Article(id=1154125576752325568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153429493357203682, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240909005, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1725811200000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-09, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753094580114, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1741968000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753094580114, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753094580114, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753094580114, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153429493357203682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='326', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752928620900, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1758690311058, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1177595773500932351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153429493357203682, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1177595773500932352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153429493357203682, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=291, endPage=301, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154125577222087618, articleId=1154125576752325568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Research status of health risks of benzotriazole ultraviolet absorbents, columnId=1153433739154678309, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Food Safety Supervision and Management, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Benzotriazole ultraviolet absorbers (BUVs) are a new class of persistent organic pollutants, which are widely used as light stabilizers in various industrial products with good ultraviolet absorbing ability and thermal stability, among which 2-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4,6-di-tert-pentylphenol (UV-328) has been listed in the Stockholm Convention. Currently, there are a large number of domestic and international studies on the exposure of BUVs in the environment and living organisms, and the concentration of BUVs in sediments and soils generally reaches hundreds of ng/g, and they are frequently detected in water bodies and fish. Humans have an exposure risk through dietary intake and respiratory tract intake, but there are few reports on the load of BUVs in human urine and blood, and it is noteworthy that the load of BUVs in human breast milk can reach up to thousands of ng/g. In view of the bioaccumulation and potential toxicity of BUVs, this paper provided a detailed overview of the exposure to BUVs in various types of environmental, biological, and human tissue samples. This paper briefly summarized the potential hazards of BUVs, such as liver and kidney target organ toxicity, endocrine disrupting effects, and immunotoxicity and neurotoxicity, aiming to provide a reference for the assessment of the health risk of BUVs in human beings.

, correspAuthors=Yan GONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Cheng-Lin LEI, Xiao LIU, Yan ZHOU, Sheng WEN, Yan TANG, Yu ZHANG, Yan GONG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1154125589465261009, articleId=1154125576752325568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=苯并三唑类有机紫外吸收剂的健康风险研究现状, columnId=1153433739318256173, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=食品安全监管, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

苯并三唑类有机紫外吸收剂(benzotriazole ultraviolet absorbers, BUVs)是一类新型的持久性有机污染物, 因良好的紫外线吸收能力和热稳定性, 作为光稳定剂广泛应用于各类工业产品, 其中2-(3,5-二叔戊基-2-羟苯基)苯并三唑[2-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4,6-di-tert-pentylphenol, UV-328]已被列入《斯德哥尔摩公约》管控中。当前, 国内外研究已有大量关于BUVs在环境和生物体内的暴露情况, 沉积物和土壤中BUVs浓度普遍达到数百ng/g, 水体和鱼类中检出频繁。人类通过膳食摄入和呼吸道摄入存在暴露风险, 目前人类尿液和血液中BUVs负荷报道不多, 值得关注的是人类母乳中BUVs负荷水平, 最高可达上千ng/g。鉴于BUVs的生物积累性和潜在毒性, 本文详细综述了各类环境、生物和人体组织样本中BUVs暴露情况, 并对其肝肾靶器官毒性、内分泌干扰效应和免疫、神经毒性等潜在危害作简要总结, 旨在为BUVs在人体中的健康风险评估提供参考。

, correspAuthors=龚艳, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 龚艳(1980—), 女, 博士, 研究员, 主要研究方向为农产品质量安全风险评估。E-mail:
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雷承霖(1998—), 女, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为轻工技术与工程。E-mail:

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雷承霖(1998—), 女, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为轻工技术与工程。E-mail:

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雷承霖(1998—), 女, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为轻工技术与工程。E-mail:

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School of Life Science and Health Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430079, China
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Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2024, 43(4): 762-771., articleTitle=Embryonic exposure to benzotriazole ultraviolet stabilizer 327 alters behavior of rainbow trout alevin, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1177619549882037025, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1154125576752325568, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=69, issue=1, pageStart=17, pageEnd=27, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[82], rfOrder=87, authorNames=OUARDI FZ, ANARGHOU H, MALQUI H, journalName=Journal of Molecular Neuroscience, refType=null, unstructuredReference=OUARDI FZ, ANARGHOU H, MALQUI H, et al. Gestational and lactational exposure to malathion affects antioxidant status and neurobehavior in mice pups and offspring[J]. 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Physical and chemical properties of common BUVs

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
英文名称 中文名称 简称 分子式 CAS号 Log Kow[3-7]
2-(2-hydroxy-5- methylphenyl) benzotriazole 2-(2-羟基-5-甲基苯基)苯并三唑 UV-P C13H11N3O 2440-22-4 4.31
2-(5-tert-butyl-2-hydroxyphenyl)benzotriazole 2-(5-叔丁基-2-羟苯基)苯并三唑 UV-PS C16H17N3O 3147-76-0 4.36
2-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4-methyl-6-
(2-propenyl)phenol
2-(2H-苯并三唑-2-基)-4-甲基-6-(2-丙烯基)苯酚 UV-9 C16H15N3O 2170-39-0 5.32
2-(3-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4-hydroxy-phenyl)ethy 2-[3-(2H-苯并三唑-2-基)-4-羟基苯基]
乙基
UV-090 C18H17N3O3 96478-09-0 3.93
2-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4,6-bis(1-
methy-1-phenylethyl)phenol
2-(2H-苯并三唑-2-基)-4,6-二(1-甲基-1-苯乙基)苯酚 UV-234 C30H29N3O 70321-86-7 7.67
2-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4,6-ditert-
butylphenol
2-苯并三唑-2基-4,6-双叔丁基苯酚 UV-320 C20H25N3O 3846-71-7 6.27
bumetrizole 布美三唑 UV-326 C17H18ClN3O 3896-11-5 5.55
2,4-ditert-butyl-6-(5-chloro-2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)phenol 2-(2'-羟基-3’,5’-二叔丁基苯基)-5-氯化苯并三唑 UV-327 C20H24ClN3O 3864-99-1 6.91
2-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4,6-di-tert-
pentylphenol
2-(3,5-二叔戊基-2-羟苯基)苯并三唑 UV-328 C22H29N3O 25973-55-1 7.25
octrizole 2-(2'-羟基-5’-特辛基苯基)苯并三唑 UV-329 C20H25N3O 3147-75-9 6.21
2-(2'-hydroxy-3’-sec-butyl-5’-tert-
butylphenyl)benzotriazoe
2-(2'-羟基-3’-异丁基-5’-叔丁基苯基)苯并三唑 UV-350 C20H25N3O 36437-37-3 6.31
bisoctrizole 2,2'-亚甲基-双[4-特辛基-6-(2H-苯并三唑基-2)]苯酚 UV-360 C41H50N6O2 103597-45-1 12.5
2-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-6-(1-methyl-1-phenylethyl)-4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenol 2-(2H-苯并三唑-2-基)-6-(2-苯基丙-2-基)-4-(2,4,4-三甲基戊-2-基)苯酚 UV-928 C29H35N3O 73936-91-1 8.8
), ArticleFig(id=1177619541375988327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1154125576752325568, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

常见BUVs的理化性质

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
英文名称 中文名称 简称 分子式 CAS号 Log Kow[3-7]
2-(2-hydroxy-5- methylphenyl) benzotriazole 2-(2-羟基-5-甲基苯基)苯并三唑 UV-P C13H11N3O 2440-22-4 4.31
2-(5-tert-butyl-2-hydroxyphenyl)benzotriazole 2-(5-叔丁基-2-羟苯基)苯并三唑 UV-PS C16H17N3O 3147-76-0 4.36
2-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4-methyl-6-
(2-propenyl)phenol
2-(2H-苯并三唑-2-基)-4-甲基-6-(2-丙烯基)苯酚 UV-9 C16H15N3O 2170-39-0 5.32
2-(3-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4-hydroxy-phenyl)ethy 2-[3-(2H-苯并三唑-2-基)-4-羟基苯基]
乙基
UV-090 C18H17N3O3 96478-09-0 3.93
2-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4,6-bis(1-
methy-1-phenylethyl)phenol
2-(2H-苯并三唑-2-基)-4,6-二(1-甲基-1-苯乙基)苯酚 UV-234 C30H29N3O 70321-86-7 7.67
2-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4,6-ditert-
butylphenol
2-苯并三唑-2基-4,6-双叔丁基苯酚 UV-320 C20H25N3O 3846-71-7 6.27
bumetrizole 布美三唑 UV-326 C17H18ClN3O 3896-11-5 5.55
2,4-ditert-butyl-6-(5-chloro-2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)phenol 2-(2'-羟基-3’,5’-二叔丁基苯基)-5-氯化苯并三唑 UV-327 C20H24ClN3O 3864-99-1 6.91
2-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4,6-di-tert-
pentylphenol
2-(3,5-二叔戊基-2-羟苯基)苯并三唑 UV-328 C22H29N3O 25973-55-1 7.25
octrizole 2-(2'-羟基-5’-特辛基苯基)苯并三唑 UV-329 C20H25N3O 3147-75-9 6.21
2-(2'-hydroxy-3’-sec-butyl-5’-tert-
butylphenyl)benzotriazoe
2-(2'-羟基-3’-异丁基-5’-叔丁基苯基)苯并三唑 UV-350 C20H25N3O 36437-37-3 6.31
bisoctrizole 2,2'-亚甲基-双[4-特辛基-6-(2H-苯并三唑基-2)]苯酚 UV-360 C41H50N6O2 103597-45-1 12.5
2-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-6-(1-methyl-1-phenylethyl)-4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenol 2-(2H-苯并三唑-2-基)-6-(2-苯基丙-2-基)-4-(2,4,4-三甲基戊-2-基)苯酚 UV-928 C29H35N3O 73936-91-1 8.8
), ArticleFig(id=1177619541501817450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1154125576752325568, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Comparison of BUVs in sewage treatment plants in different countries (ng/L)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
国家 进/出水 UV-9 UV-P UV-326 UV-327 UV-328 UV-329 参考文献
印度 进水 67.1~1632 5.3~191 29~786 5~137 9.5~727 4.4~121 [34]
出水 9.9~937 1.2~17.7 1.7~102 4.3~85.3 1.1~29853 5.2~156
中国 进水 - 10.5±6.59 <LOD <LOD 2.74±1.7 <LOD [35]
出水 - 34.5±12.4 <LOD <LOD 4.88±1.35 <LOD
泰国 进水 - 116 - 72.6 10.4 313 [36]
出水 - 98.3 - 73.8 8.11 273
), ArticleFig(id=1177619541640229484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1154125576752325568, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同国家污水处理厂中进出水BUVs浓度对比(ng/L)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
国家 进/出水 UV-9 UV-P UV-326 UV-327 UV-328 UV-329 参考文献
印度 进水 67.1~1632 5.3~191 29~786 5~137 9.5~727 4.4~121 [34]
出水 9.9~937 1.2~17.7 1.7~102 4.3~85.3 1.1~29853 5.2~156
中国 进水 - 10.5±6.59 <LOD <LOD 2.74±1.7 <LOD [35]
出水 - 34.5±12.4 <LOD <LOD 4.88±1.35 <LOD
泰国 进水 - 116 - 72.6 10.4 313 [36]
出水 - 98.3 - 73.8 8.11 273
), ArticleFig(id=1177619541745087086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1154125576752325568, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Daily intake of infants exposed by breast milk to BUVs in different countries (ng/kg·bw/d)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
RfD*[64] 中国[16] 菲律宾[5] 越南[5] 日本[15] 韩国[17] 西班牙[18]
UV-P 5000 391 20 - 35 - -
UV-9 - 7 - 825 9.9 - -
UV-234 12500 - - - - - -
UV-320 1000 - - - - - 218400
UV-326 5000000 6 256 - - - -
UV-327 4000 - - - - - -
UV-328 10000 12 - - - 36 -
UV-329 9430000 8 - 24 8.3 - 50200
), ArticleFig(id=1177619541879304815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1154125576752325568, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同国家婴儿经母乳暴露于BUVs的每日摄入量(ng/kg·bw/d)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
RfD*[64] 中国[16] 菲律宾[5] 越南[5] 日本[15] 韩国[17] 西班牙[18]
UV-P 5000 391 20 - 35 - -
UV-9 - 7 - 825 9.9 - -
UV-234 12500 - - - - - -
UV-320 1000 - - - - - 218400
UV-326 5000000 6 256 - - - -
UV-327 4000 - - - - - -
UV-328 10000 12 - - - 36 -
UV-329 9430000 8 - 24 8.3 - 50200
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苯并三唑类有机紫外吸收剂的健康风险研究现状
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雷承霖 1 , 刘潇 2 , 周妍 2 , 闻胜 2 , 唐艳 3 , 张玉 1 , 龚艳 1, 4, *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品安全监管 2025,16(5): 291-301
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品安全监管 2025, 16(5): 291-301
苯并三唑类有机紫外吸收剂的健康风险研究现状
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雷承霖1 , 刘潇2, 周妍2, 闻胜2, 唐艳3, 张玉1, 龚艳1, 4, *
作者信息
  • 1.湖北工业大学生命科学与健康工程学院, 武汉 430079
  • 2.湖北省疾病预防控制中心, 国家卫生健康委食品安全风险评估与标准研制特色实验室, 武汉 430079
  • 3.新疆大学生命科学与技术学院, 乌鲁木齐 830017
  • 4.湖北省生物农药工程研究中心, 武汉 430064
  • 雷承霖(1998—), 女, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为轻工技术与工程。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 龚艳(1980—), 女, 博士, 研究员, 主要研究方向为农产品质量安全风险评估。E-mail:
Research status of health risks of benzotriazole ultraviolet absorbents
Cheng-Lin LEI1 , Xiao LIU2, Yan ZHOU2, Sheng WEN2, Yan TANG3, Yu ZHANG1, Yan GONG1, 4, *
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Life Science and Health Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430079, China
  • 2. Hubei Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, NHC Specialty Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment and Standard Development, Wuhan 430079, China
  • 3. College of Life Sciences and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China
  • 4. Hubei Biopesticide Engineering Research Center, Wuhan 430064, China
出版时间: 2025-03-15 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240909005
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苯并三唑类有机紫外吸收剂(benzotriazole ultraviolet absorbers, BUVs)是一类新型的持久性有机污染物, 因良好的紫外线吸收能力和热稳定性, 作为光稳定剂广泛应用于各类工业产品, 其中2-(3,5-二叔戊基-2-羟苯基)苯并三唑[2-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4,6-di-tert-pentylphenol, UV-328]已被列入《斯德哥尔摩公约》管控中。当前, 国内外研究已有大量关于BUVs在环境和生物体内的暴露情况, 沉积物和土壤中BUVs浓度普遍达到数百ng/g, 水体和鱼类中检出频繁。人类通过膳食摄入和呼吸道摄入存在暴露风险, 目前人类尿液和血液中BUVs负荷报道不多, 值得关注的是人类母乳中BUVs负荷水平, 最高可达上千ng/g。鉴于BUVs的生物积累性和潜在毒性, 本文详细综述了各类环境、生物和人体组织样本中BUVs暴露情况, 并对其肝肾靶器官毒性、内分泌干扰效应和免疫、神经毒性等潜在危害作简要总结, 旨在为BUVs在人体中的健康风险评估提供参考。

苯并三唑类有机紫外吸收剂  /  环境暴露  /  人体暴露  /  毒性

Benzotriazole ultraviolet absorbers (BUVs) are a new class of persistent organic pollutants, which are widely used as light stabilizers in various industrial products with good ultraviolet absorbing ability and thermal stability, among which 2-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4,6-di-tert-pentylphenol (UV-328) has been listed in the Stockholm Convention. Currently, there are a large number of domestic and international studies on the exposure of BUVs in the environment and living organisms, and the concentration of BUVs in sediments and soils generally reaches hundreds of ng/g, and they are frequently detected in water bodies and fish. Humans have an exposure risk through dietary intake and respiratory tract intake, but there are few reports on the load of BUVs in human urine and blood, and it is noteworthy that the load of BUVs in human breast milk can reach up to thousands of ng/g. In view of the bioaccumulation and potential toxicity of BUVs, this paper provided a detailed overview of the exposure to BUVs in various types of environmental, biological, and human tissue samples. This paper briefly summarized the potential hazards of BUVs, such as liver and kidney target organ toxicity, endocrine disrupting effects, and immunotoxicity and neurotoxicity, aiming to provide a reference for the assessment of the health risk of BUVs in human beings.

benzotriazole ultraviolet absorbents  /  environmental exposure  /  human exposure  /  toxicity
雷承霖, 刘潇, 周妍, 闻胜, 唐艳, 张玉, 龚艳. 苯并三唑类有机紫外吸收剂的健康风险研究现状. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (5) : 291 -301 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240909005
Cheng-Lin LEI, Xiao LIU, Yan ZHOU, Sheng WEN, Yan TANG, Yu ZHANG, Yan GONG. Research status of health risks of benzotriazole ultraviolet absorbents[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (5) : 291 -301 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240909005
苯并三唑类有机紫外吸收剂(benzotriazole ultraviolet absorbents, BUVs)是一类通过重氮化、偶合和还原反应形成的双酚类化合物[1], 具有良好的热稳定性和紫外线吸收能力(300~385 nm)[2], 作为光稳定剂被广泛使用。BUVs的化学通式如图1所示, 常见单体及其理化性质见表1
在工业领域, BUVs大量应用于汽车工业、食品塑料包装、建筑材料及橡胶中, 有效防止材料光降解与风化、提升产品使用寿命。皮革与纺织品中的使用可避免衣料的褪色与老化现象。而在化妆品行业, BUVs通常与其他类型紫外吸收剂结合使用, 提升防晒霜防晒性能。BUVs在商品中的添加剂量一般为0.1%~3%, 轻工业织物和化妆品中最高可达10%[8]。据统计, 2020年欧盟市场UV-328完全来自进口, 亚洲是主要供应源[9]。欧洲化学品管理局(European Chemicals Agency, ECHA) 2022年报告, 各种BUVs单体的全球年产量普遍介于1000~10000 t[10], 是使用最广泛的一类紫外吸收剂, 其产量预计随市场消费量还将持续增加。
BUVs具有高亲脂性, 易与环境中的固相颗粒结合[11], 通过自然风化及不当的废弃物处理迁移至水体、沉积物、灰尘及室内环境中[12-13]。稳定的化学结构使得其在自然环境中难以降解[14], 并通过食物链在鱼、蛤蜊、海鸥等生物体内富集, 展现出显著生物蓄积性和生物放大性[15]。BUVs在环境和生物介质中的长期迁移转化, 可通过饮食、个人护理产品和环境空气导致人体的接触, 母乳、尿液等人体组织样本中均有BUVs检出报道[5,7,16-18]。BUVs具有肝肾靶器官毒性[19-20], 内分泌干扰效应[21-22]和免疫[23]、神经毒性[24], 其不良健康效应已引起了诸多关注和研究, UV-234、UV-P和UV-328是其中涉猎最广的物质, 在多种生物体内均有毒性作用报道。为此, 日本在2007年将BUVs列入《化学物质控制法》中的“第一等级监控化学物质”, 禁止生产和进口[25]。2014至2024年间, ECHA先后将UV-320、UV-327、UV-328、UV-350、UV-326和UV-329列入非常高度关注物质清单(substances of very high concern, SVHC)[26-28]。2023年, 《斯德哥尔摩公约大会》正式将UV-328确定为持久性有机污染物, 将在使用规定中被逐步替代[29]
目前全球范围内环境、生物介质受BUVs污染普遍且暴露水平参差不一, 对人体健康造成巨大潜在风险。因此, 本文结合当前国内外BUVs研究情况, 总结了BUVs的环境、生物和人体暴露情况, 并对其毒性和人体健康危害作综述归纳, 以期为BUVs在人体中的健康风险评估提供参考。
水环境中BUVs暴露主要来源于污水处理厂、垃圾填埋场渗滤液和雨水[11], 日常生活废水和工业污水都能随污水排放进入自然水体[30], 对水环境造成持续污染。综合中国、印度和西班牙的6项水体调查[31-33], UV-329是三国水环境中最常检出的化合物, 质量浓度水平介于7.45~859 ng/L。中国珠江流域5种BUVs的单个化合物质量浓度介于2.29 ng/L (UV-328)~87.2 ng/L (UV-329)之间[31]; 印度河流中6种BUVs的单个化合物质量浓度介于0.5 ng/L (UV-328)~13.7 ng/L (UV-329)之间[32]。西班牙海水∑6BUVs质量浓度为67.01~2419 ng/L, UV-329质量浓度范围为67.5~859.0 ng/L, 远高于该研究中的其他化合物[33]。总的来看, 自然水环境中普遍存在BUVs, 不同地区检出浓度跨度较大, 海水中UV-329的高检出浓度与工业微塑料的迁移密不可分。
印度污水处理厂中∑6BUVs检出质量浓度为4~1632 ng/L(进水)和检出限(limit of detection, LOD)到29853 ng/L(出水), 在印度污水处理厂内, ∑6BUVs的进、出水最大检出质量浓度分别为1632 ng/L和29853 ng/L, 检出质量浓度最大的化合物分别为UV-9 (567 ng/L)和UV-328 (2732 ng/L)[34], 远超同时期中国[35]和泰国[36]的报道浓度。值得注意的是, 综合3个国家的数据, 发现一些BUVs单体出水中浓度比进水中更高, 说明现有的污水处理技术对BUVs的去除效率还有待提高, 制定改进和再利用废水策略将是未来的努力方向(表2)。
Log Kow在4~8范围内, BUVs水溶性低, 因此在沉积物和土壤[37-38]中往往具有更高的检出水平。对不同国家沉积物中BUVs含量的研究显示, UV-328是挪威(<LOD~25.1 ng/g干重, Dry weight, dw)[39]、日本(2.8~320ng/g dw)[40]、西班牙(0.35~1.79 ng/g dw)[33]和印度(<LOD~16.1 ng/g)[37]的主要检出化合物, 浓度水平介于<LOD~320 ng/g dw。德国莱茵河中沉积物∑9BUVs浓度为0.23~21 ng/g dw, 检出浓度最高的化合物UV-326和UV-360浓度分别为12 ng/g dw和21 ng/g dw[4]。我国渤海区域61份沉积物研究发现, BUVs浓度比其他海域低一到两个数量级, ∑15BUVs检出浓度为0.139~4.125 ng/g dw, 浓度最高的化合物为UV-327 (0.119 ng/g dw)[41]
农用塑料膜覆盖土壤中(91.4 μg/kg) ∑4BUVs浓度比未覆盖土壤(0.08 μg/kg)高4个数量级[38]。生物改良土壤中5种BUVs单体检出水平介于28.3 ng/g (UV-328)~389 ng/g (UV-329), 而自然土壤中仅检测出微量UV-327[42]。由此可见, 自然土壤BUVs污染水平较低, 但随着现代农业的发展, 化肥、农药及塑料的使用加重了土壤中有机污染物的积累。BUVs在土壤中的消散速率慢, 受污染土壤中BUVs半衰期长达75~218 d[42], 风化、破碎的塑料碎片将进一步导致土壤环境的大规模污染。
玩具、家具、地板等室内产品中的BUVs可通过磨损和挥发方式持续散逸到空气中[43]。西班牙汽车、办公区和住宅区室内灰尘中∑4BUVs的浓度为71~780 ng/g, 贡献最大的单体UV-326浓度是其他单体的数倍[44]。菲律宾群岛居住区和市政倾倒区室内灰尘中发现7种BUVs, 两个地区∑7BUVs浓度分别为285 ng/g和115 ng/g, 最高暴露化合物UV-234的浓度分别为84 ng/g和41 ng/g, 平均贡献率占总BUVs的90%以上[45]。而在一些生产和制造含BUVs产品的工作场所中, 室内灰尘的浓度更高。我国电子垃圾拆解车间室内灰尘的∑9BUVs浓度达2800 ng/g, 远高于当地居民住宅(227 ng/g)和城市住宅(1380 ng/g)的浓度[3]。值得注意的是, 该研究指出电子垃圾拆解过程或许导致了UV-P、UV-320、UV-327和UV-350的排放增加。
BUVs在个人护理产品中的报道较少, 但应用并不低, 常见化合物有UV-P、UV-328、UV-329等, 全球大约有10%的UV-328用于化妆品的生产使用[46]。王磊等[47]通过高效液相色谱法在4款防晒霜中检出3种BUVs, 国外品牌防晒霜中UV-P含量为3.43%, 这是我国2015年出版《化妆品安全技术规范》中所禁用的化合物。研究发现, 化妆品中1%和7%的UV-P在人体的全身暴露剂量分别为0.27 mg/kg·bw/d和1.910.27 mg/kg·bw/d[48]。即使局部涂抹防晒霜, BUVs也能穿透表层皮肤屏障导致全身吸收, 相关监管部门应高度重视, 严格把控产品质量安全, 促进市场健康有序发展。
26份不同材质服装样本中BUVs的存在情况调查显示, 检出率最高的化合物为UV-234 (54%), 浓度为2.7~2750 ng/g, UV-P (31%)次之, 浓度为1.97~11.45 ng/g, 而UV-328仅在两个纯棉制品中检出, 浓度分别为8.05 ng/g和106 ng/g[49]。之后在另一项关于聚酯纤维纺织品(n=27)的分析中, 上述3种BUVs具有更高的检出浓度, UV-234、UV-P和UV-328浓度分别为10.2~6690 ng/g (n=20), 6.58~244 ng/g (n=13)和47.8~85.3 ng/g (n=4), 即使经过多次洗涤, 衣物上仍然会有残留[50]。相较之下, 皮革制品中BUVs检出率较低, 徐建云等[51]建立了皮革中7种BUVs的高效液相色谱检测方法, 仅在两个样品(n=108)中分别检出UV-P (14.52 mg/kg)和UV-327 (133.78 mg/kg)。
综上所述, BUVs的环境污染是一个复杂的过程, 主要取决于工业水平、废弃物处理和人类活动的影响, 不同地区的污染水平和污染物组成存在巨大差异(图2)。水体中BUVs表现出明显粒子沉降效应, 导致沉积物中浓度显著高于自然水体, 成为BUVs富集的主要环境介质。BUVs的环境暴露途径多样, 不易防控, 通过水-土循环、空气-水循环和固体散逸过程, 可在不同环境介质间相互迁移, 大大增加了人类接触风险。当前, 个人护理产品和轻工业织物中BUVs暴露数据较少, 但直接皮肤接触对人体健康的潜在风险不容忽视。
BUVs可在生活在受污染水源中的生物体内长期累积, 广泛分布于水体内各个营养级之间。鱼是最常见的脊椎动物, 其不同组织中BUVs的浓度特征可以从侧面预测该污染物的毒性作用模式[52], 肌肉和肝脏是鱼体BUVs污染的主要对象。加拿大深海小红鱼肌肉中UV-350检出浓度为21.4 ng/g dw, 其他物质均处于较低水平[6]。德国莱茵河流域鲷鱼肝脏中UV-328和UV-327浓度分别为40 ng/g dw和65 ng/g dw[4]。日本鲈鱼肌肉和肝脏中∑4BUVs浓度介于0.3~9.4 ng/g湿重(wet weight, wt)[40]。中国珠江流域野生鱼类各组织中∑5BUVs浓度为<LOD~377 ng/g脂肪重(lipid weight, lw), BUVs浓度水平大小为肝脏>腹部脂肪>膀胱组织>背侧肌肉>鱼卵[53]。一般来说, 生物积累因子对数值(bio-accumulation factor, LogBAF)与Log Kow值呈正相关, BUVs的Log Kow值普遍偏高, 理论上具有较高的生物积累能力, 这与上述自然环境鱼体内BUVs检出情况一致。而BUVs在鱼类各组织中的富集程度往往与脂肪含量有关, 肝脏作为解毒器官同时含有大量脂肪, 是受BUVs污染最严重的组织(图3)。
同时, 鱼作为人类最主要的水产消费类食品之一, 是人体经口暴露于BUVs的一个重要来源。在菲律宾居民暴露于BUVs的研究中发现, 食用鱼暴露约是室内灰尘吸入暴露量的两倍, 食用鱼对菲律宾居民UV-328的平均暴露量贡献达96% (8.9 ng/day)[45]。在中国, 珠江流域野生鱼中检出了包括5种BUVs在内的12种有机紫外吸收剂, 通过食用鱼的成人(以60 kg标准体重计)总平均最大摄入量(estimated daily intake, EDI)为19.2 g·kg-1·d-1[53]
甲壳类生物通常生活在水体底泥和沉积物中, 具有高暴露风险, 近年来已有其BUVs污染报道。中国渤海贝壳类和扁玉螺体内∑7BUVs浓度为350 ng/g dw, 其中UV-327和UV-328在80%以上的样本中检出, 浓度分别为55 ng/g dw和0.36 ng/g dw[54]。日本滩涂区水生生物体内UV-320和UV-326浓度是浅水区的10~20倍, UV-327是两地最常检出的单体, 滩涂区的潮扁蛤、螃蟹和食草泥涂鱼体内浓度均大于100 ng/g wt, 浅水区海鲈鱼、鲻鱼浓度超过40 ng/g wt, 而其中68种贻贝中检测到的UV-328最高浓度达55 ng/g wt[40]。值得注意的是, 大多数报道的关于BUVs污染的水生生物都是人类可食用的, 一定程度上增加了人类经口接触BUVs的可能性, 进而增加了对人类健康的影响。
持久性有机污染物在全球野生动物种群中分布广泛, BUVs在陆生动物体内也有检出报道。PROVENCHER等[55]总结了1975年至2019年间加拿大海鸥卵中BUVs随年份的浓度变化情况, 除了UV-328曾在21世纪初期出现短暂增涨之外, 海鸥卵中UV-234、UV-328和UV-329随时间推移基本呈现逐年下降趋势, 这可能与近年来工业重心的转变有关。而对比不同种类的海鸥卵发现, 三趾鸥卵和暴雪鹱卵中的主要BUVs是UV-328, 浓度分别为0.29 ng/g和0.22 ng/g, 而厚喙海雀卵中仅有一例UV-328样本检出。摄入塑料碎片是海鸥暴露于BUVs的主要途径之一, 暴雪鹱体内的塑料碎片检出率大约为80%, 三趾鸥次之, 检出率为10%[56]
日本江豚脂肪中检出UV-328 (38 ng/g lw)和UV-327 (19 ng/g lw), 生物富集系数(bioconcentration factor, BCF)比同流域鱼类高一个数量级[25], 说明哺乳动物具有更高的暴露风险。北极地区海豹肝脏中可普遍检测到UV-326、UV-329和UV-350, 其浓度呈现显著地域性差异[57]。在斯瓦尔巴特群岛的北极熊血液中, 还检测到UV-326 (500~810 pg/g ww)和UV-329 (600~2300 pg/g ww)[58], 尽管检出浓度较低, 但足以证明BUVs通过食物网向全球迁移的趋势。哺乳动物中BUVs的检出, 也映证了人体积累的可能性。
LI[59]研究发现, 高疏水性的有机污染物(Low Kow>4)可通过维管组织的蒸腾流被根系植物吸收。因此, 具有相似疏水性的BUVs在植物中也存在暴露风险。BUVs可作为一种潜在的蛋白激酶拮抗剂过度打开水稻叶气口, 在抑制水稻生长的同时, 还加重了水稻植株中BUVs的积累[60]。小麦植株在100 μg/L的BUVs干预下达到最大吸收, BUVs主要积累在小麦根系中, 总积累量介于1.3~6.95 μg/g之间[61]。植物是食物链中的生产者, 在维系陆生生态环境的正常循环中扮演着至关重要的角色。而水稻和小麦作为全球人类的主要粮食作物, 可通过直接食用或作为食品原料的方式导致人类经口BUVs暴露, 存在巨大食品安全隐患。
由于长期的环境转化迁移, 人类可通过摄入受污染的鱼和其他海产品、吸入室内空气颗粒和皮肤接触暴露于BUVs, 通过规律性地监测人体负荷水平是了解BUVs健康影响状况的有效手段。当前, 母乳中BUVs负荷水平已在世界多国有所报道, 关于血液和尿液中BUVs的负荷研究还十分有限。
母乳样本中脂肪含量较高, 便于分析研究, 是人体中BUVs暴露的重要样本。在中国, LIU等[16]在收集于2017—2019年间3467份母乳样品中检测到5种BUVs, 城市样本中BUVs浓度比农村更高。对比越南、菲律宾和日本母乳中8种BUVs的情况发现, 收集于城市地区的母乳样本BUVs浓度远低于垃圾倾倒区附近收集的样本, 3个国家母乳中∑8BUVs浓度分别为300、100和28 ng/g wt[5]。韩国母乳中∑8BUVs浓度为181 ng/g lw, UV-234 (0%)和UV-328 (98%)分别是检出频率最低和最高的物质[17]。综合亚洲5个国家母乳中BUVs负荷水平调查发现, 越南是母乳中BUVs污染最严重的国家, 最高浓度达1100 ng/g lw。UV-P是中国、日本和菲律宾母乳中负荷水平最大的化合物, 浓度分别为77、21和46 ng/g lw。韩国和越南母乳中, UV-9则是检出浓度最高的单体, 两国浓度分别为72.3 ng/g lw和252 ng/g lw。而西班牙母乳中UV-320和UV-329的浓度分别为440 ng/g lw和150 ng/g lw, 远高于上述亚洲国家的报道[18]。具体浓度如图4所示。
这些研究表明母乳中BUVs污染程度与人群生活习惯和居住环境有关, 而不同国家高暴露物的不同则与当地对BUVs的管理使用情况息息相关。值得注意的是, 我国6个月内婴儿纯母乳喂养率仅为20.8% (2013年)[62], 说明奶粉等婴儿辅食在婴儿膳食中占有重要地位。当前, 已有关于市售婴儿配方奶粉中BUVs的检出报道[63], 这一现象表明婴儿食品安全问题刻不容缓, 对婴儿膳食及辅食安全风险的监测将是今后食品中BUVs污染水平的一个重点关注内容。
此外, 通过对母乳中BUVs的监测还能评价婴儿(母乳喂养)暴露情况。中国一周岁内的婴幼儿通过母乳暴露于BUVs的剂量呈下降趋势, 目前普遍认为这与婴儿体重的增加和母乳摄入量减少有关[16]。暴露剂量最高的单体UV-P在所有年龄组EDI为216~391 ng/kg•bw/d, 比参考剂量(5000 ng/kg·bw/d)低一个数量级, 其他国家报道的婴儿BUVs暴露情况也得出了类似的结论, 具体如表3所示。
尿液样本可代表各种暴露途径的综合摄入量, 并考虑了人体代谢活动, 作为一种无创伤采样的监测样本, 常用于评价人体对污染物的摄入量情况[65]。在先前的研究中, 学者们通过志愿者口服方式模拟暴露, 建立起人体尿液中UV-327和UV-328及其代谢物的分析检测方法, 这对今后尿液样本中实际BUVs的负荷水平研究具有重要参考价值[7,66-67]。收集于中国衢州的182份普通人群尿液中检出了9种BUVs[7], ∑9BUVs的肌酐校正(creatinine correction, Cr)浓度为2.6 μg/g, 检出率从17% (UV-571)到88% (UV-327)。其中UV-P、UV-PS、UV-326、UV-327和UV-328的浓度分别为1.60、0.21、0.15、0.42和0.18 μg/g Cr, 是检出浓度最高的几种物质。由肌酐效应导致的性别差异显示, 女性尿液中的UV-327浓度(0.51 μg/g Cr)显著高于男性(0.26 μg/g Cr)。而人群生活习惯和生理情况的不同还导致了尿液中UV-P与UV-328的年龄分布差异, 两种化合物在人群尿液中的浓度随着受试者年龄的增长而显著减少。
BUVs可以通过氢键或静电相互作用与人血清白蛋白结合, 室温下结合常数可达到10000 L/mol, 表明通过血液可以准确评估BUVs的人体累积状况[68]。但与尿液类似, 目前关于人体血液中BUVs的报道相当有限。人体0.3 mg·kg-1·weight-1的UV-328口服暴露研究显示, UV-328及其代谢物只在血清中存在, 口服8 h后UV-328平均最大值为(736±489) µg/L, 24 h后血中UV-328水平下降为(83.1±54.2) µg/L[66]。同剂量UV-327的人体口服暴露研究得到了相似结果, 3名志愿者在暴露6 h后, UV-327的平均最高血液水平为(632±114) µg/L, 最高血清水平为1261 µg/L, 暴露24 h后平均血液水平为(103±24) µg/L, 且72 h后仍有较低水平检出[67]
大多数BUVs可通过酶反应代谢, 代谢产物通常由羟基化和氧化反应得到。ZHUANG等[69]以人肝微粒体(human liver microsomes, HLM)为载体, 利用细胞色素P450 3A4 (cytochrome P450 3A4, CYP3A4)介导了UV-328的羟基化代谢, 鉴定了3种单羟基代谢物和3种二羟基代谢物, 且代谢产物的抗雄激素活性比UV-328提高了23.61%。HLM进一步的体外实验筛选并确定了5种UV-328的初级氧化/羟基化产物, 其代谢转化位置在苯酚的两个烷基侧链上, 三级代谢产物[2-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-6-(3-hydroxy- 2-methylbutan-2-yl)-4-(tert-pentyl)phenol, UV-328-6/3-OH]是含量最高的代谢产物, [2-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4- (2-methylbutan-3-on-2-yl)-6-(3-hydroxy-2-methylbutan-2-yl)phenol, UV 328-4/3-CO-6/3-OH]的半衰期远超过UV-328 (5.3 h), 最高可达600 h[70]。UV-328的体内代谢动力学通过血液和尿液中的靶向分析证明UV-328在人体中代谢缓慢、程度低, 72 h内仅有0.1%的口服剂量可随尿液排出[66]。排泄动力学发现UV-328经过肝脏和肠道初步吸收后, 可随胆汁反复回到肠道进行复杂的再吸收, 表明胆道排泄和粪便排泄是人体中UV-328消除的首要途径[66]。UV-327的代谢动力学和排泄动力学研究结果与UV-328类似, 口服暴露后仅有0.03%口服剂量在尿液中恢复, 胆道排泄是主要消除途径[67]
UV-327和UV-328在大鼠经口半数致死量(median lethal dose, LD50)均大于2000 mg/kg, 属于低毒物质, 但长期暴露可引起肝肾靶器官毒性[19-20], 基于相似结构, 多种BUVs单体的毒性和不良效应具有共通之处。用UV-328饲喂斑马鱼28 d后发现, 0.1 mg/L和1 mg/L组斑马鱼出现肝细胞浑浊肿胀和严重肝坏死现象[71]。28 d口服暴露实验发现, 0~500 mg·kg-1·d-1的UV-327处理大鼠后, 雄鼠明显出现肝重量增加和肝细胞肥大症状, 毒性反应是雌性的100倍以上, 但通过阉割手段可有效降低肝毒性[72]。28 d灌胃实验表明, 0~62.5 mg·kg-1·d-1的UV-320处理大鼠后, 大鼠出现肝脏病变、心肌病变、肾小管肥大和甲状腺弥漫性滤泡细胞增生, 雄鼠和雌鼠不良反应水平(no observed adverse effect level, NOAEL)分别为0.5 mg·kg-1·d-1和2.5 mg·kg-1·d-1[73], 且这些损伤只能在雌鼠体内恢复。由此可推测, 包括激素水平、特异性酶结合位点和酶活性在内的多种影响因素, 都可能导致BUVs在不同性别生物内的肝肾毒性作用的显著差异。
BUVs可以破坏内质网通路诱导荧光素酶活性, 通过结合酶的活性位点而导致细胞增殖, 具有内分泌干扰作用[21]。21 d食品饲喂研究发现, 634 ng/g的UV-P可导致雌性青枪鱼性腺中cyp11acyp19a转录的丰度显著降低, 虽然这对繁殖没有显著影响, 但可影响与类固醇合成相关的基因表达[22]。在人肝癌细胞(human hepatocellular carcinomas, HepG2)细胞中, UV-P、UV-328和UV-329能显著解除细胞色素P450和葡萄糖醛酸基转移酶家族的基因调控, 诱导肝毒性, 并可富集糖尿病相关基因成为一种潜在糖尿病环境来源[74]。13种BUVs对人雌激素受体(estrogen receptor, ER)和雄激素受体(androgen receptor, AR)的活性结果显示, 这些物质的内分泌干扰活性一般表现为ER激动或拮抗和/或AR拮抗作用, 未观察到AR激动作用。其中, UV-P的雌激素受体a (estrogen receptor alpha, Era)激动剂活性最高, 20%的相对有效浓度(20% relative effect concentration, REC20)可达到1.5×10-5 mol/L[75]。由此可知, 大多数BUVs对人体的内分泌效应具有干扰作用, 可引起显著的雌激素效应。
UV-234暴露可诱导核因子B (nuclear factor-κB, NF-κB)驱动炎症反应, 导致黄鲶鱼的肝脏炎细胞浸润[23]。对斑马鱼进行7 d饲喂研究发现, UV-234和UV-326主要通过羟基化和氧化方式诱导氧化应激, 同时降低标志物丙二醛(malondialdehyde, MDA)水平, 破坏脂质代谢, 通过干扰环鸟苷单磷酸或蛋白激酶G通路诱导细胞凋亡[76]。UV-328则抑制氧化应激和细胞凋亡相关基因的表达p38 MPK/p53/Gadd45a信号级联, 导致斑马鱼幼虫G1细胞周期阻滞, 加速胚胎发育[77]。此外, UV-234和UV-328能够损害贻贝、水蚤等水生无脊椎动物的抗氧化防御系统和免疫系统, 引起脂质代谢紊乱, 从而导致细胞凋亡和氧化应激[78-79]。UV-PS和UV-P可激活芳烃基受体诱导小鼠脾脏中调节性T细胞(regulatory T cells, Tregs)的分化, 脾脏中CD4+-/CD25+-/Foxp3+treg的数量显著增加, 表明BUVs有作为免疫调节抑制剂的潜能[80]
LI等[24]从分子、生化和行为学指标3个方面全面综述了BUVs对鱼类的神经毒性作用。暴露于BUVs可导致斑马鱼中枢神经中与神经退化相关基因的表达异常和神经元缺失, 同时伴随自发尾巴卷曲和运动行为异常, 引起神经炎症和氧化应激。例如, 暴露于UV-327的虹鳟鱼卵在孵化半月后, 幼鱼中枢神经系统的功能和发育受到干扰, 表现出了过度活跃迹象[81]。目前, BUVs的神经毒性效应研究尚浅, 缺乏对哺乳动物神经毒性的直接证据。QUARDI等[82]曾报道有机磷可通过抑制小鼠脑中乙酰胆碱酯酶活性引发焦虑症状, 而BUVs同样对乙酰胆碱酯酶活性具有抑制作用[73], 间接证明BUVs可能也对哺乳动物存在潜在神经毒性影响。
随着BUVs在各类商品中的广泛普及, 其在多种环境、生物介质和人体组织中检出频繁。国内外学者针对BUVs在环境介质中的污染水平开展了大量研究, 对其在环境中的影响有了较为全面的了解, UV-P、UV-327、UV-328和UV-329无论在浓度水平还是检出率方面都是最具影响力的化合物。BUVs对环境介质的污染一定程度上也对人体产生了暴露风险。当前, 关于人体组织中BUVs负荷水平研究集中于母乳, UV-P和UV-9是最常检出的化合物, 虽然婴儿摄入量远低于参考值, 但仍需要持续关注。而对人群更具普适性的血液和尿液将是今后人体BUVs负荷深入探索的方向。尽管目前未发现BUVs对生物的急性毒性, 但体外实验研究表明其具有肝肾靶器官毒性、内分泌干扰特性和免疫、神经毒性, 因此对BUVs的毒性机制研究和多营养级生物污染水平关系将是未来环境科学研究的焦点。通过食物链传递, 人类面临高水平BUVs暴露风险, 不过流行病学研究尚浅, 其对人体健康的影响还需进一步考察。总而言之, BUVs的暴露情况和毒性提示应限制其使用频率和剂量, 其在人体组织中的负荷水平和体内代谢特征是未来BUVs人体健康风险评估工作中的研究重点。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFF1104800)
  • 湖北省楚天英才计划项目
  • 湖北省卫生健康委科研资助项目(WJ2023M106)
  • 湖北省自然科学基金资助项目(2023AFB1012)
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2025年第16卷第5期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240909005
  • 接收时间:2024-09-09
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2025-03-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-09
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFF1104800)
湖北省楚天英才计划项目
湖北省卫生健康委科研资助项目(WJ2023M106)
湖北省自然科学基金资助项目(2023AFB1012)
作者信息
    1.湖北工业大学生命科学与健康工程学院, 武汉 430079
    2.湖北省疾病预防控制中心, 国家卫生健康委食品安全风险评估与标准研制特色实验室, 武汉 430079
    3.新疆大学生命科学与技术学院, 乌鲁木齐 830017
    4.湖北省生物农药工程研究中心, 武汉 430064

通讯作者:

* 龚艳(1980—), 女, 博士, 研究员, 主要研究方向为农产品质量安全风险评估。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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