Article(id=1153986651014554254, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986642063905290, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240830005, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1724947200000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753061457637, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1739548800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753061457637, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753061457637, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753061457637, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153986642063905290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='316', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753061455502, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1760070725729, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1183385652272968023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986642063905290, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1183385652272968024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986642063905290, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=44, endPage=50, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153986652021187234, articleId=1153986651014554254, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Dietary exposure assessment of deoxynivalenol in Triticum, Zea mays and their processed products in Dalian City from 2019 to 2023, columnId=1151895321526759957, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Detection and Prevention and Control of Biotoxins in Food, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To analyze the contamination levels of deoxynivalenol (DON) in Triticum, Zea mays and their processed products in the Dalian Region and assess the acute and chronic dietary exposures of DON to the consuming population. Methods From 2019 to 2023, 287 samples of Triticum, Zea mays and their processed products were collected from Dalian. DON levels were determined using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Combined with the 2018 Dalian City dietary consumption survey data, acute and chronic dietary exposures of DON were assessed in different age groups using point estimation and simple distribution methods. Results DON was detected in 77.0% of the Triticum, Zea mays and their processed products, with a 3.5% over-standard rate. The average DON level was 263.62 µg/kg. Acute exposure assessment indicated that DON exposure levels in all age groups did not exceed the acute reference dose. Chronic exposure assessment revealed that 3.85%, 7.30%, 1.44%, and 0.12% of consuming populations in the 3-5, 6-10, 11-17 and 18-64 age groups, exceeded the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake, respectively. Triticum and its products were the primary dietary sources of DON exposure for all age groups. Conclusion DON contamination is prevalent in Triticum, Zea mays and their products in Dalian City. Acute dietary exposure of DON does not exceed the threshold values. However, chronic exposure risks are shown in low age groups. Enhanced monitoring of DON contamination in Triticum, Zea mays and their processed products is recommended, along with a focus on the health risks for high-risk populations.

, correspAuthors=Xiao-Yun SONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jun-Jie GU, Yue SONG, Mei ZHANG, Xiao-Yun SONG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1153986657050157883, articleId=1153986651014554254, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=2019—2023年大连市小麦、玉米及其制品中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇膳食暴露评估, columnId=1151895321669366295, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=本期专题:食品中生物毒素检测与防控, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 分析大连地区小麦、玉米及其制品中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(deoxynivalenol, DON)的污染水平, 并对食用人群DON的急慢性膳食暴露风险进行评估。方法 2019—2023年在大连市内采集小麦、玉米及其制品样品287份, 应用液相色谱-串联质谱法检测DON含量, 结合2018年大连市居民膳食消费调查数据, 分别使用点估计和简单分布方法评估不同年龄组食用人群的DON急、慢性膳食暴露风险。结果 77.0%的小麦、玉米及其制品样品检出DON, 超标率为3.5%, 平均污染水平为263.62 µg/kg。急性暴露评估显示, 各年龄组人群各类小麦、玉米及其制品的DON暴露量均未超过急性参考剂量。慢性暴露评估结果显示, 3~5岁、6~10岁、11~17岁和18~64岁年龄组分别有3.85%、7.30%、1.44%和0.12%的食用人群DON暴露量超过暂定每日最大耐受摄入量。小麦及其制品是各年龄组人群DON膳食暴露的主要来源。结论 大连市小麦、玉米及其制品中DON污染较为普遍, 居民的DON膳食急性暴露风险未超出风险值, 不存在急性暴露评估风险。但部分低年龄组人群存在慢性暴露风险, 建议加强对小麦、玉米及其制品中DON的污染监测, 并关注高风险人群的健康风险。

, correspAuthors=宋晓昀, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 宋晓昀(1982—), 女, 副主任医师, 主要研究方向为营养与食品卫生。E-mail:
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顾俊杰(1998—), 男, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为营养与食品卫生。E-mail:

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Food Chemistry, 2022, 378: 131978., articleTitle=Distribution, toxicity, interactive effects, and detection of ochratoxin and deoxynivalenol in food: A review, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1183427987119686576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986651014554254, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1183427987128075185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986651014554254, companyId=1183427987119686576, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 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Dalian Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Dalian 116035, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1183427987195184056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986651014554254, companyId=1183427987182601142, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.大连市疾病预防控制中心, 大连 116035)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1183427988709327867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986651014554254, language=EN, label=Fig.l, caption=Contribution rate of different grains and their processed products to DON cxposure, figureFileSmall=5iGiC5xokS8lNwvHtKUVgA==, figureFileBig=Ytx8i+NCK0tNe0LC/tZB2w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1183427988780631037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986651014554254, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同谷物及其制品对DON暴露量的贡献率, figureFileSmall=5iGiC5xokS8lNwvHtKUVgA==, figureFileBig=Ytx8i+NCK0tNe0LC/tZB2w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1183427988843545599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986651014554254, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

DON contamination levels in Triticum, Zea mays and their processed products

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
食品种类 样本量 检出率/% 超标率/% 均值/(µg/kg) P50/(µg/kg) 范围/(µg/kg)
小麦及其制品 169 81.7* 4.1 265.36 196.50* 0.00~1990.80
玉米及其制品 118 70.3 2.5 261.13 113.95 0.00~1382.00
合计 287 77.0 3.5 263.62 156.60 0.00~1990.80
), ArticleFig(id=1183427988906459136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986651014554254, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

小麦、玉米及其制品中DON的污染水平

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
食品种类 样本量 检出率/% 超标率/% 均值/(µg/kg) P50/(µg/kg) 范围/(µg/kg)
小麦及其制品 169 81.7* 4.1 265.36 196.50* 0.00~1990.80
玉米及其制品 118 70.3 2.5 261.13 113.95 0.00~1382.00
合计 287 77.0 3.5 263.62 156.60 0.00~1990.80
), ArticleFig(id=1183427988960985090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986651014554254, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

DON contamination levels in Triticum, Zea mays and their processed products across different sampling stages, packaging methods and sampling years

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分类 具体分类 小麦及其制品 玉米及其制品 合计
样本量 检出率/% P50/(µg/kg) 样本量 检出率/% P50/(µg/kg) 样本量 检出率/% P50/(µg/kg)
采样环节 流通环节 169 81.7 196.50 72 62.5 64.05 241 75.9 146.20
粮库 46 82.6** 559.50** 46 82.6 559.50**
包装方式 散装 99 81.8 238.20 97 75.3** 138.40** 196 78.6 175.10**
定型包装 70 81.4 157.08 21 47.6 2.50 91 73.6 115.20
采样年份 2019年 19 84.2 129.40 12 50.0 11.45 31 71.0 80.50
2020年 120 84.2 241.80 30 73.3 74.50 150 82.0 177.00
2022年 36 61.1 52.75 36 61.1 52.75
2023年 30 70 156.36 40 82.5 531.50 70 77.1 212.40
), ArticleFig(id=1183427989028093956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986651014554254, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同采样环节、包装方式、采样年份小麦、玉米及其制品中DON的污染水平

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分类 具体分类 小麦及其制品 玉米及其制品 合计
样本量 检出率/% P50/(µg/kg) 样本量 检出率/% P50/(µg/kg) 样本量 检出率/% P50/(µg/kg)
采样环节 流通环节 169 81.7 196.50 72 62.5 64.05 241 75.9 146.20
粮库 46 82.6** 559.50** 46 82.6 559.50**
包装方式 散装 99 81.8 238.20 97 75.3** 138.40** 196 78.6 175.10**
定型包装 70 81.4 157.08 21 47.6 2.50 91 73.6 115.20
采样年份 2019年 19 84.2 129.40 12 50.0 11.45 31 71.0 80.50
2020年 120 84.2 241.80 30 73.3 74.50 150 82.0 177.00
2022年 36 61.1 52.75 36 61.1 52.75
2023年 30 70 156.36 40 82.5 531.50 70 77.1 212.40
), ArticleFig(id=1183427989091008518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986651014554254, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Consumption of Triticum, Zea mays and their processed products by different age groups

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年龄组 品种 食用比例/%
(食用人数/调查人数)
消费量/(g/d)
平均值 中位数 P25 P75 P95 P97.5
3~5岁 小麦及其制品 98.1 (52/53) 33.02 30.83 11.82 48.92 72.97 79.31
玉米及其制品 47.2 (25/53) 3.93 3.50 1.75 3.50 8.95 9.60
合计 98.1 (52/53) 34.91 31.80 13.57 49.03 73.60 79.70
6~10岁 小麦及其制品 98.6 (137/139) 42.07 29.97 14.44 67.50 105.50 124.49
玉米及其制品 64.0 (89/139) 12.13 8.75 3.50 17.75 30.45 35.00
合计 98.6 (137/139) 49.95 38.25 17.94 74.06 121.23 139.38
11~17岁 小麦及其制品 97.2 (139/143) 45.09 38.72 20.19 60.52 104.59 127.53
玉米及其制品 68.5 (98/143) 14.34 17.50 8.75 18.00 31.50 33.51
合计 97.2 (139/143) 55.20 47.47 30.95 73.33 119.51 139.60
18~64岁 小麦及其制品 97.2 (1708/1757) 55.42 46.72 25.09 78.13 132.66 159.97
玉米及其制品 74.9 (1316/1757) 20.01 17.50 8.75 26.25 49.00 62.50
合计 97.7 (1717/1757) 70.47 60.50 34.56 95.63 161.17 182.35
≥65岁 小麦及其制品 97.6 (246/252) 54.11 46.25 26.28 73.13 124.10 148.22
玉米及其制品 87.3 (220/252) 26.44 17.50 10.50 35.00 62.50 70.09
合计 99.2 (250/252) 76.51 69.02 41.18 103.67 172.73 186.84
全部食用人群 小麦及其制品 97.4 (2282/2344) 53.34 44.19 23.19 74.38 128.72 155.80
玉米及其制品 74.6 (1748/2344) 19.87 17.50 8.75 26.25 53.75 62.50
合计 97.9 (2295/2344) 68.17 59.84 32.63 92.17 159.00 179.64
), ArticleFig(id=1183427989158117382, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986651014554254, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同年龄组人群小麦、玉米及其制品消费量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年龄组 品种 食用比例/%
(食用人数/调查人数)
消费量/(g/d)
平均值 中位数 P25 P75 P95 P97.5
3~5岁 小麦及其制品 98.1 (52/53) 33.02 30.83 11.82 48.92 72.97 79.31
玉米及其制品 47.2 (25/53) 3.93 3.50 1.75 3.50 8.95 9.60
合计 98.1 (52/53) 34.91 31.80 13.57 49.03 73.60 79.70
6~10岁 小麦及其制品 98.6 (137/139) 42.07 29.97 14.44 67.50 105.50 124.49
玉米及其制品 64.0 (89/139) 12.13 8.75 3.50 17.75 30.45 35.00
合计 98.6 (137/139) 49.95 38.25 17.94 74.06 121.23 139.38
11~17岁 小麦及其制品 97.2 (139/143) 45.09 38.72 20.19 60.52 104.59 127.53
玉米及其制品 68.5 (98/143) 14.34 17.50 8.75 18.00 31.50 33.51
合计 97.2 (139/143) 55.20 47.47 30.95 73.33 119.51 139.60
18~64岁 小麦及其制品 97.2 (1708/1757) 55.42 46.72 25.09 78.13 132.66 159.97
玉米及其制品 74.9 (1316/1757) 20.01 17.50 8.75 26.25 49.00 62.50
合计 97.7 (1717/1757) 70.47 60.50 34.56 95.63 161.17 182.35
≥65岁 小麦及其制品 97.6 (246/252) 54.11 46.25 26.28 73.13 124.10 148.22
玉米及其制品 87.3 (220/252) 26.44 17.50 10.50 35.00 62.50 70.09
合计 99.2 (250/252) 76.51 69.02 41.18 103.67 172.73 186.84
全部食用人群 小麦及其制品 97.4 (2282/2344) 53.34 44.19 23.19 74.38 128.72 155.80
玉米及其制品 74.6 (1748/2344) 19.87 17.50 8.75 26.25 53.75 62.50
合计 97.9 (2295/2344) 68.17 59.84 32.63 92.17 159.00 179.64
), ArticleFig(id=1183427989233614856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986651014554254, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Acute DON exposure risk in Triticum, Zea mays and their processed products consumers in the Dalian Region

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年龄组 谷物及其制品 食用比例/%(食用人数/调查人数) DON
EXPa/[µg/(kg·bw·d)] HQ
3~5岁 小麦及其制品 98.1 (52/53) 7.86 0.98
玉米及其制品 47.2 (25/53) 0.67 0.08
6~10岁 小麦及其制品 98.6 (137/139) 7.50 0.94
玉米及其制品 64.0 (89/139) 1.42 0.18
11~17岁 小麦及其制品 97.2 (139/143) 4.65 0.58
玉米及其制品 68.5 (98/143) 0.85 0.11
18~64岁 小麦及其制品 97.2 (1708/1757) 4.67 0.58
玉米及其制品 74.9 (1316/1757) 1.26 0.16
≥65岁 小麦及其制品 97.6 (246/252) 4.31 0.54
玉米及其制品 87.3 (220/252) 1.43 0.18
合计 小麦及其制品 97.4 (2282/2344) 4.84 0.60
玉米及其制品 74.6 (1748/2344) 1.33 0.17
), ArticleFig(id=1183427989325889546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986651014554254, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

大连地区小麦、玉米及其制品消费人群的DON急性暴露风险

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年龄组 谷物及其制品 食用比例/%(食用人数/调查人数) DON
EXPa/[µg/(kg·bw·d)] HQ
3~5岁 小麦及其制品 98.1 (52/53) 7.86 0.98
玉米及其制品 47.2 (25/53) 0.67 0.08
6~10岁 小麦及其制品 98.6 (137/139) 7.50 0.94
玉米及其制品 64.0 (89/139) 1.42 0.18
11~17岁 小麦及其制品 97.2 (139/143) 4.65 0.58
玉米及其制品 68.5 (98/143) 0.85 0.11
18~64岁 小麦及其制品 97.2 (1708/1757) 4.67 0.58
玉米及其制品 74.9 (1316/1757) 1.26 0.16
≥65岁 小麦及其制品 97.6 (246/252) 4.31 0.54
玉米及其制品 87.3 (220/252) 1.43 0.18
合计 小麦及其制品 97.4 (2282/2344) 4.84 0.60
玉米及其制品 74.6 (1748/2344) 1.33 0.17
), ArticleFig(id=1183427989388804108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986651014554254, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Chronic DON exposure risk in Triticum, Zea mays and their processed products consumers in the Dalian Region

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年龄组 食用比例/% 均值 P25 P50 P75 P90 P95 P97.5 P99 最大值
(食用人数/
调查人数)
EXPc HQ EXPc HQ EXPc HQ EXPc HQ EXPc HQ EXPc HQ EXPc HQ EXPc HQ EXPc HQ
3~5岁 98.1
(52/53)
0.46 0.46 0.24 0.24 0.43 0.43 0.57 0.57 0.83 0.83 0.98 0.98 1.09 1.09 1.54 1.54 1.97 1.97
6~10岁 98.6
(137/139)
0.42 0.42 0.18 0.18 0.34 0.34 0.60 0.60 0.86 0.86 1.03 1.03 1.15 1.15 1.24 1.24 1.37 1.37
11~17岁 97.2
(139/143)
0.29 0.29 0.15 0.15 0.24 0.24 0.35 0.35 0.51 0.51 0.72 0.72 0.82 0.82 1.02 1.02 1.19 1.19
18~64岁 97.7
(1717/1757)
0.28 0.28 0.15 0.15 0.25 0.25 0.37 0.37 0.51 0.51 0.61 0.61 0.68 0.68 0.77 0.77 1.08 1.08
≥65岁 99.2
(250/252)
0.30 0.30 0.19 0.19 0.28 0.28 0.41 0.41 0.53 0.53 0.60 0.60 0.71 0.71 0.82 0.82 0.93 0.93
合计 97.9
(2295/2344)
0.29 0.29 0.15 0.15 0.26 0.26 0.39 0.39 0.55 0.55 0.66 0.66 0.77 0.77 0.97 0.97 2.00 2.00
), ArticleFig(id=1183427989472690190, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986651014554254, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

大连地区小麦、玉米及其制品消费人群的DON慢性暴露风险

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年龄组 食用比例/% 均值 P25 P50 P75 P90 P95 P97.5 P99 最大值
(食用人数/
调查人数)
EXPc HQ EXPc HQ EXPc HQ EXPc HQ EXPc HQ EXPc HQ EXPc HQ EXPc HQ EXPc HQ
3~5岁 98.1
(52/53)
0.46 0.46 0.24 0.24 0.43 0.43 0.57 0.57 0.83 0.83 0.98 0.98 1.09 1.09 1.54 1.54 1.97 1.97
6~10岁 98.6
(137/139)
0.42 0.42 0.18 0.18 0.34 0.34 0.60 0.60 0.86 0.86 1.03 1.03 1.15 1.15 1.24 1.24 1.37 1.37
11~17岁 97.2
(139/143)
0.29 0.29 0.15 0.15 0.24 0.24 0.35 0.35 0.51 0.51 0.72 0.72 0.82 0.82 1.02 1.02 1.19 1.19
18~64岁 97.7
(1717/1757)
0.28 0.28 0.15 0.15 0.25 0.25 0.37 0.37 0.51 0.51 0.61 0.61 0.68 0.68 0.77 0.77 1.08 1.08
≥65岁 99.2
(250/252)
0.30 0.30 0.19 0.19 0.28 0.28 0.41 0.41 0.53 0.53 0.60 0.60 0.71 0.71 0.82 0.82 0.93 0.93
合计 97.9
(2295/2344)
0.29 0.29 0.15 0.15 0.26 0.26 0.39 0.39 0.55 0.55 0.66 0.66 0.77 0.77 0.97 0.97 2.00 2.00
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2019—2023年大连市小麦、玉米及其制品中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇膳食暴露评估
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顾俊杰 1 , 宋月 2 , 张玫 2 , 宋晓昀 2, *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:食品中生物毒素检测与防控 2025,16(3): 44-50
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:食品中生物毒素检测与防控 2025, 16(3): 44-50
2019—2023年大连市小麦、玉米及其制品中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇膳食暴露评估
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顾俊杰1 , 宋月2, 张玫2, 宋晓昀2, *
作者信息
  • 1.大连医科大学公共卫生学院, 大连 116044
  • 2.大连市疾病预防控制中心, 大连 116035
  • 顾俊杰(1998—), 男, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为营养与食品卫生。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 宋晓昀(1982—), 女, 副主任医师, 主要研究方向为营养与食品卫生。E-mail:
Dietary exposure assessment of deoxynivalenol in Triticum, Zea mays and their processed products in Dalian City from 2019 to 2023
Jun-Jie GU1 , Yue SONG2, Mei ZHANG2, Xiao-Yun SONG2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
  • 2. Dalian Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Dalian 116035, China
出版时间: 2025-02-15 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240830005
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目的 分析大连地区小麦、玉米及其制品中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(deoxynivalenol, DON)的污染水平, 并对食用人群DON的急慢性膳食暴露风险进行评估。方法 2019—2023年在大连市内采集小麦、玉米及其制品样品287份, 应用液相色谱-串联质谱法检测DON含量, 结合2018年大连市居民膳食消费调查数据, 分别使用点估计和简单分布方法评估不同年龄组食用人群的DON急、慢性膳食暴露风险。结果 77.0%的小麦、玉米及其制品样品检出DON, 超标率为3.5%, 平均污染水平为263.62 µg/kg。急性暴露评估显示, 各年龄组人群各类小麦、玉米及其制品的DON暴露量均未超过急性参考剂量。慢性暴露评估结果显示, 3~5岁、6~10岁、11~17岁和18~64岁年龄组分别有3.85%、7.30%、1.44%和0.12%的食用人群DON暴露量超过暂定每日最大耐受摄入量。小麦及其制品是各年龄组人群DON膳食暴露的主要来源。结论 大连市小麦、玉米及其制品中DON污染较为普遍, 居民的DON膳食急性暴露风险未超出风险值, 不存在急性暴露评估风险。但部分低年龄组人群存在慢性暴露风险, 建议加强对小麦、玉米及其制品中DON的污染监测, 并关注高风险人群的健康风险。

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇  /  污染状况  /  膳食暴露  /  风险评估

Objective To analyze the contamination levels of deoxynivalenol (DON) in Triticum, Zea mays and their processed products in the Dalian Region and assess the acute and chronic dietary exposures of DON to the consuming population. Methods From 2019 to 2023, 287 samples of Triticum, Zea mays and their processed products were collected from Dalian. DON levels were determined using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Combined with the 2018 Dalian City dietary consumption survey data, acute and chronic dietary exposures of DON were assessed in different age groups using point estimation and simple distribution methods. Results DON was detected in 77.0% of the Triticum, Zea mays and their processed products, with a 3.5% over-standard rate. The average DON level was 263.62 µg/kg. Acute exposure assessment indicated that DON exposure levels in all age groups did not exceed the acute reference dose. Chronic exposure assessment revealed that 3.85%, 7.30%, 1.44%, and 0.12% of consuming populations in the 3-5, 6-10, 11-17 and 18-64 age groups, exceeded the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake, respectively. Triticum and its products were the primary dietary sources of DON exposure for all age groups. Conclusion DON contamination is prevalent in Triticum, Zea mays and their products in Dalian City. Acute dietary exposure of DON does not exceed the threshold values. However, chronic exposure risks are shown in low age groups. Enhanced monitoring of DON contamination in Triticum, Zea mays and their processed products is recommended, along with a focus on the health risks for high-risk populations.

deoxynivalenol  /  contamination  /  dietary exposure  /  risk assessment
顾俊杰, 宋月, 张玫, 宋晓昀. 2019—2023年大连市小麦、玉米及其制品中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇膳食暴露评估. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (3) : 44 -50 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240830005
Jun-Jie GU, Yue SONG, Mei ZHANG, Xiao-Yun SONG. Dietary exposure assessment of deoxynivalenol in Triticum, Zea mays and their processed products in Dalian City from 2019 to 2023[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (3) : 44 -50 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240830005
脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(deoxynivalenol, DON), 又名呕吐毒素, 属B型单端孢霉烯族毒素[1]。DON是污染谷类作物的主要真菌毒素之一, 包括玉米、小麦、大麦等, 可影响谷类作物的产量和质量[2-7], 并对人和动物具有多种毒性作用, 包括胃肠道毒性、生殖系统毒性、免疫毒性、神经毒性以及肝脏毒性等[8-12]。DON主要由禾谷镰刀菌和黄色镰刀菌产生[13], 谷物从田间种植到收获贮藏各个阶段均可能被真菌毒素污染[14], DON毒素的产生与温度、湿度、水分等条件密切相关[15-17]。DON对人和动物具有急性和慢性毒性作用[18-20], 国际癌症研究机构于1998年将DON列为第3类致癌物[21]。联合国粮农组织/世界卫生组织食品添加剂联合专家委员会(Joint Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization Expert Committee on Food Additives, JECFA) 2011年建立了DON的急性参考剂量(acute reference dose, ARfD)和暂定每日最大耐受摄入量(provisional maximum tolerable daily intake, PMTDI)分别为8 µg/(kg·bw·d)和1 µg/(kg·bw·d)[22]。为控制食品中DON的污染, 多个国家和地区制定了谷物DON限量标准, 我国GB 2761—2017《食品安全国家标准 食品中真菌毒素限量》中规定, 谷物及其制品中DON限量为1000 µg/kg。
在我国, DON的污染主要发生在长江中下游的温暖潮湿地区以及华北平原、东北平原等小麦和玉米主产区[15]。调查表明, 东北地区谷物及其制品DON检出率和平均污染水平在我国位于前三[23]。但东北地区谷物及其制品中DON的膳食暴露评估鲜有报到。大连位于东北地区最南端, 本地区食品安全风险监测发现, 相比其他谷物及其制品, 小麦和玉米中DON检出率较高。鉴于此, 本研究通过分析大连地区小麦及其制品、玉米及其制品中DON的污染状况, 结合本地区人群谷物及其制品消费量数据, 对不同年龄段人群开展DON的急性和慢性膳食暴露评估。旨在评估当地小麦、玉米及其制品中DON污染带来的健康风险, 为政府部门制定防控措施提供科学依据。
小麦、玉米及其制品中DON污染数据来自2019—2023年大连市食品安全风险监测。小麦及其制品和玉米及其制品的样品采自流通环节(商店、超市、农贸市场等)或粮库, 每年采样时间为9~12月。4年共采集样品287份, 其中小麦及其制品169份, 玉米及其制品118份。采样后将样品密封, 低温保存。
样品的采集、试样制备、前处理及检测严格按照《国家食品污染和有害因素风险监测工作手册》进行。在样品检测过程中进行实验室内部质量控制及外部能力验证, 采取有证标准物质测定、标准添加回收等质控方式, 保证检测数据准确可靠。
小麦、玉米及其制品的消费量数据来自2018年大连市居民膳食消费状况调查。在全市11个县市区范围内采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样方法, 抽取800户家庭, 对其中2344名3岁及以上居民基于3 d 24 h膳食回顾法开展过去3个月各类食品(包括小麦及其制品和玉米及其制品)的消费量和消费频率的问卷调查。考虑到不同年龄组人群小麦、玉米及其制品消费量的差异, 研究将全人群分为3~5岁、6~10岁、11~17岁、18~64岁和65岁及以上5个年龄组。
使用点评估方法, 计算食用人群对小麦、玉米及其制品来源的DON的急性暴露量。计算如公式(1):
$\mathrm{EXPa}=\frac{F_{i} \times C_{i}}{1000 \times \mathrm{BW}}$
式中, EXPa为某人群每日急性膳食暴露量, µg/(kg·bw·d); Fi为第i类谷物及其制品食用人群的P97.5消费量, g/d; Ci为第i类谷物及其制品中DON的最高污染水平, µg/kg; BW为某人群的平均体重, kg。
使用简单分布评估方法, 计算每个个体小麦、玉米及其制品来源的DON的慢性暴露量。计算如公式(2):
$\mathrm{EXPc}=\sum_{i=1}^{n} \frac{\left(F_{i}^{\prime} \times C_{i}^{\prime}\right)}{1000 \times \mathrm{BW}^{\prime}}$
式中, EXPc为个体每日慢性膳食暴露量, µg/(kg·bw·d); Fi’为个体第i类谷物及其制品的每日消费量, g/d; Ci’为第i类谷物及其制品中DON的平均污染水平, µg/kg; BW'为个体体重, kg。
采用危害商值(hazard quotient, HQ)[24]描述小麦、玉米及其制品的DON的暴露风险值, 计算如公式(3):
$\mathrm{HQ}=\frac{\mathrm{EXP}}{\mathrm{ARfD} / \mathrm{PMTDI}}$
式中, EXP为暴露量, µg/(kg·bw·d); 当开展急性暴露评估时, 暴露量与DON的急性参考剂量(acute reference dose, ARfD) [8 µg/(kg·bw·d)][22]进行比较; 当开展慢性暴露评估时, 暴露量与DON暂定每日最大耐受摄入量(provisional maximum tolerable daily intake, PMTDI) [1 µg/(kg·bw·d)][22]进行比较。当HQ<1时, 认为该物质的暴露风险较低, 可以接受; 当HQ≥1时, 则认为该物质的暴露风险较高, 需引起重视。
依据世界卫生组织(World Health Organization, WHO)对未检出数据的处理原则[25], 当未检出数据的比例小于等于60%时, 所有未检出数据用1/2检出限替代; 当未检出数据的比例高于60%时, 所有未检出数据分别用0和检出限替代。采用SPSS 26.0软件进行统计分析。小麦、玉米及其制品的DON含量以P50、平均值、最小值-最大值表示。食物消费量以平均值、P25、P50、P75、P95、P97.5表示。采用Mann-Whitney U检验和Kruskal-Wallis H检验比较不同品种、采样环节、包装方式的小麦、玉米及其制品DON的含量, 采用卡方检验比较不同品种小麦、玉米及其制品DON检出率和超标率。所有统计学检验均为双侧检验, 检测水平ɑ=0.05。
大连地区小麦、玉米及其制品DON总检出率为77.0%, 总超标率为3.5%, 平均污染水平为263.62 µg/kg。其中, 小麦及其制品DON检出率和污染浓度均显著高于玉米及其制品(χ²=5.026, P<0.05; Z=-1.975, P<0.05), 见表1
不同采样环节、包装方式样品DON污染情况比较发现, 粮库采集的玉米及其制品DON检出率和污染水平中位数均显著高于流通环节采集样品(χ²=10.941, P<0.01; Z=-5.348, P<0.01), 散装玉米及其制品样品的DON检出率和污染水平显著高于定型包装样品, 见表2
各年龄组人群小麦及其制品的食用比例(97.2%~98.6%)远高于玉米及其制品(47.2%~87.3%), 小麦及其制品的平均消费量(33.02~55.42 g/d)也高于玉米及其制品(3.93~26.44 g/d)。在各年龄组至少食用一种谷物及其制品的人群中, 大于等于65岁人群小麦、玉米及其制品的食用比例(99.2%)和平均消费量(76.51 g/d)最高。见表3
各年龄组小麦及其制品食用人群的DON急性暴露量范围为4.31~7.86 µg/(kg·bw·d), HQ范围为0.54~0.98; 玉米及其制品食用人群的DON急性暴露量范围为0.67~ 1.43 µg/(kg·bw·d), HQ范围为0.08~0.18。见表4
不同年龄组小麦、玉米及其制品食用人群DON平均暴露量范围介于0.28~0.46 µg/(kg·bw·d)。3~5岁、6~10岁和11~17岁谷物及其制品的高消费个体(P90~P99)的DON暴露水平分别介于0.83~1.54 µg/(kg·bw·d)、0.86~1.24 µg/(kg·bw·d)和0.51~1.02 µg/(kg·bw·d), 见表5。慢性暴露评估结果显示, 3~5岁、6~10岁、11~17岁和18~64岁年龄组分别有3.85%、7.30%、1.44%和0.12%的食用人群DON暴露量超过暂定每日最大耐受摄入量。各年龄组中小麦及其制品对DON暴露量贡献率均高于玉米及其制品, 其贡献率范围为67.4%~89.3%, 见图1
本研究分析了大连地区玉米和小麦两种谷物及其制品的DON污染水平, 并评估了该地区不同年龄组人群来自两种谷物及其制品的DON急性和慢性膳食暴露风险。
结果显示, 大连地区287份小麦、玉米及其制品DON的检出率为77.0%, 与王丹[23]报道的东北其他地区谷物及其制品中DON的检出率70.3%基本持平, 但本研究DON的总体超标率3.5%显著高于东北其他地区谷物及其制品DON超标率0.9%[23]。大连地区的海洋气候导致空气湿度较高, 可能是导致两种谷物及其制品中DON超标率高于东北其他地区的原因。本研究中小麦及其制品中DON的平均值为263.62 μg/kg, 低于河南省[26]和安徽省[27]报道的小麦及其制品中DON的平均值353.1 μg/kg和432.1 μg/kg。温度和湿度对DON的形成和积累具有显著影响, 南方地区的亚热带季风气候及热带季风气候为DON的产生提供了有利条件[28-29], 导致上述地区小麦及制品中DON平均值高于大连地区。
本研究结果显示, 粮库采集的玉米及其制品中DON污染水平显著高于流通环节采集的样品。此外, 小麦、玉米及其制品散装样品的DON污染水平均显著高于定型包装样品。这提示储存和加工环节是影响谷物DON污染水平的重要因素和控制污染的关键环节。
急性暴露评估显示, 所有年龄组小麦、玉米及其制品食用人群的DON急性暴露量均未超过ARfD, 但3~5岁儿童小麦及其制品的DON急性暴露量为7.86 µg/(kg·bw·d), 对应的HQ为0.98, 接近阈值1。研究表明, 儿童单位体重的污染物暴露量显著高于成人[30-31]。长期暴露于DON环境下, 可影响儿童的生长发育, 导致体重增长缓慢、免疫力低下等问题[32-33], 应予以关注。慢性暴露评估结果显示, 各年龄组DON暴露量的平均水平均未超过PMTDI, 但低年龄组人群DON的平均暴露量高于成年人, 同时发现低年龄组DON暴露量的P95~P99已超过PMTDI, 提示低年龄组的高消费量人群存在DON慢性暴露风险。王小丹等[34]对中国不同地区居民谷类食物DON暴露评估显示, 49.2%的北方居民谷类食物DON暴露量超过PMTDI, 各年龄组中, 3~6岁儿童DON平均暴露量最高, 达到2.12 µg/(kg·bw·d)。李依玲等[35]对中国不同地区居民小麦及其制品DON的暴露评估结果显示, 南北各地区居民低年龄组人群(≤6岁组)的DON暴露量均高于其他年龄组。SUNDHEIM等[36]对挪威不同年龄人群进行DON暴露风险评估, 结果显示婴儿和儿童的高暴露量超过PMTDI, 高达3.5倍。SILVA等[37]对巴西小麦粉食品中DON暴露评估显示青少年是一个风险群体。结合以上文献和本研究结论, 应格外关注低年龄组人群尤其儿童的DON慢性暴露风险。在本研究的各年龄组中, 小麦及其制品均为DON暴露量的主要贡献食品, 这与人群对小麦及其制品消费量高有关, 与李依玲等[35]提出北方地区居民小麦及其制品消费量高是造成DON暴露量高的根本原因结论一致。
本研究存在以下不确定性: DON的乙酰基衍生物[38] 3-乙酰基-DON (3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, 3-Ac-DON)、15-乙酰基-DON (15acetyldeoxynivalenol, 15-Ac-DON)在谷物中虽然检出率低于DON, 但它们仍可以引起慢性毒性和急性毒性[39-41], 由于本研究样品中3-Ac-DON和15-Ac-DON的检出率较低, 因此暂未考虑其影响, 这可能在一定程度上低估了人群谷物及其制品DON的暴露风险。
综上所述, 大连市居民通过小麦、玉米及其制品摄入DON的急性暴露风险总体可控, 但低年龄组人群存在慢性暴露风险, 建议相关部门对小麦、玉米及其制品开展DON的连续监测和定期评估, 为控制小麦、玉米及其制品中真菌毒素的污染水平, 维护人群健康提供科学依据。
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2025年第16卷第3期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240830005
  • 接收时间:2024-08-30
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2025-02-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-30
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    1.大连医科大学公共卫生学院, 大连 116044
    2.大连市疾病预防控制中心, 大连 116035

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* 宋晓昀(1982—), 女, 副主任医师, 主要研究方向为营养与食品卫生。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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