Article(id=1153986783093183395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986777279877909, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240830003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1724947200000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753061489127, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1736870400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753061489127, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753061489127, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753061489127, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153986777279877909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='320', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753061487741, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757901302572, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1174286432060453412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986777279877909, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1174286432060453413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986777279877909, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=137, endPage=142, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153986783567139755, articleId=1153986783093183395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Research progress on the application of gold nanoclusters in pathogen detection, columnId=1153986783114154916, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Detection and Prevention of Foodborne Pathogenic Microorganisms, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Pathogenic bacteria has always been a hot topic of social concern, which is one of the important factors to harm food safety and public health. Rapid and accurate detection of pathogenic bacteria is of great significance to people’s health and social stability. In recent years, due to the drawbacks of traditional methods such as cumbersome process, low sensitivity and single detection type, researchers have developed various fluorescence sensors for rapid and accurate detection of pathogenic bacteria through reasonable modification of nanoclusters by various means. This paper focused on the physical and chemical properties of gold nanoclusters, summarized the latest research progress of gold nanoclusters for pathogenic bacteria detection from the perspective of direct and indirect reaction from the different modes of action of gold nanoclusters and target bacteria, and discussed and prospects the shortcomings and possible development directions of gold nanoclusters in the future. The aim is to provide reference for the rapid detection of pathogenic bacteria by gold nanoclusters.

, correspAuthors=Ya-Hui GUO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Qian-Yao ZHANG, Qian XU, Shi-Jun LIANG, Wan-Jing SHAO, Zhi-Qiang HUANG, Liu-Qing DONG, Xie-Bing-Qing YANG, Ya-Hui GUO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1153986783890101170, articleId=1153986783093183395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=金纳米团簇在致病菌检测中的应用研究进展, columnId=1153986783244178342, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=专题:食源性病原微生物检测与防控, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

致病菌是危害食品安全和公共卫生的重要因子之一, 快速、准确检测致病菌对民生健康和社会稳定具有重要意义。近年来, 由于传统方法存在着过程烦琐、灵敏度低、检测类型单一等弊端, 研究者们通过多种手段合理地改性纳米团簇, 已开发了各类荧光传感器用于致病菌的快速、准确检测。本文重点阐述了金纳米团簇的物理化学特性, 从金纳米团簇与目标菌的不同作用方式出发, 通过直接和间接反应两个角度归纳了金纳米团簇用于致病菌检测的最新研究进展, 并对其存在的不足以及未来可能的发展方向进行讨论和展望, 旨在为金纳米团簇在致病菌快速检测领域提供参考。

, correspAuthors=郭亚辉, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*郭亚辉(1988—), 男, 博士, 副教授, 主要研究方向为食品安全与质量控制。E-mail:
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张倩瑶(1987—), 女, 硕士, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为食品质量控制。E-mail:

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张倩瑶(1987—), 女, 硕士, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为食品质量控制。E-mail:

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张倩瑶(1987—), 女, 硕士, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为食品质量控制。E-mail:

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金纳米团簇在致病菌检测中的应用研究进展
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张倩瑶 1 , 徐倩 1 , 梁世君 1 , 邵婉静 1 , 黄志强 1 , 董柳青 1 , 杨谢冰清 2 , 郭亚辉 2, *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 专题:食源性病原微生物检测与防控 2025,16(1): 137-142
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 专题:食源性病原微生物检测与防控 2025, 16(1): 137-142
金纳米团簇在致病菌检测中的应用研究进展
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张倩瑶1 , 徐倩1, 梁世君1, 邵婉静1, 黄志强1, 董柳青1, 杨谢冰清2, 郭亚辉2, *
作者信息
  • 1.桐庐县检验检测中心, 桐庐 311500
  • 2.江南大学食品学院, 无锡 214122
  • 张倩瑶(1987—), 女, 硕士, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为食品质量控制。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*郭亚辉(1988—), 男, 博士, 副教授, 主要研究方向为食品安全与质量控制。E-mail:
Research progress on the application of gold nanoclusters in pathogen detection
Qian-Yao ZHANG1 , Qian XU1, Shi-Jun LIANG1, Wan-Jing SHAO1, Zhi-Qiang HUANG1, Liu-Qing DONG1, Xie-Bing-Qing YANG2, Ya-Hui GUO2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Inspection and Testing Center of Tonglu, Tonglu 311500, China
  • 2. School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
出版时间: 2025-01-15 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240830003
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致病菌是危害食品安全和公共卫生的重要因子之一, 快速、准确检测致病菌对民生健康和社会稳定具有重要意义。近年来, 由于传统方法存在着过程烦琐、灵敏度低、检测类型单一等弊端, 研究者们通过多种手段合理地改性纳米团簇, 已开发了各类荧光传感器用于致病菌的快速、准确检测。本文重点阐述了金纳米团簇的物理化学特性, 从金纳米团簇与目标菌的不同作用方式出发, 通过直接和间接反应两个角度归纳了金纳米团簇用于致病菌检测的最新研究进展, 并对其存在的不足以及未来可能的发展方向进行讨论和展望, 旨在为金纳米团簇在致病菌快速检测领域提供参考。

金纳米团簇  /  致病菌  /  检测

Pathogenic bacteria has always been a hot topic of social concern, which is one of the important factors to harm food safety and public health. Rapid and accurate detection of pathogenic bacteria is of great significance to people’s health and social stability. In recent years, due to the drawbacks of traditional methods such as cumbersome process, low sensitivity and single detection type, researchers have developed various fluorescence sensors for rapid and accurate detection of pathogenic bacteria through reasonable modification of nanoclusters by various means. This paper focused on the physical and chemical properties of gold nanoclusters, summarized the latest research progress of gold nanoclusters for pathogenic bacteria detection from the perspective of direct and indirect reaction from the different modes of action of gold nanoclusters and target bacteria, and discussed and prospects the shortcomings and possible development directions of gold nanoclusters in the future. The aim is to provide reference for the rapid detection of pathogenic bacteria by gold nanoclusters.

gold nanoclusters  /  pathogenic bacteria  /  detection
张倩瑶, 徐倩, 梁世君, 邵婉静, 黄志强, 董柳青, 杨谢冰清, 郭亚辉. 金纳米团簇在致病菌检测中的应用研究进展. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (1) : 137 -142 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240830003
Qian-Yao ZHANG, Qian XU, Shi-Jun LIANG, Wan-Jing SHAO, Zhi-Qiang HUANG, Liu-Qing DONG, Xie-Bing-Qing YANG, Ya-Hui GUO. Research progress on the application of gold nanoclusters in pathogen detection[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (1) : 137 -142 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240830003
世界卫生组织最新数据显示, 全球每年至少70万人死于“超级细菌”感染。到2050年可能会增加到每年1000万人死亡, 耐药细菌感染或将成为人类头号死因[1]。与此同时, 食源性致病菌引发的食品安全事件层出不穷, 世界卫生组织报告显示, 全世界每年约有6亿食源性疾病病例, 导致42万人死亡[2], 大约70%的食源性疾病是由食源性病原体引起的[3], 包括单增李斯特菌、致病性大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、蜡样芽孢杆菌、阪崎肠杆菌、副溶血性弧菌(Vibrio parahaemolyticus, VP)等[4]。为了保障舌尖上的安全和公共卫生, 亟需开发出经济有效的快速检测方法。
目前, 金纳米团簇(gold nanoclusters, AuNCs)是由数个至数百个金原子组成的直径小于2 nm的聚集体。AuNCs表现出迥异于传统金属纳米粒子的类分子性质, 例如离散的电子能级、顺磁性、强发光、类似于生物酶的催化活性和选择性等。这些独特的类分子性质使得AuNCs在生物医学、食品分析、环境监测等领域具有巨大的应用前景。与传统的荧光染料相比, AuNCs具有毒性低、光稳定性好、斯托克斯位移大等优势; 与荧光量子点相比, AuNCs具有合成简单、表面易修饰、荧光可调等优势[5]。此外, AuNCs与同类型的银纳米簇相比, 其具有更优异的稳定性[6]
随着化学理论和信息技术等领域的快速发展, 荧光生物传感器的模式也是多种多样, 如裸眼可视化、RGB型、光热型等。相应地, 基于AuNCs的荧光生物传感器在致病菌检测中也取得了一定的进展。一方面, 本文主要从AuNCs与致病菌的直接相互作用论述了AuNCs在致病菌检测中的应用; 另一方面, 除了直接利用AuNCs的物理化学性质, 还可以用特异性(适配体、抗体)或非特异性(结构蛋白、抗生素)方式修饰AuNCs, 赋予AuNCs更有利的荧光性能和功能特性[7], 使其能够在致病菌检测应用中更加灵敏、快速。最后, 总结了AuNCs在致病菌检测中的不足, 并对AuNCs在该领域的发展提出展望, 以期为AuNCs在分析检测、生物医学和食品科学中应用的加深加强提供参考。
致病菌与AuNCs的连接方式可以分为直接反应和间接反应。其中, 直接反应是通过化学反应或物理吸附的方式将致病菌修饰在AuNCs的表面, 实现致病菌的快速定量。
根据荧光信号的变化, 荧光传感器可分为“turn on”型、“turn off”型及比率型3种模式。基于AuNCs存在着聚集诱导荧光淬灭效应(aggregation-caused quenching, ACQ), 其直接构建的荧光传感器大部分为“turn off”型。ZHENG等[8]发现鲍曼不动杆菌能够诱导金银纳米团簇聚集发生淬灭, 金银纳米团簇的荧光强度随着鲍曼不动杆菌浓度从1×104 CFU/mL增加到5×107 CFU/mL而降低, 在1× 1010 CFU/mL时几乎完全淬灭, 检出限为2.3×103 CFU/mL, 这一发现为快速检测致病菌提供了新颖的思路。
除了检测目标物对AuNCs的荧光产生影响外, 重金属离子的存在也会淬灭AuNCs的荧光, 例如Mo(VI)、Hg(II)[9]。这是因为少原子AuNCs的荧光来自带内(sp-sp)而不是带间(sp-d)跃迁。sp带的能级间距随团簇的大小和数量而变化, 如果AuNCs的原子数减少, 则会出现荧光。因此添加或移除一个金属原子将显著地改变簇的结构、电子结构和光学性质[10-11]。基于上述理论, 利用Cu2+对AuNCs的猝灭和革兰氏阴性菌对Cu2+的转化原理, DURGADAS等[12]首先发现牛血清白蛋白(bovine serum albumin, BSA)稳定的AuNCs (BSA-AuNCs)的荧光可以被Cu2+猝灭, 这是由于Cu2+和BSA中氨基酸之间的配位相互作用, 导致BSA-AuNCs的激发电子的能量损失。同时结合大肠杆菌能还原Cu2+并去除Cu+, 恢复BSA-AuNCs荧光的特性[12-14], 在0.5 h内实现了大肠杆菌的快速检测, 检出限为89 CFU/mL。铜绿假单胞菌也有类似的性质, FU等[15]在此基础上构建了核-卫星纳米结构, 将检测对象推广到革兰氏阴性菌。
根据传感机制的不同, 荧光传感器可分为基于化学反应的传感和基于物理作用的传感。基于AuNCs具有良好的催化活性, 它常作为化学反应中的反应起始物、催化剂及反应产物。XIE等[16]开发了一种带有金黄色葡萄球菌特异性适体的紫外线辅助AuNCs-壳聚糖复合传感器。金黄色葡萄球菌附着在复合物上并催化H2O2分解为•OH自由基, 3,3’,5,5’-四甲基联苯胺(tetramethylbenzidine, TMB)同时被•OH自由基氧化为ox-TMB(蓝色)。该比色传感器可在30 min内将金黄色葡萄球菌与其他细菌区分开来, 检出限为1×102 CFU/mL。此外, AuNCs因其稳定的催化活性和优异的抗紫外能力, 在燃料电池、CO2还原、能量转换、水分解、污染物分解、有机转化反应等催化领域得到了广泛应用[17]
间接反应是通过抗体、适配体、抗生素等物质的介导将致病菌修饰在AuNCs的表面, 该种方法在提高传感器检测灵敏度的同时还可以减少材料的用量, 更加经济与灵敏。
特异性修饰主要依靠特异性识别原件完成, 经典的特异性识别元件主要是生物体本身如细胞、组织等, 或者是从生物体中分离出的抗体、酶等, 而新型特异性识别元件如适配体、分子印迹聚合物等具有可人工合成、选择性强、成本低等优点。
抗体是一类能与抗原特异性结合的免疫球蛋白, 其修饰在AuNCs上可以实现目标物的特异性检测。在抗原-抗体反应体系的基础之上, 利用AuNCs优异的光学和催化等特性, 构建检测目标菌的“荧光打开”或“荧光关闭”的传感器是主要研究方向。基于此, 有学者开发了基于I2/I介导Ag-AuNCs荧光淬灭免疫测定大肠杆菌O157:H7的方法, 其线性范围为3.3×103至106 CFU/mL, 检出限为9.2×102 CFU/mL, 比传统酶联免疫吸附法(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA)低10.7倍[18]。荧光内滤效应(inner-filter effect, IFE)也是一种“荧光关闭”模式, 为了实现IFE, 在免疫反应中使用碱性磷酸酶标记的第二抗体(IgG-ALP), 该抗体以对硝基苯基磷酸酯(p-nitrophenyl phosphate, p-NPP)为底物产生对硝基苯酚(p-nitropenol, PNP), 使得BSA-AuNCs荧光淬灭, 实现VP的定量测定。在最佳条件下, VP的检出限为5×102 CFU/mL, 线性检测范围为103~107 CFU/mL, 并成功地用于检测真实样品中的VP, 回收率在82.5%~113.0%之间, 变异系数为5.46%~9.88%[19]
此外, 还可以结合磁分离技术, 目标物被附着在磁性纳米粒子(magnetic nanoparticles, MNPs)上, 在外加磁场的作用下, 实现目标物的富集与分离。例如, ROYA等[20]将捕获抗体固定在金包磁纳米粒子(Fe3O4/Au)上, 从模拟液体食物基质中分离和浓缩大肠杆菌O157:H7。为了检测目标菌, 利用金纳米粒子的表面增强拉曼散射(surface enhanced Raman scattering, SERS)实现定量分析。将该方法应用于苹果汁中大肠杆菌O157:H7的SERS检测, 其检出限为102 CFU/mL, 总分析时间不到1 h。在上述研究的基础上, 有学者将抗体修饰的AuNCs嵌入壳聚糖(chitosan, CS)中制成纳米胶囊(AuNCs@CS)结合免疫磁性纳米颗粒用于特异性识别大肠杆菌O157:H7[21]。与传统独立的AuNCs免疫分析相比, 该方法不仅具有更高的特异性, 纳米胶囊还放大了荧光信号, 检出限为1 CFU/mL, 检测时间仅需60 min。然而, 抗体制备时间长、价格昂贵且难以保证其活性, 一定程度上限制了该类方法的发展。
核酸适配体是经指数富集配体系统进化(systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment, SELEX)技术筛选出来的能够特异性结合蛋白质、核酸、金属离子、氨基酸、有机染料等小分子物质和病原菌或整个细胞等生物大分子的一段单链DNA或者RNA片段。适配体被修饰在AuNCs上, 能够与相应致病菌特异性结合, 导致AuNCs物理、化学、光学性质的改变, 从而实现致病菌的灵敏、快速、特异性检测。相较于抗体, 核酸适配体生产成本低、制备简便、性质稳定。贾飞[22]建立了还原氧化石墨烯-纳米金的新型电流型适配体传感器检测食品中的沙门氏菌的方法。在优化条件下, 构造的适配体传感器响应电流与沙门氏菌菌液浓度的对数值成线性关系, 线性范围为2.5×102~2.5×105 CFU/mL, 检出限为80 CFU/mL (S/N=3), 检测时间只需60 min。沈默斐[23]在此基础上, 建立了结合拉曼光谱检测VP的方法。结果显示, 在最优实验条件下, VP在3.3×102~3.3×106 CFU/mL范围内, 检出限为33 CFU/mL。
双重识别更加灵敏, 特别是双适配体可以显著提高检测的准确性。王秀季[24]利用适配体可以与靶分子特异性结合的特性, 建立了基于双适配体探针识别联合电感耦合等离子体质谱(inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, ICP-MS)检测金黄色葡萄球菌的方法。适配体探针通过生物素-链霉亲和素固定于酶标板, 当一定浓度的金黄色葡萄球菌存在于检测溶液中, 基于两种适配体分子对金黄色葡萄球菌的识别作用, 在微孔板表面形成了“适配体-金黄色葡萄球菌-纳米金标记适配体”的“三明治”复合结构, 在7×103~7×107 CFU/mL的动态线性范围建立了ICP-MS直接检测金黄色葡萄球菌的方法曲线, 对金黄色葡萄球菌的检出限为279 CFU/mL。类似地, CHEN等[25]最新构建了一个基于双适体修饰的牛血清白蛋白稳定的金纳米簇的比色传感器。在选定的条件下, 该传感器在101~106 CFU/mL的浓度范围内对鼠伤寒沙门氏菌表现出较好的线性响应, 检出限低至1 CFU/mL, 比上述“三明治”结构的检测方法更灵敏。同时, 成功地验证了该传感器在真实样本中(如鸡蛋)检测鼠伤寒沙门氏菌的可行性。此外, 基于适配体的荧光传感器还可以应用于环境样本中(如水)的致病菌检测[26]。然而, 核酸适配体筛选流程复杂、与菌结合的具体机制尚不明确, 需要进一步探索[27]
致病菌表面主要由多糖、蛋白质和脂质构成, 它们提供了一系列表面性质和功能基团(如巯基、羟基、羧基和氨基), 可借助化学偶联或者非共价相互作用实现表面修饰[28-29]。基于此, 已经开发了多种方法实现致病菌的同时定量。其中, 常被用作致病菌的非特异性识别元件的是抗生素、凝集素、硼酸等。
不同的细菌有不同的结构, 例如大肠杆菌的细胞壁包含一层肽聚糖, 这是溶菌酶靶向的特定位点。溶菌酶保护的AuNCs(溶菌酶-AuNCs)具有与溶菌酶类似的识别能力[30-33]。溶菌酶-AuNCs(用作荧光标记)可以附着到大肠杆菌上, 产生荧光[34]。溶菌酶AuNCs的荧光强度在2.4×104~ 6.0×106 CFU/mL范围内线性变化, 大肠杆菌的检出限为2.0×104 CFU/mL, 传感时间约为5 min。在此基础上, JI等[35]设计并制备了基于人血清白蛋白(human serum albumin, HSA)、溶菌酶(lysozyme, Lyz)、乳铁蛋白(lactoferrin, Lf)和万古霉素(vancomycin, Van)修饰AuNCs的集成细菌传感器阵列, 可用于检测多种细菌。
还可以利用革兰氏阴性菌和阳性菌的细胞壁成分不同, 为荧光团簇生长提供模板, 用以区分细菌菌株[36-37]。例如, 细菌细胞壁可以与3-巯基丙酸(3-mercaptopropionic acid, MPA)的-COOH结合, 并作为合成AuNCs的模板。随着细菌浓度的变化, 荧光强度随着细菌细胞壁上不同数量AuNCs的产生而变化。在进一步的实验中, 卡那霉素破坏了非耐药细菌的细胞壁, 而耐药细菌的细胞壁保持完整。经卡那霉素治疗后, 与非卡那霉素耐药菌株相比, 卡那霉素耐药菌株的AuNCs生长存在显著差异。同样, 溶菌酶会破坏革兰氏阳性细菌的细胞壁, 但不会破坏革兰氏阴性细菌的细胞壁, 从而区分革兰氏阳性细菌和革兰氏阴性细菌[38]。类似的, 万古霉素可以特异性结合到革兰氏阳性菌的细胞壁的肽聚糖末端, 尤其制备了万古霉素修饰的金纳米粒子(Van-AuNPs), 能通过溶液颜色的变化(红色)来区分革兰氏阳性细菌和革兰氏阴性细菌[39]。有学者最新构建了阳离子抗菌肽和谷胱甘肽(glutathione, GSH)共配体保护的AuNCs, 结合聚集诱导发射效应(aggregation-induced emission, AIE), 可以检测革兰氏阳性菌[40]
结合磁性富集技术选择目标细菌, 构建双重识别平台可以提高检测的准确性。例如, CHENG等[41]利用适配体化磁珠在磁场存在下与金黄色葡萄球菌结合来特异性分离目标细菌。同时, 万古霉素保护的AuNCs (AuNCs@Van)可以结合到金黄色葡萄球菌的N-乙酰壁酸和N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖肽亚单位的末端残基(D-丙氨酰-D-丙氨酸)构成“三明治”结构, AuNCs的荧光强度随着细菌浓度的增加而增加。该方法中金黄色葡萄球菌的检出限为70 CFU/mL, 检测范围为99.8%~103.3%, 标准偏差为0.3%~3.8%, 表现出良好的选择性。与以前的研究相比[42-45], 该方法不仅在很大程度上简化了AuNCs@Van的制备过程, 还可以在其他细菌浓度较高的情况下较为灵敏地定量金黄色葡萄球菌, 具有良好的准确性。此外, 与常用抗体相比, 这种策略中使用抗生素要便宜得多, 而且可以广泛获得, 更具有成本效益。
除此之外, 利用凝集素、硼酸等都能实现细菌的广谱性识别[46-47]。由于片段可结晶甘露糖结合凝集素(FcMBL)可以结合细菌细胞壁上分支低聚糖残基的末端甘露糖和岩藻糖, 能够识别包括大多数革兰氏阳性和革兰氏阴性细菌在内的广谱病原体, 可用于构建多细菌荧光探针[48]。基于此, SUN等[49]等设计了一个双识别平台, 包括用于特异性捕获目标细菌的适配体包裹磁珠(Apt-MNPs)和基于FcMBL识别目标细菌的广谱荧光探针。
致病菌表面的丰富性为其检测带来了更多的可能, 不仅赋予致病菌一些新的外源性功能, 还拓展了致病菌检测的应用场景[50]。然而, 利用该特性构建的致病菌检测方法的成果转化道路依然任重道远。
AuNCs具有优异的光学性质、独特的催化性能和良好的抗氧化性, 相对于其他金属纳米材料更加稳定。当前的研究热点是AuNCs与适配体、抗体、结构修饰蛋白等连接, 以改善AuNCs的荧光性能与功能特性, 而且取得了很大的进展。但仍然面临着许多的挑战: (1) AuNCs的合成方法需要进一步改善, 纯化过程需要进一步简化, 以期获取高产量、高量子产率的AuNCs; (2) AuNCs在食品中应用中更要注意其安全性(毒性)、稳定性、生产成本及相关法规; (3) AuNCs在复杂食品样品基质中需要进行前处理过程且检测结果不太理想; (4)基于AuNCs的致病菌检测已生产出对应的试纸条, 但目前处于实验室阶段。因此, 研究者们仍然需要努力提高基于金簇的生物传感器检测致病菌相关性能(灵敏度、选择性和适用性), 通过结合快速有效的前处理手段, 联合新兴检测技术和检测器件(微流控、试纸条), 实现致病菌的高通量、多组分测定。
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240830003
  • 接收时间:2024-08-30
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2025-01-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-30
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杭州市农业与社会发展领域公益性引导项目(20241029Y172)
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    1.桐庐县检验检测中心, 桐庐 311500
    2.江南大学食品学院, 无锡 214122

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*郭亚辉(1988—), 男, 博士, 副教授, 主要研究方向为食品安全与质量控制。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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