and ultrafine grinding had an increased binding capacity to water, a solubility of 35.63%, an expansion force of 3.71 mL/g, and an oil-holding capacity of 2.61 g/g. The angle of repose and slip angle were reduced to 37.12° and 43.63°, respectively. The flavonoid release rate of Crataegus pinnatifida kernel powder increased from 60.47% to 71.48%, and the oxidant resistance increased by nearly 20%, which was manifested by a increase in the scavenging rates of 2,2-diazine-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) cationic radical, 1,1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals and hydroxyl radicals. Conclusion Therefore, the combined treatment technology of frying and ultrafine grinding is a feasible processing method for Crataegus pinnatifida kernel powder. This technology can effectively improve the physicochemical properties of Crataegus pinnatifida kernel powder and increase the total flavonoid release rate. The results of this study are helpful to enhance the market value of Crataegus pinnatifida nuclear powder and promote the sustainable development of Crataegus pinnatifida industry.

, correspAuthors=Chen WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jue-Ying WANG, Wei-Ting SHAN, Xiao LI, YAN-Qiu HAN, Chen WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1153986612267569552, articleId=1153986583637250908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=炒制-超微粉碎联合处理对山楂核品质的影响, columnId=1153986583435928240, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=本期专题:食品品质分析与评价, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 探究炒制-超微粉碎联合处理对山楂核品质的影响。方法 以企业生产加工的废弃物山楂核为实验材料, 采用普通磨粉、炒制-普通磨粉和炒制-超微粉碎联合处理技术处理山楂核, 测定表面色泽、表面结构、持水力、持油性等物理特性及其抗氧化性和黄酮释放量的变化。结果 经炒制-超微粉碎处理的山楂核粉, 对水的束缚能力增大, 溶解性增大为35.63%, 膨胀力增大为3.71mL/g, 持油力增大为2.61 g/g。休止角及滑角都减小, 分别为37.12°和43.63°。山楂核粉的黄酮释放率由60.47%提高至71.48%, 抗氧化性提高了近20%, 表现为2,2-联氮-二(3-乙基-苯并噻唑-6-磺酸)二铵盐[2,2-diazine-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt, ABTS]阳离子自由基、1,1-联苯基-1-苦基肼基(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, DPPH)自由基和羟自由基清除率提高。结论 炒制-超微粉碎联合处理技术是一种切实可行的山楂核粉加工方法。该技术能够有效改善山楂核粉的理化特性, 提高总黄酮释放率。研究结果有助于提升山楂核粉的市场价值, 促进山楂产业的可持续发展。

, correspAuthors=王琛, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 王琛(1979—), 女, 博士, 研究员, 主要研究方向为农产品贮藏与加工。E-mail:
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王珏莹(2000—), 女, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为果蔬采后贮藏与品质控制。E-mail:

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注: 不同小写字母表示组间具有显著性差异, P<0.05, 图3~5同。

, figureFileSmall=+FuLJtzvmQnVGXzPzIroDQ==, figureFileBig=GZKnwXze+Xd8iaO9TbiECA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1178002236237033575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986583637250908, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effects of different treatments on the surface structure of Crataegus pinnatifida kernel powder, figureFileSmall=VL9FtcK0VC9N6bjo4NvDAw==, figureFileBig=VmdMzFvY2YDjkdi+CxlGSA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1178002236304142440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986583637250908, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同处理对山楂核粉表面结构的影响, figureFileSmall=VL9FtcK0VC9N6bjo4NvDAw==, figureFileBig=VmdMzFvY2YDjkdi+CxlGSA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1178002236383834217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986583637250908, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effects of different treatments on the physical properties of Crataegus pinnatifida kernel powder, figureFileSmall=B8RQvA59SETqhpw9c7TdaA==, figureFileBig=VJY/vfi2ZwrKRWh4sfVh7Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1178002236450943082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986583637250908, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同处理对山楂核粉物理特性的影响, figureFileSmall=B8RQvA59SETqhpw9c7TdaA==, figureFileBig=VJY/vfi2ZwrKRWh4sfVh7Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1178002236539023467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986583637250908, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effects of different treatments on the rheological properties of Crataegus pinnatifida kernel powder, figureFileSmall=X4ap6wSPUpiNgsGINfXupQ==, figureFileBig=XSofi9P4PF3cH2sqeMOimQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1178002236597743724, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986583637250908, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同处理对山楂核粉流变学特性的影响, figureFileSmall=X4ap6wSPUpiNgsGINfXupQ==, figureFileBig=XSofi9P4PF3cH2sqeMOimQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1178002236660658285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986583637250908, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Effects of different treatments on the antioxidant properties and flavonoid release of Crataegus pinnatifida kernel powder, figureFileSmall=UmOTD98F+qEo37h2Ln/izQ==, figureFileBig=cAyxd14Fdw0TQogyXV02Jw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1178002236723572846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986583637250908, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同处理对山楂核粉抗氧化性和黄酮释放量的影响

注: 不同小写字母表示不同处理组具有显著性, 不同大写字母表示同一组间具有显著性, P<0.05。

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炒制-超微粉碎联合处理对山楂核品质的影响
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王珏莹 1, 2 , 单维婷 1, 2 , 李潇 1 , 韩艳秋 1 , 王琛 1, 2, *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:食品品质分析与评价 2025,16(4): 104-112
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:食品品质分析与评价 2025, 16(4): 104-112
炒制-超微粉碎联合处理对山楂核品质的影响
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王珏莹1, 2 , 单维婷1, 2, 李潇1, 韩艳秋1, 王琛1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1.辽宁省农业科学院食品与加工研究所, 沈阳 110866
  • 2.沈阳农业大学食品学院, 沈阳 110866
  • 王珏莹(2000—), 女, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为果蔬采后贮藏与品质控制。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 王琛(1979—), 女, 博士, 研究员, 主要研究方向为农产品贮藏与加工。E-mail:
Effects of combined treatment of stir-frying and ultramicro grinding on quality of Crataegus pinnatifida kernel
Jue-Ying WANG1, 2 , Wei-Ting SHAN1, 2, Xiao LI1, YAN-Qiu HAN1, Chen WANG1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Institute of Food and Processing, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang 110866, China
  • 2. Department of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
出版时间: 2025-02-25 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240929001
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目的 探究炒制-超微粉碎联合处理对山楂核品质的影响。方法 以企业生产加工的废弃物山楂核为实验材料, 采用普通磨粉、炒制-普通磨粉和炒制-超微粉碎联合处理技术处理山楂核, 测定表面色泽、表面结构、持水力、持油性等物理特性及其抗氧化性和黄酮释放量的变化。结果 经炒制-超微粉碎处理的山楂核粉, 对水的束缚能力增大, 溶解性增大为35.63%, 膨胀力增大为3.71mL/g, 持油力增大为2.61 g/g。休止角及滑角都减小, 分别为37.12°和43.63°。山楂核粉的黄酮释放率由60.47%提高至71.48%, 抗氧化性提高了近20%, 表现为2,2-联氮-二(3-乙基-苯并噻唑-6-磺酸)二铵盐[2,2-diazine-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt, ABTS]阳离子自由基、1,1-联苯基-1-苦基肼基(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, DPPH)自由基和羟自由基清除率提高。结论 炒制-超微粉碎联合处理技术是一种切实可行的山楂核粉加工方法。该技术能够有效改善山楂核粉的理化特性, 提高总黄酮释放率。研究结果有助于提升山楂核粉的市场价值, 促进山楂产业的可持续发展。

山楂核  /  炒制-超微粉碎  /  粉粒结构  /  抗氧化活性  /  黄酮释放量

Objective To explore the effect of stir-frying and ultramicro grinding on the quality of Crataegus pinnatifida kernel. Methods The Crataegus pinnatifida kernels produced and processed by the enterprise were used as the test materials, and the Crataegus pinnatifida kernels were treated by ordinary grinding, frying-ordinary grinding and frying-ultrafine grinding combined treatment technology, and the physical properties of surface color, surface structure, water-holding capacity, oil-holding capacity, and the changes of oxidation resistance and flavonoid release were determined. Results The Crataegus pinnatifida kernel powder treated by frying and ultrafine grinding had an increased binding capacity to water, a solubility of 35.63%, an expansion force of 3.71 mL/g, and an oil-holding capacity of 2.61 g/g. The angle of repose and slip angle were reduced to 37.12° and 43.63°, respectively. The flavonoid release rate of Crataegus pinnatifida kernel powder increased from 60.47% to 71.48%, and the oxidant resistance increased by nearly 20%, which was manifested by a increase in the scavenging rates of 2,2-diazine-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) cationic radical, 1,1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals and hydroxyl radicals. Conclusion Therefore, the combined treatment technology of frying and ultrafine grinding is a feasible processing method for Crataegus pinnatifida kernel powder. This technology can effectively improve the physicochemical properties of Crataegus pinnatifida kernel powder and increase the total flavonoid release rate. The results of this study are helpful to enhance the market value of Crataegus pinnatifida nuclear powder and promote the sustainable development of Crataegus pinnatifida industry.

Crataegus pinnatifida kernel  /  stir-frying and ultramicro grinding  /  silty texture  /  antioxidant activity  /  amount of flavonoids released
王珏莹, 单维婷, 李潇, 韩艳秋, 王琛. 炒制-超微粉碎联合处理对山楂核品质的影响. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (4) : 104 -112 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240929001
Jue-Ying WANG, Wei-Ting SHAN, Xiao LI, YAN-Qiu HAN, Chen WANG. Effects of combined treatment of stir-frying and ultramicro grinding on quality of Crataegus pinnatifida kernel[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (4) : 104 -112 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240929001
山楂核, 是蔷薇科山楂(Crataegus pinnatifida Bunge)的种子, 质地坚硬、不易粉碎[1]。山楂核的外观为黄棕色, 背面拱起呈弧形, 是山楂果实在加工过程中的副产品[2]。山楂作为一种传统的药食兼用食品原料, 其核通常在食品加工中被去除并视为废弃物[3]。近年来的研究发现, 山楂核含有多种生物活性成分, 如黄酮类、木脂素类、苯丙素类等, 具有抗氧化、保护心血管、抗炎、促进消化的功能[4], 对促进人类健康具有积极作用, 特别是在预防慢性疾病如心血管疾病和某些类型的癌症[5]。尽管山楂核具有多种益处, 但其坚硬的质地使得传统粉碎方法难以将其充分细化, 导致有效成分的溶出率低, 这限制了其在食品和医药领域的应用, 并造成了资源的浪费[6]。在产业中, 山楂核通常用于生产低附加值的动物饲料或肥料, 这不利于产业链的延伸和价值的提升。为了解决这一问题, 需要开发新的加工技术, 提高山楂核的利用效率和经济价值。
黄酮类化合物是植物果核(籽)的重要营养成分[7], 主要包括黄酮、黄酮醇、黄酮醇、黄酮、异黄酮、异黄酮和查尔酮, 共同决定了产品的品质与功能[8]。超微粉碎技术通过细胞破壁效果, 使粉体粒径分布均匀和比表面积增加, 进而提高吸附性和溶解性, 实现有效成分的充分溶出和有效利用[9]。寇福兵等[10]发现超微粉碎技术提高了红花中有效营养成分的溶出能力和粉体利用率, 使黄酮与提取溶剂的接触更充分, 促进了黄酮的释放和溶出。炒制是中药常用的技术手段, 其处理对改善药物的药性、增强疗效有很好的帮助[11]。山楂核炒制后, 可以降低有机酸含量, 减少对胃肠的刺激作用, 同时黄酮、磷脂和微量元素等功效成分液会发生变化, 从而改变了山楂核的药理作用和临床疗效。研究发现酸枣仁经过炒制后, 大多数样品中的黄酮类、皂苷类及脂肪酸类成分的含量均有所增加[12]。所以, 炒制与超微粉联合处理山楂核可能比传统的机械处理更有利于功能性成分的溶出, 并提高山楂核粉的细化程度[13]
为了获得高价值的山楂核粉, 在提高山楂核粉中总黄酮释放率的前提下, 本研究按采用普通磨粉、炒制-普通磨粉和炒制-超微粉碎联合处理技术处理山楂核, 通过比较各处理后山楂核粉粉粒结构、表面色泽、物化特征及抗氧化活性的变化, 确定炒制-超微粉碎联合处理对山楂核粉中总黄酮代谢物种类的贡献与作用, 进而提高山楂核粉的功能性, 为山楂核的高值化利用提供科学依据和技术支持, 减少资源浪费, 促进山楂核产业的可持续发展。
实验所用山楂核均来自于沈阳市山山伟业食品有限公司, 是企业生产加工的废弃物。挑选颗粒饱满、大小一致、色泽均匀、光滑无异物的山楂核作为实验材料。
甲酸、甲醇、乙腈(色谱纯, 天津科密化学试剂有限公司); 芦丁标准品(纯度99%, 中国药品生物制品鉴定所); 无水乙醇、亚硝酸钠、硝酸铝、氢氧化钠、硫酸亚铁、过硫酸钾(分析纯, 国药集团化学试剂有限公司); 2,2-联氮-二(3-乙基-苯并噻唑-6-磺酸)二铵盐[2,2-diazine- bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt, ABTS]、1,1-联苯基-1-苦基肼基(1,1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl, DPPH)(纯度99.9%, 上海麦克林生化科技有限公司); 维生素C(纯度99%, 上海麦克林生化科技有限公司) 。
FW100型高速万能粉碎机(中国江苏江阴市正则机械有限公司); SF180高速万能粉碎机粉碎(中国江苏江阴市杰顺机械有限公司); XULANG 130 ℃多功能炒货机(中国广东东莞市麦席森电子有限公司); KJYC超微粉碎振动磨(中国江苏恒迈干燥科技有限公司); H-16台式高速离心机(长沙湘仪离心机仪器有限公司); CR-221色差仪(日本Chromameter公司); LA-920型激光粒度仪(德国Eppendorf有限公司); IGMA扫描电子显微镜(美国Biosystems有限公司); BSA-224电子天平(精度0.01 mg, 上海精科天平有限公司); HH-6恒温水浴锅(常州国华仪器厂); TU-1810紫外分光光度计(北京善析通用有限公司); KD-810B酶标仪[科迪云享生物科技(南京)有限公司]; QL-901旋转蒸发器(江苏省海门市麒麟医用仪器厂)。
将山楂核清洗干净, 恒温50 ℃干燥2 h, 冷却待用。分别称取500 g山楂核, 分成3组, 其中一组用高速万能粉碎机粉碎7 min, 至60目筛, 得到普通核粉(SP); 另两组先在130 ℃多功能炒货机中烘炒7 min, 其中一组用高速万能粉碎机粉碎7 min, 至60目筛, 得到炒制粗粉(SCP), 另一组再用超微粉碎振动磨粉碎7 min, 至200目, 得到炒制超微粉(SCC)。
参考杨智超等[14]的方法, 取适量山楂核粉置于无色透明自封袋中, 使用色差仪进行测定。色差测定以白板为标准, 测定各试样的亮度L*、红绿色a*和黄蓝色b*, 按公式(1)计算色差值(ΔE)。
$\Delta E=\sqrt{\left(L^{*}-L_{0}^{*}\right)^{2}+\left(a^{*}-a_{0}^{*}\right)^{2}+\left(b^{*}-b_{0}^{*}\right)^{2}}$
式中, L0*为白板的亮度, a0*为白板的红绿色, b0*为白板的黄蓝色。
参考KWAW等[15]的方法, 采用激光粒度仪测量山楂核粉的粒径及分布。采用导电胶将山楂核粉样品固定样品载体片上, 利用离子溅射镀膜仪喷金, 再用扫描电子显微镜对样品进行30、500、2000以及8000倍的表观形态观察, 得到样品的粉体分布情况。
参考江润生等[16]的方法, 准确称量山楂核粉0.5 g, 置于50 mL离心管称重, 加入50 mL的蒸馏水, 摇晃均匀, 再将混合溶液于6000 r/min的速度离心15 min, 去除上清液重新称重。按公式(2)计算持水力。
$\text { 持水力 } /(\mathrm{g} / \mathrm{g})=\frac{M_{2}-M_{1}}{M}$
式中, M为试样的重量, g; M1为试样与离心管的总质量, g; M2为试样在离心后倒出上清液时沉淀和离心管的总质量, g。
参考MAGNI等[17]的方法, 稍作改动, 准确称取1g山楂核粉于50 mL离心管中, 加入20 mL大豆油搅拌均匀, 然后在37℃的恒温水中静置1 h。6000 r/min离心15 min, 除去油层, 分别称量。按公式(3)计算持油力。
$\text { 持油力 } /(\mathrm{g} / \mathrm{g})=\frac{M_{5}-M_{4}}{M_{3}}$
式中, M3为试样质量, g; M4为试样和离心管质量, g; M5为离心后除去油层时沉淀和离心管的重量, g。
参考刘荣等[18]的方法, 稍作改动, 准确称量0.5 g山楂核粉溶于50 mL蒸馏水中, 于80 ℃水浴振荡30 min。6000 r/min离心15 min, 将样品放在105 ℃下烘干称至恒重, 称重。按公式(4)计算溶解性。
$\text { 溶解性 } / \%=\frac{M_{7}}{M_{6}} \times 100 \%$
式中, M6为粉体的质量, g; M7为离心烘干后粉体的质量, g。
参考NAN等[19]的方法, 稍作改动。准确称量0.5 g山楂核粉, 加入10 mL蒸馏水于量筒中, 记录山楂核超微粉的体积V1; 搅拌均匀静置12 h, 记录样品体积V2。按列公式(5)计算膨胀力。
$\text { 膨胀力 } /(\mathrm{mL} / \mathrm{g})=\frac{V_{2}-V_{1}}{M_{8}}$
式中, M8为试样的质量, g; V1为试样前体积, mL; V2为试样静置后体积, mL。
参考江润生等[20]的方法, 准确称取3 g山楂核粉经离桌面3 cm的漏斗流入到玻璃板上, 形成一个圆锥体, 测定圆锥体高度h和底面圆形半径r, 通过反正切函数即可求出休止角α, α=arctan h/r
参考CIRLINI等[21]的方法, 准确称取10 g的山楂核粉, 平均分布在玻璃板上, 将玻璃板缓慢倾斜至90%左右(体积)山楂核粉均发生移动, 测量此时玻璃板与水平面的角度θ, 即滑角。
参考李状等[22]的方法, 稍作改动。准确称取50 mg山楂核粉, 加入10 mL无水乙醇充分溶解, 作为样品溶液, 再分别稀释为0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8和1.0 mg/mL质量浓度的样品溶液。配制DPPH标准溶液, 质量浓度为40.4 mg/L。取2 mL DPPH标准溶液, 与等体积样品溶液充分混合, 测定其在517 nm处吸光度值A1; 用蒸馏水代替DPPH标准溶液测定其吸光度值A2; 用蒸馏水代替样品溶液测定吸光度值A0。以维生素C (vitamin C, VC)为阳性对照, 按公式(6)计算DPPH自由基的清除率。
$\text { DPPH自由基清除率/(} \%=\left[1-\frac{A_{1}-A_{2}}{A_{0}}\right] \times 100 \%$
参考孙小晶等[23]的方法, 稍作改动。按1.10的方法配制不同稀释度的样品溶液, 同时配制7 mmol/L ABTS标准溶液, 内含2.45 mmol/L过硫酸钾。取200 μL样品溶液, 与5 mL ABTS标准液混合均匀, 室温静置6~8 min, 测其在734 nm处的吸光度值A3; 用蒸馏水代替ABTS标准溶液测定吸光度值A4; 用蒸馏水代替样品溶液测定吸光度值A0。用VC作为阳性对照, 根按公式(7)计算ABTS阳离子自由基的清除率。
$\mathrm{ABTS} \text { 阳离子自由基清除率/(} \%=\left[1-\frac{A_{3}-A_{4}}{A_{0}}\right] \times 100 \%$
参考OUATTARA等[24]的方法, 稍作改动。按1.10的方法配制不同稀释度的样品溶液, 同时配制9 mmol/L水杨酸-乙醇标准溶液。取0.5 mL水杨酸-乙醇标准溶液, 依次加入0.5 mL样品溶液、0.5 mL 9 mmol/L硫酸亚铁溶液和4.5 mL 8.8 mmol/L H2O2溶液, 混合均匀, 37 ℃水浴30 min, 4500 r/min离心10 min, 取上清液, 打入96孔酶标板, 使用酶标仪测定其在510nm处的吸光值A5; 用蒸馏水代替硫酸亚铁溶液测定吸光值A6; 用蒸馏水代替样品溶液测定吸光值A0。以VC为阳性对照, 按公式(8)计算羟自由基清除率。
$\text { 羟自由基清除率 } / \%=\left[1-\frac{A_{5}-A_{6}}{A_{0}}\right] \times 100 \%$
参考厉盈颖等[25]的方法, 略有修改。准确称取5 g山楂核粉, 加入75%无水乙醇150 mL搅拌均匀, 超声振荡30 min, 于6000 r/min离心20 min, 取上清液, 旋转蒸发浓缩, 得山楂核粉提取液。取1 mL山楂核粉提取液, 加5 mL蒸馏水, 测定其在510 nm处的吸光值。按照公式(9)计算山楂总黄酮释放率。
$\text { 总黄酮释放量 } /(\mathrm{mg} / \mathrm{g})=\frac{C \times N \times V}{W}$
式中, C为山楂核粉总黄酮质量浓度, mg/mL; N为稀释倍数; V为山楂核粉提取液体积, mL; W为山楂核粉质量, g。
实验重复3次测定, 结果表示为平均值±标准偏差。通过SPSS 25.0中的方差分析(analysis of variance, ANOVA)确定统计学上显着的差异, 然后进行最小显著差异法(least-significant difference, LSD)的多范围检验。
图1A所示, 显示SCP组与SP组相比, 颜色更深, 呈深褐色, 失去了其原本的色泽, 而SCC组相较于SCP组, 颜色更浅, 更接近于未炒制前的粗粉色泽, 结果表明, 经过超微粉碎处理的山楂核粉结构更加稳定。炒制超微粉的颜色更浅, 其原因是经过超微粉碎后山楂核粉的表面积增加, 导致光反射率增大[26]
表面色泽是表征粉体感官品质的一项重要指标。图1B中可以看出未炒制的粉体比炒制的粉体亮度高, 展示了未炒制和炒制超微粉的L*值。结果表明, SCP组具有比SCC组更高的L*, 意味着其在视觉上更为明亮。然而, a*b*的变化(ΔE)表明炒制过程对超微粉的色泽影响不大。这可能意味着炒制过程并没有显著改变超微粉的基本色调或饱和度[27]
图2所示, SP组在30倍和500倍的微观结构相对粗糙, 粒度较大, 细胞结构较为完整, 这可能是由于粉碎过程中机械力未能充分作用于山楂核的硬质结构, 细胞壁未完全破坏, 导致黄酮类化合物的释放和溶出效率较低[28]。SCP组在2000倍和8000倍的微观结构更为松散, 部分细胞壁破裂, 这可能是由于炒制过程中的热效应促进了细胞结构的破坏[29]。但是, SCC组结构得到了显著改善, 其细胞壁几乎完全破坏, 细胞内容物充分暴露, 这极大地增加了黄酮类化合物与溶剂的接触面积, 从而促进了有效成分的释放和溶出[30]
图3A所示, SCC组的持水力明显低于SP组和SCP组, 原因可能是山楂核在超微粉碎过程中的粉体粒度减小, 导致其内部的膳食纤维结构遭受破坏, 从而引发结构性质的变化[31]。这种变化促进了水溶性成分的释放, 同时也使得一些原本不溶于水的纤维成分转变为可溶性, 因此, 粉体的持水力随之降低[32]
但是, SCC组的溶解性、膨胀力、持油力均高于其他两组, 而SCP组和SP组差异不大(图3B、3C、3D)。说明超微粉碎能明显改善山楂核粉的溶解性至35.63%, 提高山楂核粉的膨胀力为3.71 mL/g。粉末经过超微粉碎之后, 颗粒间通过团聚、黏附作用来增大其对水的束缚能力和膨胀力, 不溶于水的物质也可以转化为可溶于水的物质[33], 持油性增大为2.61 g/g。因此, 粉料的膨胀能力也随之增强[34]。超微粉碎过程可能伴随着热处理, 这种热处理可以改变原料中高分子聚合物的结构, 从而增强其膨胀性能和持油力[35]
图4A、4B图中, SCC组的休止角和滑角低于其他两组, 为37.12°和43.63°。SCP组和SP组差异不大。休止角和滑动角是评价粉体流动性的重要指标, 与摩擦系数和原料颗粒性质有关, 休止角和滑角越小, 粉体的流动性越好[36]。这说明随着粉体粒径减小, 粉体间更容易出现团聚, 在重力作用下成团滑落, 导致流动性增加[37]。而超微粉粉体粒度较小, 粉体表面聚合力越大, 流动性越好, 质量越稳定, 因此山楂核超微粉的休止角及滑角都会减小[38]
不同处理山楂核粉对DPPH自由基清除能力如图5A所示, 在样品质量浓度低于0.6 mg/mL的条件下, 各处理组山楂核粉对DPPH自由基清除能力与浓度呈正相关, 当样品质量浓度大于0.6 mg/mL时, 各处理组山楂核粉的清除能力趋于稳定, SCC组的清除率接近90%。其中SCC组的DPPH自由基清除能力最高, SCP组, 而SP组的最低。可能是因为山楂核超微粉粉碎粒度到达一定程度时, 山楂核内部组织结构遭到破坏与空气接触表面积增大, 造成一些有效成分更容易溶出[39], 从而使得DPPH自由基清除率达到最大值, 通过计算, 样品溶液与VC溶液对DPPH自由基的半抑制浓度(half maximal inhibitory concentration, IC50)值分别为586 mg/L和186 mg/L。
不同处理山楂核粉对ABTS阳离子自由基清除能力如图5B所示, 可知不同处理山楂核粉对ABTS阳离子自由基清除能力与其清除DPPH自由基能力相似, 在样品质量浓度低于0.4 mg/mL的条件下, 不同处理山楂核粉对ABTS阳离子自由基清除能力与浓度呈正相关。样品质量浓度高于0.4 mg/mL的条件下不同处理山楂核粉的清除能力趋于稳定, SCC组的清除率接近100%。可知不同处理山楂核粉清除ABTS阳离子自由基的能力: SCC组>SCP组>SP组。ABTS阳离子自由基是一种常用的化学试剂, 用于评估抗氧化物质的自由基清除能力[40]。清除ABTS阳离子自由基的能力可以反映山楂核粉的总抗氧化活性, 这对于研究和开发具有抗氧化特性的食品、药品和化妆品非常重要。通过计算, 样品溶液与VC溶液对ABTS阳离子自由基的IC50值分别为412 mg/L和198 mg/L。
不同处理山楂核粉对羟自由基清除能力如图5C所示, 不同处理山楂核粉对羟自由基清除能力与浓度呈正相关。样品质量浓度为1.0 mg/mL时, SCC组的清除率最高, 接近50%。不同处理组山楂核粉均表现出一定的清除能力, 且浓度与清除率呈正相关。说明超微粉碎可显著改善山楂核粉的羟自由基清除能力。超微粉碎后羟自由基清除能力增强, 这可能是因为经超微粉碎后粒径减小, 增加了抗氧化相关活性物质的溶出量, 抗氧化能力升高, 从而提高了羟自由基清除能力[41]。通过计算, 样品溶液与VC溶液对羟自由基的IC50值分别为459 mg/L和165 mg/L。
不同处理方式对山楂核总黄酮含量的影响如图5D所示。3种不同处理方式处理提取山楂核总黄酮含量由高到低为炒制超微粉、炒制粗粉和未炒制粗粉, 分别是(71.48±3.23)、(64.59±3.57)和(60.77±3.04) mg/g, 且3种样品具有显著性差异(P<0.05)。经超微粉碎后, 可以将山楂核粉粉碎至非常细小的粒度, 这大大增加了其比表面积, 使得更多的黄酮类化合物与溶剂接触, 从而提高了释放量[42]。同时, 炒制和超微粉碎可能破坏了山楂核粉中的物理屏障, 如纤维素和木质素, 这些屏障在未处理的粗粉中可能限制了黄酮类化合物的释放[43]
超微粉碎不仅提高了粉体的比表面积, 还可能通过物理和化学作用改变了细胞壁的完整性, 使得黄酮类化合物更易于提取[44]。山楂是很好的中药材, 具有促进消化吸收、散结、催生的特点[45], 而山楂核属于山楂在加工过程中的主要副产物, 由于生产加工难点, 而被大量丢弃。山楂核通常被加工成粉末作为辅助原料使用, 粉末的粒度和状态成为功效成分释放的关键。超微粉碎技术在一定程度上会改变原料的物化性质和内部功能结构, 使感官品质和功能特性得到很大的改善, 进而增加原料利用率, 拓展市场价值[46]。由于颗粒大小的变化, 也可能会导致食品成分发生变化, 对山楂核粉的粉体持水力、溶解性和吸附特性具有促进作用[47-48]。单纯的超微粉碎对于坚硬的山楂果核效果并不好, 炒制技术在某种情况下可以提高药效成分的释放。
本研究发现山楂核经过炒制-超微粉碎处理后, 粉体粒径较小, 粉质更细腻均匀, 其细微的结构改变使其持水力、持油力、水溶性和膨胀力均得到相应的改善。伴随着粉碎颗粒的细微化, 山楂超微核粉的流动性越来越稳定, 主要表现在休止角和滑角的下降。
本研究发现炒制-超微粉碎联合处理后, 山楂核粉的抗氧化性显著提高, 表现为DPPH自由基清除率、ABTS阳离子自由基清除率和羟自由基清除力的提高, AKYILDIZ等[49]研究发现超微粉碎技术可以改善太子参的理化性质, 促进太子参环肽B的溶出。DU等[50]发现低温超微粉碎可以获得粒径更小, 颗粒更均匀茶枝柑果肉粉, 并且在一定程度上能提高了其活性成分的溶出和抗氧化性, 与本研究实验结果一致。同时黄酮释放量和种类也明显提高。这是因为炒制处理的糊化效果导致了山楂纤维结构的松散, 形成了若干细小的空隙, 使得粉粒与外界接触的表面积增加, 其水溶性、持水力和膨胀力改善使黄酮的种类和释放量都有所增加。这些黄酮类化合物已被证实具有多样的生物活性, 包括抗菌、维护心血管健康、抗氧化以及抗炎作用等[51]
综上所述, 炒制-超微粉碎联合处理能够有效改变核粉颗粒的水合性质, 使滑角和休止角减小, 使粉体流动稳定。同时经炒制-超微粉碎处理的山楂核粉, 颗粒对水的束缚能力增大, 膨胀力和持油性增强。由此山楂核粉的黄酮释放率由60.47%提高至71.48%, 抗氧化性提高了近20%, 表现为DPPH自由基、ABTS阳离子自由基和羟自由基清除率有所提高。本研究为山楂核的高值化利用提供科学依据和技术支持, 进而为山楂核资源的可持续化利用和高值化开发指明了方向。但超微粉碎处理是否对山楂核粉的营养品质有影响, 并且超微粉碎处理在果实的应用上也有较大空白, 因此希望此处理能在其余果实应用中有相关的具体研究。
  • 辽宁省应用基础研究计划项目(2023JH2/101300135)
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2025年第16卷第4期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240929001
  • 接收时间:2024-09-29
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2025-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-29
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辽宁省应用基础研究计划项目(2023JH2/101300135)
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    1.辽宁省农业科学院食品与加工研究所, 沈阳 110866
    2.沈阳农业大学食品学院, 沈阳 110866

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* 王琛(1979—), 女, 博士, 研究员, 主要研究方向为农产品贮藏与加工。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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