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Article(id=1153986717196472437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986709126635984, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240926005, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1727280000000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-26, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753061473416, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1737734400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753061473416, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753061473416, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753061473416, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153986709126635984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='324', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753061471492, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1760345674980, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1184538872999457117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986709126635984, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1184538872999457118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986709126635984, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=296, endPage=301, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153986718324740219, articleId=1153986717196472437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Dietary exposure risk assessment of fenthion in Vigna unguiculata sold in Shanghai from 2021 to 2023, columnId=1151895321388347923, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Food Analysis and Detection, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To assess the dietary exposure risk of fenthion in Vigna unguiculata among Shanghai residents from 2021 to 2023. Methods The primary method employed was the chronic risk quotient assessment. The measured exposure concentrations of fenthion in Vigna unguiculata were used to characterize the risk, with the chronic risk evaluated based on the risk quotient values. Results From 2021 to 2023, a total of 2301 Vigna unguiculata samples from Shanghai markets were tested, with an overall detection rate of fenthion at 3.00% and a non-compliance rate of 2.3%. The average fenthion concentration was 1.23×10-2 mg/kg, with a maximum value of 4.45 mg/kg. Analysis by different months showed that in February each year, the non-compliance rate and average detection value of fenthion in Vigna unguiculata were the highest, at 18.9% and 0.12 mg/kg, respectively. Analysis by different sampling locations indicated that Vigna unguiculata sold online had the highest detection and non-compliance rates. The average daily dietary exposure of Shanghai residents was 5.88×10-6 mg/(kg·bw) with a P95 exposure of 3.05×10-5 mg/(kg·bw). The average risk quotient was 8.40×10-4, with a P95 of 4.36×10-3. Conclusion The risk quotient for different population groups in Shanghai from 2021 to 2023 is far below 1, indicating that the health risk from fenthion exposure through Vigna unguiculata consumption is low for Shanghai residents.

, correspAuthors=Shao-Jie PENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yi-Qi LI, Yang GUO, Lu-Jing ZHANG, Shao-Jie PENG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1153986719117463677, articleId=1153986717196472437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=2021—2023年上海市市售豇豆中倍硫磷的膳食暴露风险评估, columnId=1151895321958773274, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=食品分析与检测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 评估2021—2023年上海市居民通过豇豆摄入倍硫磷的膳食暴露风险。方法 采用慢性风险商评估方法, 用实测的豇豆中倍硫磷暴露浓度的数值来对风险进行表征, 根据风险商数值的大小对慢性风险进行评估。结果 2021—2023上海市市售2301件豇豆样品中倍硫磷总体检出率为3.00%, 不合格率为2.3%, 倍硫磷含量均值为1.23×10-2 mg/kg, 最大值为4.45 mg/kg。按不同月份分析, 每年2月豇豆中倍硫磷不合格率和平均检出值最高分别为18.9%和0.12 mg/kg。按不同采样点分析, 网络销售的豇豆中倍硫磷的检出率和不合格率最高。上海市居民每日膳食平均暴露量为5.88×10-6 mg/(kg·bw), P95暴露量为3.05×10-5 mg/(kg·bw), 平均风险商为8.40×10-7, P95为4.36×10-6。结论 2021—2023年上海市不同人群的风险商均远小于1, 因此上海市居民通过豇豆摄入倍硫磷对人体的健康风险较低。

, correspAuthors=彭少杰, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 彭少杰(1968—), 男, 主任医师, 主要研究方向为食品安全风险监测与评估。E-mail:
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李亦奇(1985—), 女, 硕士, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为食品安全风险监测与评估。E-mail:

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李亦奇(1985—), 女, 硕士, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为食品安全风险监测与评估。E-mail:

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李亦奇(1985—), 女, 硕士, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为食品安全风险监测与评估。E-mail:

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China Food Safety Magazine, 2023(36): 68-72., articleTitle=Analysis of pesticide residues and exposure ratio in three kinds of legume vegetables sold in the market, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1184566643196834432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986717196472437, awardId=2024-50, language=CN, fundingSource=2024年上海市市场监督管理局科技项目(2024-50), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1184566639702979090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986717196472437, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1184566639711367699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986717196472437, companyId=1184566639702979090, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Information Application Research Center of Shanghai Municipal Administration for Market Regulation, Shanghai Food Safety Technology Application Center, Shanghai 200030, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1184566639715562004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986717196472437, companyId=1184566639702979090, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=上海市场监督管理局信息应用研究中心, 上海市食品安全技术应用中心, 上海 200030)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1184566641972097624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986717196472437, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Consumption of Vigna unguiculata among different age groups in Shanghai

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年龄/岁 调查人数/个 平均体重/kg 豇豆摄入量/g
平均值 P95值 最大值
3~6 35 19.4 12.2 81.8 90
7~12 40 33.3 23.3 117.0 191
13~17 38 53.1 20.4 113.0 117
18~59 295 65.4 31.9 165.0 237
60岁及以上 118 63.3 55.7 197.0 383
合计 526 58.5 34.4 179.0 383
), ArticleFig(id=1184566642076955227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986717196472437, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

上海市不同年龄居民的豇豆摄入量情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年龄/岁 调查人数/个 平均体重/kg 豇豆摄入量/g
平均值 P95值 最大值
3~6 35 19.4 12.2 81.8 90
7~12 40 33.3 23.3 117.0 191
13~17 38 53.1 20.4 113.0 117
18~59 295 65.4 31.9 165.0 237
60岁及以上 118 63.3 55.7 197.0 383
合计 526 58.5 34.4 179.0 383
), ArticleFig(id=1184566642139869792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986717196472437, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Levels of fenthion contamination in Vigna unguiculata sold in Shanghai from 2021 to 2023

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份 总件数 检出率/% 不合格率/% 含量/(mg/kg)
平均值 标准差 P95值 最大值
2021 300 2.0 1.3 1.51×10-2 0.15 0.00 2.16
2022 1039 3.5 2.7 1.41×10-2 0.16 0.00 4.45
2023 962 2.9 2.2 9.60×10-3 0.08 0.00 1.02
合计 2301 3.0 2.3 1.23×10-2 0.13 0.00 4.45
), ArticleFig(id=1184566642240533090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986717196472437, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

2021—2023年上海市市售豇豆中倍硫磷的污染水平

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份 总件数 检出率/% 不合格率/% 含量/(mg/kg)
平均值 标准差 P95值 最大值
2021 300 2.0 1.3 1.51×10-2 0.15 0.00 2.16
2022 1039 3.5 2.7 1.41×10-2 0.16 0.00 4.45
2023 962 2.9 2.2 9.60×10-3 0.08 0.00 1.02
合计 2301 3.0 2.3 1.23×10-2 0.13 0.00 4.45
), ArticleFig(id=1184566642370556516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986717196472437, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Levels of fenthion contamination in Vigna unguiculata sold in Shanghai across different months from 2021 to 2023

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
月份 总件数 检出率/% 不合格率/% 含量/(mg/kg)
平均值 标准差 P95值 最大值
1月 7 0.0 0.0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00
2月 58 24.2 18.9 1.20×10-1 0.29 1.00 1.16
3月 83 14.5 10.8 3.94×10-2 0.14 0.30 0.79
4月 111 4.6 3.6 1.39×10-2 0.10 0.01 1.00
5月 164 0.6 0.6 3.48×10-3 0.04 0.00 0.57
6月 304 0.0 0.0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00
7月 394 0.0 0.0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00
8月 455 1.1 0.6 9.40×10-4 0.01 0.00 0.19
9月 354 4.0 3.1 2.05×10-2 0.15 0.00 2.16
10月 272 4.8 3.3 2.60×10-2 0.28 6.30×10-3 4.45
11月 99 5.1 5.0 1.01×10-2 0.06 0.10 0.52
12月 0 0.0 0.0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00
合计 2301 3.0 2.3 1.23×10-2 0.13 0.00 4.45
), ArticleFig(id=1184566642471219816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986717196472437, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

2021—2023年不同月份上海市市售豇豆中倍硫磷的污染水平

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
月份 总件数 检出率/% 不合格率/% 含量/(mg/kg)
平均值 标准差 P95值 最大值
1月 7 0.0 0.0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00
2月 58 24.2 18.9 1.20×10-1 0.29 1.00 1.16
3月 83 14.5 10.8 3.94×10-2 0.14 0.30 0.79
4月 111 4.6 3.6 1.39×10-2 0.10 0.01 1.00
5月 164 0.6 0.6 3.48×10-3 0.04 0.00 0.57
6月 304 0.0 0.0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00
7月 394 0.0 0.0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00
8月 455 1.1 0.6 9.40×10-4 0.01 0.00 0.19
9月 354 4.0 3.1 2.05×10-2 0.15 0.00 2.16
10月 272 4.8 3.3 2.60×10-2 0.28 6.30×10-3 4.45
11月 99 5.1 5.0 1.01×10-2 0.06 0.10 0.52
12月 0 0.0 0.0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00
合计 2301 3.0 2.3 1.23×10-2 0.13 0.00 4.45
), ArticleFig(id=1184566642550911595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986717196472437, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Levels of fenthion contamination in Vigna unguiculata from different sampling locations in Shanghai

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
采样点 总件数 检出率/% 不合格率/% 含量/(mg/kg)
平均值 标准差 P95值 最大值
卖场超市 517 4.3 2.7 1.36×10-2 0.096 0.00 1.00
菜市场 195 2.6 1.5 3.84×10-3 0.030 0.00 0.32
批发市场 617 1.7 1.2 3.25×10-3 0.036 0.00 0.65
网购 344 5.3 4.3 2.47×10-2 0.160 0.04 2.16
餐饮单位 161 3.2 3.1 3.50×10-2 0.350 0.00 4.45
其他 467 2.0 1.7 9.45×10-3 0.088 0.00 1.18
合计 2301 3.0 2.3 1.23×10-2 0.130 0.00 4.45
), ArticleFig(id=1184566642622214766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986717196472437, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同类型采样点上海市市售豇豆中倍硫磷的污染水平

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
采样点 总件数 检出率/% 不合格率/% 含量/(mg/kg)
平均值 标准差 P95值 最大值
卖场超市 517 4.3 2.7 1.36×10-2 0.096 0.00 1.00
菜市场 195 2.6 1.5 3.84×10-3 0.030 0.00 0.32
批发市场 617 1.7 1.2 3.25×10-3 0.036 0.00 0.65
网购 344 5.3 4.3 2.47×10-2 0.160 0.04 2.16
餐饮单位 161 3.2 3.1 3.50×10-2 0.350 0.00 4.45
其他 467 2.0 1.7 9.45×10-3 0.088 0.00 1.18
合计 2301 3.0 2.3 1.23×10-2 0.130 0.00 4.45
), ArticleFig(id=1184566642701906545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986717196472437, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Daily dietary exposure to fenthion in Vigna unguiculata consumption among different age groups in Shanghai

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年龄分组 每日膳食暴露量/[mg/(kg·bw)] RQ
平均值 P95值 最大值 平均值 P95值 最大值
3~6岁 6.19×10-6 4.22×10-5 4.64×10-5 8.84×10-7 6.02×10-6 6.63×10-6
7~12岁 6.99×10-6 3.53×10-5 5.74×10-5 9.99×10-7 5.04×10-6 8.20×10-6
13~17岁 3.84×10-6 2.13×10-5 2.20×10-5 5.49×10-7 3.04×10-6 3.15×10-6
18~59岁 4.87×10-6 2.52×10-5 3.62×10-5 6.96×10-7 3.61×10-6 5.18×10-6
60岁及以上 8.79×10-6 3.12×10-5 6.05×10-5 1.26×10-6 4.45×10-6 8.64×10-6
合计 5.88×10-6 3.05×10-5 6.54×10-5 8.40×10-7 4.36×10-6 9.34×10-6
), ArticleFig(id=1184566642760626805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986717196472437, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

上海市不同年龄居民每日通过豇豆摄入倍硫磷的膳食暴露量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年龄分组 每日膳食暴露量/[mg/(kg·bw)] RQ
平均值 P95值 最大值 平均值 P95值 最大值
3~6岁 6.19×10-6 4.22×10-5 4.64×10-5 8.84×10-7 6.02×10-6 6.63×10-6
7~12岁 6.99×10-6 3.53×10-5 5.74×10-5 9.99×10-7 5.04×10-6 8.20×10-6
13~17岁 3.84×10-6 2.13×10-5 2.20×10-5 5.49×10-7 3.04×10-6 3.15×10-6
18~59岁 4.87×10-6 2.52×10-5 3.62×10-5 6.96×10-7 3.61×10-6 5.18×10-6
60岁及以上 8.79×10-6 3.12×10-5 6.05×10-5 1.26×10-6 4.45×10-6 8.64×10-6
合计 5.88×10-6 3.05×10-5 6.54×10-5 8.40×10-7 4.36×10-6 9.34×10-6
), ArticleFig(id=1184566642907427448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986717196472437, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Daily dietary exposure to fenthion in Vigna unguiculata consumption among different genders in Shanghai

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
性别 每日膳食暴露量/[mg/(kg·bw)] RQ
平均值 P95值 最大值 平均值 P95值 最大值
男 5.85×10-6 2.94×10-5 5.88×10-5 8.36×10-7 4.19×10-6 8.40×10-6
女 5.91×10-6 3.09×10-5 3.84×10-5 8.44×10-7 4.42×10-6 5.48×10-6
合计 5.88×10-6 3.05×10-5 6.54×10-5 8.40×10-7 4.36×10-6 9.34×10-6
), ArticleFig(id=1184566642974536314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986717196472437, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

上海市不同性别居民每日通过豇豆摄入倍硫磷的膳食暴露量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
性别 每日膳食暴露量/[mg/(kg·bw)] RQ
平均值 P95值 最大值 平均值 P95值 最大值
男 5.85×10-6 2.94×10-5 5.88×10-5 8.36×10-7 4.19×10-6 8.40×10-6
女 5.91×10-6 3.09×10-5 3.84×10-5 8.44×10-7 4.42×10-6 5.48×10-6
合计 5.88×10-6 3.05×10-5 6.54×10-5 8.40×10-7 4.36×10-6 9.34×10-6
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2021—2023年上海市市售豇豆中倍硫磷的膳食暴露风险评估
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李亦奇 , 郭洋 , 张露菁 , 彭少杰 *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品分析与检测 2025,16(2): 296-301
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品分析与检测 2025, 16(2): 296-301
2021—2023年上海市市售豇豆中倍硫磷的膳食暴露风险评估
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李亦奇 , 郭洋, 张露菁, 彭少杰*
作者信息
  • 上海市场监督管理局信息应用研究中心, 上海市食品安全技术应用中心, 上海 200030

    • 李亦奇(1985—), 女, 硕士, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为食品安全风险监测与评估。E-mail:

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* 彭少杰(1968—), 男, 主任医师, 主要研究方向为食品安全风险监测与评估。E-mail:
Dietary exposure risk assessment of fenthion in Vigna unguiculata sold in Shanghai from 2021 to 2023
Yi-Qi LI , Yang GUO, Lu-Jing ZHANG, Shao-Jie PENG*
Affiliations
  • Information Application Research Center of Shanghai Municipal Administration for Market Regulation, Shanghai Food Safety Technology Application Center, Shanghai 200030, China
出版时间: 2025-01-25 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240926005
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摘要
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目的 评估2021—2023年上海市居民通过豇豆摄入倍硫磷的膳食暴露风险。方法 采用慢性风险商评估方法, 用实测的豇豆中倍硫磷暴露浓度的数值来对风险进行表征, 根据风险商数值的大小对慢性风险进行评估。结果 2021—2023上海市市售2301件豇豆样品中倍硫磷总体检出率为3.00%, 不合格率为2.3%, 倍硫磷含量均值为1.23×10-2 mg/kg, 最大值为4.45 mg/kg。按不同月份分析, 每年2月豇豆中倍硫磷不合格率和平均检出值最高分别为18.9%和0.12 mg/kg。按不同采样点分析, 网络销售的豇豆中倍硫磷的检出率和不合格率最高。上海市居民每日膳食平均暴露量为5.88×10-6 mg/(kg·bw), P95暴露量为3.05×10-5 mg/(kg·bw), 平均风险商为8.40×10-7, P95为4.36×10-6。结论 2021—2023年上海市不同人群的风险商均远小于1, 因此上海市居民通过豇豆摄入倍硫磷对人体的健康风险较低。

豇豆  /  倍硫磷  /  暴露评估  /  风险商

Objective To assess the dietary exposure risk of fenthion in Vigna unguiculata among Shanghai residents from 2021 to 2023. Methods The primary method employed was the chronic risk quotient assessment. The measured exposure concentrations of fenthion in Vigna unguiculata were used to characterize the risk, with the chronic risk evaluated based on the risk quotient values. Results From 2021 to 2023, a total of 2301 Vigna unguiculata samples from Shanghai markets were tested, with an overall detection rate of fenthion at 3.00% and a non-compliance rate of 2.3%. The average fenthion concentration was 1.23×10-2 mg/kg, with a maximum value of 4.45 mg/kg. Analysis by different months showed that in February each year, the non-compliance rate and average detection value of fenthion in Vigna unguiculata were the highest, at 18.9% and 0.12 mg/kg, respectively. Analysis by different sampling locations indicated that Vigna unguiculata sold online had the highest detection and non-compliance rates. The average daily dietary exposure of Shanghai residents was 5.88×10-6 mg/(kg·bw) with a P95 exposure of 3.05×10-5 mg/(kg·bw). The average risk quotient was 8.40×10-4, with a P95 of 4.36×10-3. Conclusion The risk quotient for different population groups in Shanghai from 2021 to 2023 is far below 1, indicating that the health risk from fenthion exposure through Vigna unguiculata consumption is low for Shanghai residents.

Vigna unguiculata  /  fenthion  /  exposure assessment  /  risk quotient
李亦奇, 郭洋, 张露菁, 彭少杰. 2021—2023年上海市市售豇豆中倍硫磷的膳食暴露风险评估. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (2) : 296 -301 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240926005
Yi-Qi LI, Yang GUO, Lu-Jing ZHANG, Shao-Jie PENG. Dietary exposure risk assessment of fenthion in Vigna unguiculata sold in Shanghai from 2021 to 2023[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (2) : 296 -301 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240926005
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0 引言
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豇豆[Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.], 又称豆角、带豆等, 属一年生缠绕性草本植物, 以其嫩荚为产品, 富含微量营养素包括维生素A和铁[1-6]。豇豆作为一种连续采摘作物, 花果同期嫩荚外露, 易遭受到许多害虫的危害[7-8]。目前在豇豆的病虫害治理过程中, 高频率的农药施用造成豇豆的农药残留超标情况需格外关注[9-12]。倍硫磷是一种触杀、广谱、持续期长的有机磷杀虫剂, 广泛应用于豇豆病虫防治[13-14]。倍硫磷虽然毒性较低, 但是残留量超标的豇豆被误食, 也会引起中毒现象, 对人体造成危害[14-17]。
在GB 2763—2021《食品安全国家标准 食品中农药最大残留限量》中允许倍硫磷作为杀虫剂在部分谷物、蔬菜和水果中使用, 但对其最大残留限量作了严格的规定, 尤其是在豆类蔬菜中倍硫磷的最大残留限量为0.05 mg/kg。豇豆是我国居民日常膳食中十分常见的豆类蔬菜, 其质量安全一直深受社会关注。上海市食品药品安全委员会办公室制定了《上海市2024年重点监管食用农产品清单》, 将豇豆倍硫磷污染状况纳入其中。为了解上海市居民通过豇豆摄入倍硫磷的安全风险状况, 本研究收集2021—2023年上海市食品安全抽检监测数据并结合上海市居民蔬菜消费量, 采用慢性风险商(chronic risk quotient, RQ)评估上海居民经豇豆摄入倍硫磷的膳食风险, 为豇豆中倍硫磷的安全监管和控制规范提供参考。
1 材料与方法
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1.1 样本来源
2301件豇豆中倍硫磷的检测结果来源于2021—2023年上海市市场监管部门组织开展的食品安全抽检监测数据。
1.2 实验方法
1.2.1 豇豆中倍硫磷的检测方法
豇豆中倍硫磷农药残留量的测定按照GB 23200.113—2018《食品安全国家标准 植物源性食品中208种农药及其代谢物残留量的测定 气相色谱-质谱联用法》, 倍硫磷农药的检出限为0.01 mg/kg, 按照GB 2763—2019《食品安全国家标准 食品中农药最大残留限量》对检测结果进行评价。
1.2.2 居民豆类蔬菜的膳食消费量及相关数据
委托上海市质协用户评价中心开展上海市居民食物消费状况调查结果, 如表1, 按照年龄分为儿童组(3~6岁)、少年组(7~12岁)、青年组(13~17岁)、成年人组(18~59岁)以及老年人组(60岁以上)。采用家庭食物称重法收集上海市居民食物消费情况, 共计调查526人。调查结果包括居民平均体重以及豆类蔬菜的膳食平均消费量。男性的平均体重为65.1 kg, 女性的平均体重为52.4 kg。男性对于豆类蔬菜的每日摄入量平均值为38.1 g, P95为191 g, 最大值为383 g。女性对于豆类蔬菜的每日摄入量平均值为31 g, P95为162 g, 最大值为201 g。
1.2.3 膳食暴露评估方法
本研究采用点评估方法计算上海居民通过豇豆摄入倍硫磷的暴露量, 计算公式如式(1)所示。
$E=\frac{C \times F}{W \times 1000}$
式中: E为上海市居民每日每千克体重倍硫磷暴露量, μg/(kg·bw); C为豇豆中倍硫磷含量均值, μg/kg; F为居民每日豆类蔬菜的消费量均值, g/d; W为居民的平均体重, kg。
采用慢性风险商对上海市居民进行慢性膳食暴露评估。慢性风险商(risk quotient, RQ将实测的豇豆中倍硫磷暴露水平与我国GB 2763—2021中倍硫磷的每日允许摄入量[acceptable daily intake, ADI, 0.007 mg/(kg·bw)]相比, 以获得风险商来对风险进行表征。当RQ≤1.0时, 表明污染物健康风险较低, 需对相关风险源展开跟踪观察; 当RQ>1.0时, 表明污染物存在较为严重的风险, 需要采取相应措施使其风险降低[18]。计算公式如式(2)所示。
$\mathrm{RQ}=\frac{E}{\mathrm{ADI}}$
1.3 数据处理
本研究采用世界卫生组织对食品中污染物的未检出值(not detected, ND)处理原则对样品中ND值进行处理[18], 本次评估对于蔬菜中倍硫磷的ND值以0替代。本次评估对于豇豆样品中ND值以0替代。运用SPSS 28.0软件对抽检监测数据进行统计分析。不同月份的豇豆样品中倍硫磷检出率差异比较采用卡方检验(χ2)。不同采样点的豇豆样品中倍硫磷的含量水平差异比较采用Kruskal-Wallis H检验。
2 结果与分析
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2.1 豇豆中倍硫磷的污染状况
2.1.1 不同年份豇豆中倍硫磷的污染状况
由表2可知, 2021—2023年上海市市售2301件豇豆样品中倍硫磷总体检出率为3.0%, 含量均值为1.23×10-2 mg/kg, 其中2022年的豇豆中倍硫磷的检出率和不合格率最高, 分别为3.5%和2.7%, 倍硫磷含量的最大值为4.45 mg/kg。按照GB 2763—2021中的规定, 倍硫磷在豆类蔬菜中的最大残留量为0.05 mg/kg, 对2301件豇豆样品进行检验结果评价, 发现整体豇豆样品不合格率为2.3%。
2.1.2 不同月份豇豆中倍硫磷的污染状况
不同月份豇豆中倍硫磷的污染状况, 运用SPSS 28.0软件对监测数据进行统计分析, 其检出率差异有统计学意义(χ2=163.606, P<0.01)。由表3可知, 2月份的检出率和不合格率均达到最高, 分别为24.2%和18.9%; 而在6月和7月, 豇豆中均未检测出倍硫磷。2月份的豇豆样本检出率和不合格率均呈现出了显著的高峰状态, 这一数据反映出豇豆种植过程中倍硫磷的使用具有显著的季节性特征。随着夏季的到来, 特别是在6月和7月, 豇豆的农药残留问题得到了显著改善, 这与气温上升导致农作物病虫害减少的规律相一致。
2.1.3 不同类型采样点豇豆中倍硫磷的污染状况
不同类型采样点豇豆中倍硫磷的污染状况, 运用SPSS 28.0软件对监测数据进行统计分析, 其检出率差异有统计学意义(χ2=14.712, P<0.05)。由表4可知, 网购样品检出率和不合格率最高, 为5.3%和4.3%; 批发市场检出率和不合率最低, 为1.7%和1.2%。不同采样点的豇豆样品中倍硫磷的含量水平差异比较采用Kruskal-Wallis H检验, 其含量水平差异显著(H=164.827, P<0.01), 餐饮单位采集的豇豆中倍硫磷含量平均值最高为3.50×10-2 mg/kg, 批发市场和菜市场采集的豇豆中倍硫磷含量均值较低, 为3.25×10-3 mg/kg和3.84×10-3 mg/kg。这一结果说明不同类型的采样点(如批发市场、卖场超市、网络销售等)可能有不同的质量控制标准和检测频率, 导致农药残留检测结果不同, 蔬菜合格率存在差异。
2.2 豇豆中倍硫磷的膳食暴露评估
2.2.1 上海市人群的豇豆消费量调查
由表5可知, 上海市居民每日通过豇豆摄入倍硫磷的膳食暴露平均值为5.88×10-6 mg/(kg·bw)和最大值为6.54×10-5 mg/(kg·bw)。上海市60岁及以上居民每日通过豇豆摄入倍硫磷的平均暴露量和最大值暴露量最高, 8.79×10-6 mg/(kg·bw)和6.05×10-5 mg/(kg·bw), P95暴露量最高的是3~6岁居民为4.22×10-5 mg/(kg·bw)。
综上可知, RQ平均值和最大值最高的是60岁及以上居民, 风险商P95最高的3~6岁居民。虽然3~6岁、7~12岁居民和60岁及以上这3年龄组的居民在风险商指标上相较其他年龄组较高, 但是慢性RQ均远小于1, 因此豇豆中倍硫磷对这3个年龄组的居民的健康风险不大, 对其他年龄组的居民风险更小。由于检出含量小, 参考倍硫磷急性参考剂量0.01 mg/(kg·bw)[19], 豇豆中倍硫磷对不同年龄上海居民的健康风险不大。
2.2.2 上海市不同性别人群的豇豆消费量调查
由表6可知, 男性和女性每日通过豇豆摄倍硫磷的平均暴露量分别为5.85×10-6 mg/(kg·bw)和5.91×10-6 mg/(kg·bw), P95暴露量分别为2.94×10-5 mg/(kg·bw)和3.09×10-5 mg/(kg·bw), P95风险商分别为4.19×10--6和4.42×10-6, RQ均远小于1, 因此豇豆中倍硫磷对不同性别的居民的健康风险较低。
3 结论与讨论
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本研究利用2021—2023年上海市食品安全抽检监测数据中豇豆样品倍硫磷的抽检监测结果, 结合上海市居民豆类蔬菜消费量数据, 采用慢性风险商法评价上海市居民经豇豆摄入倍硫磷的健康风险。结果发现, 首先不同月份的豇豆中倍硫磷的合格率和检测结果有较大差异, 说明倍硫磷的使用呈现出明显的季节性变化, 也有可能是倍硫磷在夏季由于阳光充足发生自然降解。有研究指出, 有机磷农药中磷硫键或磷氧键对光十分敏感, 在阳光的作用下易引起结构变化从而发生自然降解反应[20-22]。其次, 不同类型的采样点检测豇豆中的倍硫磷含量不同, 网购渠道销售的豇豆倍硫磷的检出率和不合格率最高, 餐饮单位样品检出的倍硫磷残留量得平均含量最高。可能是各个渠道采购豇豆的来源不同, 有研究表明不同产地的豇豆中倍硫磷含量不同, 在湖南省调查了529份豇豆样品中发现倍硫磷的检出率为3.78%, 不合格率为2.65%; 在宁德市调查了381批次豇豆样品中发现倍硫磷的检出率为4.03%, 不合格率为2.52%; 在福建省调查了522份豇豆样品中倍硫磷的检出率仅为0.77%;在河南省调查豇豆中农残时未检测出倍硫磷; 在杭州市对本地来源和外地来源的豇豆进行农残检测对比发现外地农残超标率是本地的3倍多[7,23-28]。
上海市居民60岁及以上居民每日通过豇豆摄入倍硫磷的平均暴露量最高, 3~6岁居民的每日膳食摄入量的P95值最高, 原因可能是儿童单位体重消耗的食物量大于成年人, 而老人的饮食习惯更偏爱蔬菜所致[29]。也有其他研究表明, 低年龄人群暴露情况高于其他年龄人群, 在海南省2011—2012年对豇豆中有机磷农药膳食暴露风险评估时发现4~6岁和7~11岁两个年龄组的膳食暴露高于其他年龄组人群, 丹麦儿童的有机磷农药累积暴露水平会高于丹麦成年人的水平[30-31]。女性通过豇豆摄入倍硫磷的平均每日暴露量略高于男性, 为5.91×10-6 mg/(kg·bw)。不同年龄组居民和不同性别居民的风险商均远小于1, 因此上海市居民通过豇豆摄入倍硫磷对人体的健康风险较低。
本评估存在一定的不确定性。首先, 上海市居民食品的摄入量数据是居民一日的消费量调查调查, 低年龄段的调查人数相对较少, 存在一定的不确定性, 从而可能造成暴露评估的偏差。其次, 本次评估数据来源于市场监管抽检数据, 可能由于每年12月制定和1月申报的抽检计划的缘故而缺少了相应月份的监测数据。再者, 本次仅考虑豇豆中倍硫磷的的暴露量, 未考虑其他食品中倍硫磷的膳食暴露量也未考虑豇豆在烹调过程中的变化。有研究表明豇豆最安全的家庭加工方式是漂烫5 min和爆炒3 min, 说明加热的加工方式可以降低通过蔬菜摄入农药的膳食风险[32]。
针对豇豆中倍硫磷的污染状况, 提出以下监管建议: (1)加强豇豆的源头管理, 监督农户科学地使用倍硫磷和污染控制规范, 包括最大残留限量、使用频率和安全间隔期等, 以降低豇豆中倍硫磷的污染水平。(2)鉴于倍硫磷在豇豆中的使用具有明显的季节性变化和抽检场所的差异性, 建议加强重点季节和场所的监督频次和检测力度, 包括对种植基地、批发市场、零售环节和网络销售环节的豇豆进行重点监测。(3)建立健全不合格产品追溯体系, 查明污染源头, 采取相应的整改措施。针对抽检中发现的不合格豇豆产品, 应立即采取措施进行下架处理, 并对相关生产商和销售商进行调查和处理。
基金
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  • 2024年上海市市场监督管理局科技项目(2024-50)
文献
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2025年第16卷第2期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240926005
  • 接收时间：2024-09-26
  • 首发时间：2025-07-21
  • 出版时间：2025-01-25
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  • 收稿日期：2024-09-26
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2024年上海市市场监督管理局科技项目(2024-50)
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    上海市场监督管理局信息应用研究中心, 上海市食品安全技术应用中心, 上海 200030

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* 彭少杰(1968—), 男, 主任医师, 主要研究方向为食品安全风险监测与评估。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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