Article(id=1154125577259836355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153429493357203682, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240710002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1720540800000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-10, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753094580235, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1741968000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753094580235, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753094580235, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753094580235, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153429493357203682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='326', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752928620900, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1758690311058, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1177595773500932351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153429493357203682, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1177595773500932352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153429493357203682, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=317, endPage=326, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154125577675072452, articleId=1154125577259836355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Analysis of food safety status based on sampling inspection data from national market regulation departments from 2021 to 2023, columnId=1153433739154678309, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Food Safety Supervision and Management, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To analyze the overall situation of national food safety supervision and sampling inspection from 2021 to 2023 and the main food safety issues. Methods The food safety supervision and sampling inspection data of the national market regulation departments from 2021 to 2023 were summarized, and the categories of food, unqualified project categories, as well as specific unqualified project were analyzed. Results In the past 3 years from 2021 to 2023, market regulation departments at all levels in China had completed a total of 34 food categories and over 20 million batches of supervision and sampling inspection, with an overall unqualified rate of 2.76%. From the sampling batches, the sampling batches for edible agricultural products and catering food were relatively high, accounting for a total of 51.50%. From the unqualified rate, catering food had the highest unqualified rate of 7.20%, mainly due to the high unqualified rate of catering utensils. The unqualified rate of edible agricultural products (3.44%), vegetable products (3.10%), roasted seeds and nuts products (2.72%) was also relatively high. The analysis results of unqualified project categories showed that in recent years, the main problems had been excessive pesticide residues, microbial contamination, and excessive use of food additives, with a total of 64.78% of unqualified samples. Pesticide residues were mainly found in edible agricultural products such as cowpeas, chives, and celery, etc. The main unqualified projects were imidacloprid, fungicide, chlorpyrifos, etc. The main food categories involved in microbial contamination were instant foods, aquatic products, pastries, fruit products, etc. The main unqualified projects were the total number of colonies, molds, and coliforms. The main food categories with the excessive use of food additives were fruit products, catering food, grain processing products, and seasonings. The main unqualified projects were pigments, aluminum containing additives, preservatives, and seasonings exceed the standard. Conclusion The state should continue to pay attention to key categories in food safety sampling, such as edible agricultural products, catering food, vegetable products, roasted seeds and nuts products, as well as issues such as excessive residues of pesticides and veterinary drugs, microbial contamination, and excessive use of food additives in key projects. The country not only needs to increase sampling efforts, but also strengthens supervision of various links such as production and sales, and strives to ensure food safety.

, correspAuthors=Hai-Yan WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yi-Tong MA, Di WU, Wei-Qing ZHANG, Hui-Jin LIU, Hai-Yan WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1154125590190875609, articleId=1154125577259836355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=基于2021—2023年国家市场监管部门抽检数据的食品安全现状分析, columnId=1153433739318256173, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=食品安全监管, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 分析2021—2023年国家食品安全监督抽检整体情况及存在的主要食品安全问题。方法 汇总2021—2023年国家市场监管部门的食品安全监督抽检数据, 从食品类别、不合格项目类别以及具体的不合格项目等方面进行分析。结果 2021—2023近3年来, 全国各级市场监管部门共完成34个食品类别, 2000多万批次监督抽检, 整体不合格率为2.76%。从抽检批次来看, 食用农产品和餐饮食品抽检批次较高, 合计占比达到51.50%。从不合格率来看, 餐饮食品最高, 其不合格率为7.20%, 主要与餐饮具不合格率较高有关。食用农产品(3.44%)、蔬菜制品(3.10%)、炒货食品及坚果制品(2.72%)不合格率次之。不合格项目类别分析结果表明, 近年来主要问题为农药残留超标、微生物污染、超范围超限量使用食品添加剂, 其不合格样品占比合计达到64.78%。农药残留超标主要为食用农产品豇豆、韭菜、芹菜等中检出灭蝇胺、腐霉利、毒死蜱等。微生物污染主要问题为方便食品、水产制品、糕点、水果制品等中菌落总数、霉菌和大肠菌群超标。超范围超限量使用食品添加剂主要问题为水果制品、餐饮食品、粮食加工品和调味品等中色素、含铝添加剂、防腐剂、调味剂等超标。结论 国家在食品安全抽检中应继续关注重点类别, 如食用农产品、餐饮食品、蔬菜制品、炒货食品及坚果制品, 以及重点项目如农兽药残留超标、微生物污染、超范围超限量使用食品添加剂等问题, 不仅要加大抽检力度, 更要加强生产、销售等各个环节的监管, 竭力保障食品安全。

, correspAuthors=王海燕, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 王海燕(1970—), 女, 博士, 研究员, 主要研究方向为食品安全检验检测。E-mail:
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马怡童(1993—), 女, 硕士, 主要研究方向为食品安全检测。E-mail:

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马怡童(1993—), 女, 硕士, 主要研究方向为食品安全检测。E-mail:

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Journal of Food Science and Technology, 2013, 31(3): 1-3., articleTitle=Possible security problems and countermeasures for health food research and production in China, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1177619615292211806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1154125577259836355, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=44, issue=5, pageStart=57, pageEnd=61, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[50], rfOrder=92, authorNames=刘保惠, 刘保军, journalName=中国乳品工业, refType=null, unstructuredReference=刘保惠, 刘保军. 针对婴幼儿配方乳粉生产企业食品安全审计问题的分析[J]. 中国乳品工业, 2016, 44(5): 57-61., articleTitle=针对婴幼儿配方乳粉生产企业食品安全审计问题的分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1177619615388680798, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1154125577259836355, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=44, issue=5, pageStart=57, pageEnd=61, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[50], rfOrder=93, authorNames=LIU BH, LIU BJ, journalName=China Dairy Industry, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIU BH, LIU BJ. Analysis and research on infant formula milk powder production enterprises quality and food safety audit issues[J]. China Dairy Industry, 2016, 44(5): 57-61., articleTitle=Analysis and research on infant formula milk powder production enterprises quality and food safety audit issues, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1177619603481051469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1154125577259836355, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1177619603489440078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1154125577259836355, companyId=1177619603481051469, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1177619603493634383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1154125577259836355, companyId=1177619603481051469, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国食品药品检定研究院, 北京 100050)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1177619605435597171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1154125577259836355, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Proportion of overall sampling batches for various food categories from 2021 to 2023, figureFileSmall=mmrA62TUYFcBz7Zkucu5mg==, figureFileBig=yTKhgzVRAPfGmR2iqIsHlw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177619605498511732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1154125577259836355, language=CN, label=图1, caption=2021—2023年各食品类别整体抽检批次占比情况

注: 仅列出占比大于2%的食品类别。

, figureFileSmall=mmrA62TUYFcBz7Zkucu5mg==, figureFileBig=yTKhgzVRAPfGmR2iqIsHlw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177619605553037685, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1154125577259836355, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Overall sampling unqualified rate of various food categories from 2021 to 2023, figureFileSmall=EtcLDAKouUUBL7+QBmrp8Q==, figureFileBig=WNMDEbVGSDWp3kkk05wYRA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177619605607563638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1154125577259836355, language=CN, label=图2, caption=2021—2023年各食品类别整体抽检不合格率情况

注: 仅列出不合格率大于1%的食品类别。

, figureFileSmall=EtcLDAKouUUBL7+QBmrp8Q==, figureFileBig=WNMDEbVGSDWp3kkk05wYRA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177619605666283895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1154125577259836355, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Overall proportion of unqualified projects from 2021 to 2023, figureFileSmall=SIPfGOucvaXvBPZZL4G6dw==, figureFileBig=jSmbiH0guOvxnbTbQs5WAg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177619605745975672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1154125577259836355, language=CN, label=图3, caption=2021—2023年不合格项目占比总体情况, figureFileSmall=SIPfGOucvaXvBPZZL4G6dw==, figureFileBig=jSmbiH0guOvxnbTbQs5WAg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177619605846638969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1154125577259836355, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Comparison of the proportion of unqualified projects from 2021 to 2023, figureFileSmall=WBMD6vJU3jl5Gzz3WaZ6lA==, figureFileBig=ophMKIc7BdJOo7npmU6Ubw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177619605930525050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1154125577259836355, language=CN, label=图4, caption=2021—2023年不合格项目占比对比情况, figureFileSmall=WBMD6vJU3jl5Gzz3WaZ6lA==, figureFileBig=ophMKIc7BdJOo7npmU6Ubw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177619606073131387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1154125577259836355, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Sampling situation of various food categories from 2021 to 2023

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 食品种类 2021年 2022年 2023年
抽检批次 不合格
批次
不合格率/% 抽检批次 不合格
批次
不合格率/% 抽检批次 不合格
批次
不合格率/%
1 餐饮食品 814457 54332 6.67 694245 56047 8.07 771880 53727 6.96
其中: 餐饮具 348693 45961 13.18 257017 48229 18.76 242349 46740 19.29
2 蔬菜制品 155288 4867 3.13 153082 3623 2.37 158651 5982 3.77
3 食用农产品 2762146 87119 3.15 2665660 96634 3.63 2855387 100895 3.53
4 炒货食品及坚果制品 91344 2794 3.06 94888 2655 2.80 97786 2269 2.32
5 水果制品 94434 1616 1.71 89622 1023 1.14 96023 1792 1.87
6 淀粉及淀粉制品 115749 2684 2.32 123172 2030 1.65 129043 2018 1.56
7 糕点 302304 5437 1.80 282906 4551 1.61 294446 3961 1.35
8 调味品 343284 2728 0.79 335164 1825 0.54 378907 4976 1.31
9 茶叶及相关制品 72689 534 0.73 61547 424 0.69 62168 716 1.15
10 酒类 235803 5780 2.45 215191 3619 1.68 221493 2468 1.11
11 水产制品 48167 627 1.30 46299 528 1.14 48241 534 1.11
12 冷冻饮品 29041 593 2.04 28164 375 1.33 31404 316 1.01
13 饮料 224555 3237 1.44 202062 2232 1.10 219057 2173 0.99
14 食糖 45758 555 1.21 43495 384 0.88 48796 426 0.87
15 豆制品 131545 1240 0.94 116574 1267 1.09 118905 992 0.83
16 肉制品 211818 2670 1.26 178007 1889 1.06 182684 1473 0.81
17 食用油、油脂及其制品 206130 2773 1.35 195825 2214 1.13 179659 1429 0.80
18 方便食品 99247 1127 1.14 94257 977 1.04 98277 778 0.79
19 特殊膳食食品 7325 50 0.68 6312 23 0.36 6984 54 0.77
20 蜂产品 25681 301 1.17 21684 200 0.92 21604 162 0.75
21 饼干 62413 630 1.01 60549 783 1.29 66893 423 0.63
22 薯类和膨化食品 58268 660 1.13 51310 554 1.08 52952 297 0.56
23 粮食加工品 407034 3423 0.84 419052 2865 0.68 439988 2276 0.52
24 速冻食品 93036 499 0.54 84849 277 0.33 93604 210 0.22
25 食品添加剂 8790 23 0.26 8116 17 0.21 8139 17 0.21
26 糖果制品 75650 461 0.61 76726 183 0.24 80769 157 0.19
27 罐头 46420 162 0.35 42166 79 0.19 48344 89 0.18
28 保健食品 37228 155 0.42 31652 76 0.24 30554 53 0.17
29 蛋制品 30790 75 0.24 27643 75 0.27 30828 44 0.14
30 乳制品 100032 131 0.13 97322 116 0.12 109698 146 0.13
31 特殊医学用途配方食品 1093 0 0.00 994 0 0.00 809 1 0.12
32 婴幼儿配方食品 11288 13 0.12 10415 2 0.02 8453 6 0.07
33 可可及焙烤咖啡产品 3121 4 0.13 3173 2 0.06 3938 2 0.05
34 其他食品 2510 68 2.71 1265 23 1.82 1025 10 0.98
合计 6954438 187368 2.69 6563388 187572 2.86 6997389 190872 2.73
), ArticleFig(id=1177619606215737724, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1154125577259836355, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

2021—2023年各食品类别抽检情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 食品种类 2021年 2022年 2023年
抽检批次 不合格
批次
不合格率/% 抽检批次 不合格
批次
不合格率/% 抽检批次 不合格
批次
不合格率/%
1 餐饮食品 814457 54332 6.67 694245 56047 8.07 771880 53727 6.96
其中: 餐饮具 348693 45961 13.18 257017 48229 18.76 242349 46740 19.29
2 蔬菜制品 155288 4867 3.13 153082 3623 2.37 158651 5982 3.77
3 食用农产品 2762146 87119 3.15 2665660 96634 3.63 2855387 100895 3.53
4 炒货食品及坚果制品 91344 2794 3.06 94888 2655 2.80 97786 2269 2.32
5 水果制品 94434 1616 1.71 89622 1023 1.14 96023 1792 1.87
6 淀粉及淀粉制品 115749 2684 2.32 123172 2030 1.65 129043 2018 1.56
7 糕点 302304 5437 1.80 282906 4551 1.61 294446 3961 1.35
8 调味品 343284 2728 0.79 335164 1825 0.54 378907 4976 1.31
9 茶叶及相关制品 72689 534 0.73 61547 424 0.69 62168 716 1.15
10 酒类 235803 5780 2.45 215191 3619 1.68 221493 2468 1.11
11 水产制品 48167 627 1.30 46299 528 1.14 48241 534 1.11
12 冷冻饮品 29041 593 2.04 28164 375 1.33 31404 316 1.01
13 饮料 224555 3237 1.44 202062 2232 1.10 219057 2173 0.99
14 食糖 45758 555 1.21 43495 384 0.88 48796 426 0.87
15 豆制品 131545 1240 0.94 116574 1267 1.09 118905 992 0.83
16 肉制品 211818 2670 1.26 178007 1889 1.06 182684 1473 0.81
17 食用油、油脂及其制品 206130 2773 1.35 195825 2214 1.13 179659 1429 0.80
18 方便食品 99247 1127 1.14 94257 977 1.04 98277 778 0.79
19 特殊膳食食品 7325 50 0.68 6312 23 0.36 6984 54 0.77
20 蜂产品 25681 301 1.17 21684 200 0.92 21604 162 0.75
21 饼干 62413 630 1.01 60549 783 1.29 66893 423 0.63
22 薯类和膨化食品 58268 660 1.13 51310 554 1.08 52952 297 0.56
23 粮食加工品 407034 3423 0.84 419052 2865 0.68 439988 2276 0.52
24 速冻食品 93036 499 0.54 84849 277 0.33 93604 210 0.22
25 食品添加剂 8790 23 0.26 8116 17 0.21 8139 17 0.21
26 糖果制品 75650 461 0.61 76726 183 0.24 80769 157 0.19
27 罐头 46420 162 0.35 42166 79 0.19 48344 89 0.18
28 保健食品 37228 155 0.42 31652 76 0.24 30554 53 0.17
29 蛋制品 30790 75 0.24 27643 75 0.27 30828 44 0.14
30 乳制品 100032 131 0.13 97322 116 0.12 109698 146 0.13
31 特殊医学用途配方食品 1093 0 0.00 994 0 0.00 809 1 0.12
32 婴幼儿配方食品 11288 13 0.12 10415 2 0.02 8453 6 0.07
33 可可及焙烤咖啡产品 3121 4 0.13 3173 2 0.06 3938 2 0.05
34 其他食品 2510 68 2.71 1265 23 1.82 1025 10 0.98
合计 6954438 187368 2.69 6563388 187572 2.86 6997389 190872 2.73
), ArticleFig(id=1177619606396092797, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1154125577259836355, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Excessive pesticide residues situation from 2021 to 2023

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
食品类别(批次) 项目名称(批次) 主要样品(批次)
食用农产品(57) 灭蝇胺(8)、啶虫脒(5)、克百威(5)、噻虫胺(5)、毒死蜱(4)、腐霉利(4)、氧乐果(4)、倍硫磷(3)、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐(3)、甲拌磷(2)、噻虫嗪(2)、氟虫腈(1)、多菌灵(1)、甲基异柳磷(1)、水胺硫磷(1)、马拉硫磷(1) 蔬菜类(50): 豇豆、韭菜、芹菜、生姜
吡虫啉(3)、戊唑醇(1)、三唑磷(1)、噻虫嗪(1)、丙溴磷(1) 水果类(7): 香蕉、粑粑柑、沃柑、小台芒
茶叶及相关制品(5) 草甘膦(3)、三氯杀螨醇(1)、水胺硫磷(1) 绿茶、红茶、金尖茶
), ArticleFig(id=1177619606484173182, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1154125577259836355, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

2021—2023年农药残留超标情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
食品类别(批次) 项目名称(批次) 主要样品(批次)
食用农产品(57) 灭蝇胺(8)、啶虫脒(5)、克百威(5)、噻虫胺(5)、毒死蜱(4)、腐霉利(4)、氧乐果(4)、倍硫磷(3)、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐(3)、甲拌磷(2)、噻虫嗪(2)、氟虫腈(1)、多菌灵(1)、甲基异柳磷(1)、水胺硫磷(1)、马拉硫磷(1) 蔬菜类(50): 豇豆、韭菜、芹菜、生姜
吡虫啉(3)、戊唑醇(1)、三唑磷(1)、噻虫嗪(1)、丙溴磷(1) 水果类(7): 香蕉、粑粑柑、沃柑、小台芒
茶叶及相关制品(5) 草甘膦(3)、三氯杀螨醇(1)、水胺硫磷(1) 绿茶、红茶、金尖茶
), ArticleFig(id=1177619606542893439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1154125577259836355, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Microbial contamination situation from 2021 to 2023

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目名称(批次) 食品类别(批次) 主要样品
菌落总数(112) 水产制品(16)、方便食品(13)、调味品(13)、糕点(12)、水果制品(11)、肉制品(10)、薯类和膨化食品(9)、蜂产品(7)、淀粉及淀粉制品(6)、粮食加工品(4)冷冻饮品(3)、饮料(3)、饼干(2)、特殊膳食食品(1)、婴幼儿配方食品(1)、保健食品(1) 即食海蜇头、夹心海苔、藕粉、米粉、麦片、香醋、酱油、蜜饯、凤爪、薯片、蜂蜜
霉菌(32) 方便食品(12)、炒货食品及坚果制品(7)、糕点(4)、水果制品(4)、蜂产品(2)、乳制品(1)、饮料(1) 藕粉、米粉、麦片、瓜子仁、核桃仁、花粉、糕点
大肠菌群(19) 方便食品(4)、薯类和膨化食品(4)、炒货食品及坚果制品(3)、冷冻饮品(2)、水产制品(2)、豆制品(1)、肉制品(1)、保健食品(1)、饼干(1) 米粉、麦片、土豆片、瓜子、开心果、雪糕
酵母(2) 饮料(2) 沙棘汁、汽水
霉菌和酵母(5) 淀粉及淀粉制品(3)、保健食品(2) 葛根粉、鹿龟酒
铜绿假单胞菌(2) 饮料(2) 纯净水
金黄色葡萄球菌(1) 糕点(1) 桂花糕
), ArticleFig(id=1177619606610002304, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1154125577259836355, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

2021—2023年微生物污染情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目名称(批次) 食品类别(批次) 主要样品
菌落总数(112) 水产制品(16)、方便食品(13)、调味品(13)、糕点(12)、水果制品(11)、肉制品(10)、薯类和膨化食品(9)、蜂产品(7)、淀粉及淀粉制品(6)、粮食加工品(4)冷冻饮品(3)、饮料(3)、饼干(2)、特殊膳食食品(1)、婴幼儿配方食品(1)、保健食品(1) 即食海蜇头、夹心海苔、藕粉、米粉、麦片、香醋、酱油、蜜饯、凤爪、薯片、蜂蜜
霉菌(32) 方便食品(12)、炒货食品及坚果制品(7)、糕点(4)、水果制品(4)、蜂产品(2)、乳制品(1)、饮料(1) 藕粉、米粉、麦片、瓜子仁、核桃仁、花粉、糕点
大肠菌群(19) 方便食品(4)、薯类和膨化食品(4)、炒货食品及坚果制品(3)、冷冻饮品(2)、水产制品(2)、豆制品(1)、肉制品(1)、保健食品(1)、饼干(1) 米粉、麦片、土豆片、瓜子、开心果、雪糕
酵母(2) 饮料(2) 沙棘汁、汽水
霉菌和酵母(5) 淀粉及淀粉制品(3)、保健食品(2) 葛根粉、鹿龟酒
铜绿假单胞菌(2) 饮料(2) 纯净水
金黄色葡萄球菌(1) 糕点(1) 桂花糕
), ArticleFig(id=1177619606706471297, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1154125577259836355, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Use of food additives beyond the scope and limit from 2021 to 2023

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目类型(批次) 项目名称(批次) 食品类别(批次) 主要样品
色素(60) 苋菜红(21)、亮蓝(20)、胭脂红(8)、日落黄(6)、诱惑红(4)、柠檬黄(1) 水果制品(53)、罐头(7) 乌梅干、草莓罐头
含铝添加剂(39) 铝的残留量(39) 餐饮食品(23)、淀粉及淀粉制品(13)、糕点(2)、饼干(1) 油条、红薯粉条、土豆粉条
防腐剂(38) 苯甲酸及其钠盐(15)、山梨酸及其钾盐(13)、脱氢乙酸及其钠盐(10)、丙酸及其钠盐(1) 粮食加工品(7)、调味品(7)、水果制品(4)、水产制品(4)、肉制品(4)、罐头(3)、糕点(3)、饮料(2)蔬菜制品(2)、豆制品(2)、淀粉及淀粉制品(1) 酱油、香醋、香肠、蛋糕、面条
甜味剂(17) 甜蜜素(8)、糖精钠(7)、三氯蔗糖(1)、安赛蜜(1) 酒类(6)、水果制品(4)、粮食加工品(2)、饮料(1)、调味品(1)、炒货食品及坚果制品(1)、糕点(1)、罐头(1) 高粱酒、红糖馒头、米酒、麻花、话梅
香料(13) 乙基麦芽酚(7)、香兰素(5)、乙基香兰素(1) 食用油、油脂及其制品(7)、婴幼儿配方食品(6) 香油、婴幼儿奶粉
其他(11) 二氧化硫残留量(11)、特丁基对苯二酚(1) 蔬菜制品(6)、水果制品(4)、食用油、油脂及其制品(1)、炒货食品及坚果制品(1) 蜜饯、酱腌菜、果脯、蔬菜干
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2021—2023年超范围、超限量使用食品添加剂情况

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项目类型(批次) 项目名称(批次) 食品类别(批次) 主要样品
色素(60) 苋菜红(21)、亮蓝(20)、胭脂红(8)、日落黄(6)、诱惑红(4)、柠檬黄(1) 水果制品(53)、罐头(7) 乌梅干、草莓罐头
含铝添加剂(39) 铝的残留量(39) 餐饮食品(23)、淀粉及淀粉制品(13)、糕点(2)、饼干(1) 油条、红薯粉条、土豆粉条
防腐剂(38) 苯甲酸及其钠盐(15)、山梨酸及其钾盐(13)、脱氢乙酸及其钠盐(10)、丙酸及其钠盐(1) 粮食加工品(7)、调味品(7)、水果制品(4)、水产制品(4)、肉制品(4)、罐头(3)、糕点(3)、饮料(2)蔬菜制品(2)、豆制品(2)、淀粉及淀粉制品(1) 酱油、香醋、香肠、蛋糕、面条
甜味剂(17) 甜蜜素(8)、糖精钠(7)、三氯蔗糖(1)、安赛蜜(1) 酒类(6)、水果制品(4)、粮食加工品(2)、饮料(1)、调味品(1)、炒货食品及坚果制品(1)、糕点(1)、罐头(1) 高粱酒、红糖馒头、米酒、麻花、话梅
香料(13) 乙基麦芽酚(7)、香兰素(5)、乙基香兰素(1) 食用油、油脂及其制品(7)、婴幼儿配方食品(6) 香油、婴幼儿奶粉
其他(11) 二氧化硫残留量(11)、特丁基对苯二酚(1) 蔬菜制品(6)、水果制品(4)、食用油、油脂及其制品(1)、炒货食品及坚果制品(1) 蜜饯、酱腌菜、果脯、蔬菜干
), ArticleFig(id=1177619606853271939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1154125577259836355, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Organic pollution situation from 2021 to 2023

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项目名称(批次) 食品类别(批次) 主要样品
N-二甲基亚硝胺(9) 水产制品(9) 炭烤鱿鱼丝、烤鱼片、虾皮
苯并芘(2) 食用油、油脂及其
制品(2)
胡麻油、茶油
溶剂残留量(2) 食用油、油脂及其
制品(2)
菜籽油
), ArticleFig(id=1177619606903603588, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1154125577259836355, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

2021—2023年有机物污染情况

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项目名称(批次) 食品类别(批次) 主要样品
N-二甲基亚硝胺(9) 水产制品(9) 炭烤鱿鱼丝、烤鱼片、虾皮
苯并芘(2) 食用油、油脂及其
制品(2)
胡麻油、茶油
溶剂残留量(2) 食用油、油脂及其
制品(2)
菜籽油
), ArticleFig(id=1177619606966518149, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1154125577259836355, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Excessive residues of veterinary drugs situation from 2021 to 2023

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食品类别(批次) 项目名称(批次) 主要样品(批次)
食用农产品(62) 恩诺沙星(10)、克伦特罗(6)、甲氧苄啶(3)、地塞米松(2)、氯霉素(2)、呋喃西林代谢物(1)、呋喃唑酮代谢物(1) 畜禽肉(25): 牛肉、乌鸡、猪肉
恩诺沙星(11)、地西泮(4)、孔雀石绿(3)、甲氧苄啶(2)、磺胺类(总量)(2)、呋喃西林代谢物(1)、甲硝唑(1) 水产(24): 泥鳅、鲤鱼、鲫鱼、黄花鱼、贝类、罗非鱼、海鲈鱼
恩诺沙星(5)、氟苯尼考(4)、磺胺类(总量)(1)、甲砜霉素(1)、氯霉素(1)、地美硝唑(1) 鲜蛋类(13): 鸡蛋
蜂产品(12) 呋喃西林代谢物(6)、氯霉素(3)、甲硝唑(2)、呋喃唑酮代谢物(1) 蜂蜜
), ArticleFig(id=1177619607025238406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1154125577259836355, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

2021—2023年兽药残留超标情况

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食品类别(批次) 项目名称(批次) 主要样品(批次)
食用农产品(62) 恩诺沙星(10)、克伦特罗(6)、甲氧苄啶(3)、地塞米松(2)、氯霉素(2)、呋喃西林代谢物(1)、呋喃唑酮代谢物(1) 畜禽肉(25): 牛肉、乌鸡、猪肉
恩诺沙星(11)、地西泮(4)、孔雀石绿(3)、甲氧苄啶(2)、磺胺类(总量)(2)、呋喃西林代谢物(1)、甲硝唑(1) 水产(24): 泥鳅、鲤鱼、鲫鱼、黄花鱼、贝类、罗非鱼、海鲈鱼
恩诺沙星(5)、氟苯尼考(4)、磺胺类(总量)(1)、甲砜霉素(1)、氯霉素(1)、地美硝唑(1) 鲜蛋类(13): 鸡蛋
蜂产品(12) 呋喃西林代谢物(6)、氯霉素(3)、甲硝唑(2)、呋喃唑酮代谢物(1) 蜂蜜
), ArticleFig(id=1177619607109124487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1154125577259836355, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Heavy metal pollution situation from 2021 to 2023

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项目名称(批次) 食品类别(批次) 主要样品
铅(15) 蔬菜制品(9)、水产制品(3)、食用农产品(2)、饮料(1) 黄花菜、腌萝卜、裙带菜
镉(12) 食用农产品(12) 蟹、虾、鱿鱼、小
米椒
汞(1) 蔬菜制品(1) 干制食用菌(鸡枞菌)
), ArticleFig(id=1177619607163650440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1154125577259836355, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

2021—2023年重金属污染情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目名称(批次) 食品类别(批次) 主要样品
铅(15) 蔬菜制品(9)、水产制品(3)、食用农产品(2)、饮料(1) 黄花菜、腌萝卜、裙带菜
镉(12) 食用农产品(12) 蟹、虾、鱿鱼、小
米椒
汞(1) 蔬菜制品(1) 干制食用菌(鸡枞菌)
), ArticleFig(id=1177619607222370697, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1154125577259836355, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Quality non-compliance situation from 2021 to 2023

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项目类型(批次) 项目名称(批次) 食品类别(批次) 主要样品
氧化变质(69) 酸价(27)、过氧化值(42) 炒货食品及坚果制品(21)饼干(12)、糕点(11)、薯类和膨化食品(8)、食用油、油脂及其制品(8)、方便食品(5)、肉制品(3)、速冻食品(1) 瓜子、松子、兰花豆、薯片、饼干、胡麻油
其他(111) 蛋白质(11)、氨基酸态氮(以氮计)(9)、不挥发酸(以乳酸计)(8)、维生素A (8)、总酸(以乙酸计)(8)、酒精度(6)、咖啡因(6)、铁(6)、果糖和葡萄糖(5)、色值(5)、二十二碳六烯酸(3)、二十二碳六烯酸与总脂肪酸比(3)、还原糖分(3)、全氮(以氮计)(3)、胆碱(2)、钙(2)、免疫球蛋白(2)、水分(2)、酸度(2)、硒(2)、蔗糖(2)、10-羟基-2-癸烯酸(1)、崩解时限(1)、挥发性盐基氮(1)、钠(1)、维生素B12 (1)、维生素C (1)、维生素D (1)、维生素D3 (1)、维生素E (1)、锌(1)、叶黄素(1)、叶酸(1)、总黄酮(以芦丁计)(1) 调味品(28)、特殊膳食食品(18)、保健食品(14)、婴幼儿配方食品(12)、蜂产品(8)、食糖(8)、酒类(6)、乳制品(6)、茶叶及相关制品(3)、饮料(3)、豆制品(2)、冷冻饮品(2)、食用农产品(1) 香醋、麦片、代用茶、蜂蜜、奶粉、酱油
), ArticleFig(id=1177619607272702346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1154125577259836355, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

2021—2023年内质量不达指情况

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项目类型(批次) 项目名称(批次) 食品类别(批次) 主要样品
氧化变质(69) 酸价(27)、过氧化值(42) 炒货食品及坚果制品(21)饼干(12)、糕点(11)、薯类和膨化食品(8)、食用油、油脂及其制品(8)、方便食品(5)、肉制品(3)、速冻食品(1) 瓜子、松子、兰花豆、薯片、饼干、胡麻油
其他(111) 蛋白质(11)、氨基酸态氮(以氮计)(9)、不挥发酸(以乳酸计)(8)、维生素A (8)、总酸(以乙酸计)(8)、酒精度(6)、咖啡因(6)、铁(6)、果糖和葡萄糖(5)、色值(5)、二十二碳六烯酸(3)、二十二碳六烯酸与总脂肪酸比(3)、还原糖分(3)、全氮(以氮计)(3)、胆碱(2)、钙(2)、免疫球蛋白(2)、水分(2)、酸度(2)、硒(2)、蔗糖(2)、10-羟基-2-癸烯酸(1)、崩解时限(1)、挥发性盐基氮(1)、钠(1)、维生素B12 (1)、维生素C (1)、维生素D (1)、维生素D3 (1)、维生素E (1)、锌(1)、叶黄素(1)、叶酸(1)、总黄酮(以芦丁计)(1) 调味品(28)、特殊膳食食品(18)、保健食品(14)、婴幼儿配方食品(12)、蜂产品(8)、食糖(8)、酒类(6)、乳制品(6)、茶叶及相关制品(3)、饮料(3)、豆制品(2)、冷冻饮品(2)、食用农产品(1) 香醋、麦片、代用茶、蜂蜜、奶粉、酱油
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基于2021—2023年国家市场监管部门抽检数据的食品安全现状分析
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马怡童 , 吴迪 , 张伟清 , 刘慧锦 , 王海燕 *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品安全监管 2025,16(5): 317-326
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品安全监管 2025, 16(5): 317-326
基于2021—2023年国家市场监管部门抽检数据的食品安全现状分析
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马怡童 , 吴迪, 张伟清, 刘慧锦, 王海燕*
作者信息
  • 中国食品药品检定研究院, 北京 100050
  • 马怡童(1993—), 女, 硕士, 主要研究方向为食品安全检测。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 王海燕(1970—), 女, 博士, 研究员, 主要研究方向为食品安全检验检测。E-mail:
Analysis of food safety status based on sampling inspection data from national market regulation departments from 2021 to 2023
Yi-Tong MA , Di WU, Wei-Qing ZHANG, Hui-Jin LIU, Hai-Yan WANG*
Affiliations
  • National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China
出版时间: 2025-03-15 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240710002
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目的 分析2021—2023年国家食品安全监督抽检整体情况及存在的主要食品安全问题。方法 汇总2021—2023年国家市场监管部门的食品安全监督抽检数据, 从食品类别、不合格项目类别以及具体的不合格项目等方面进行分析。结果 2021—2023近3年来, 全国各级市场监管部门共完成34个食品类别, 2000多万批次监督抽检, 整体不合格率为2.76%。从抽检批次来看, 食用农产品和餐饮食品抽检批次较高, 合计占比达到51.50%。从不合格率来看, 餐饮食品最高, 其不合格率为7.20%, 主要与餐饮具不合格率较高有关。食用农产品(3.44%)、蔬菜制品(3.10%)、炒货食品及坚果制品(2.72%)不合格率次之。不合格项目类别分析结果表明, 近年来主要问题为农药残留超标、微生物污染、超范围超限量使用食品添加剂, 其不合格样品占比合计达到64.78%。农药残留超标主要为食用农产品豇豆、韭菜、芹菜等中检出灭蝇胺、腐霉利、毒死蜱等。微生物污染主要问题为方便食品、水产制品、糕点、水果制品等中菌落总数、霉菌和大肠菌群超标。超范围超限量使用食品添加剂主要问题为水果制品、餐饮食品、粮食加工品和调味品等中色素、含铝添加剂、防腐剂、调味剂等超标。结论 国家在食品安全抽检中应继续关注重点类别, 如食用农产品、餐饮食品、蔬菜制品、炒货食品及坚果制品, 以及重点项目如农兽药残留超标、微生物污染、超范围超限量使用食品添加剂等问题, 不仅要加大抽检力度, 更要加强生产、销售等各个环节的监管, 竭力保障食品安全。

监督抽检  /  食品安全  /  农药  /  兽药  /  微生物

Objective To analyze the overall situation of national food safety supervision and sampling inspection from 2021 to 2023 and the main food safety issues. Methods The food safety supervision and sampling inspection data of the national market regulation departments from 2021 to 2023 were summarized, and the categories of food, unqualified project categories, as well as specific unqualified project were analyzed. Results In the past 3 years from 2021 to 2023, market regulation departments at all levels in China had completed a total of 34 food categories and over 20 million batches of supervision and sampling inspection, with an overall unqualified rate of 2.76%. From the sampling batches, the sampling batches for edible agricultural products and catering food were relatively high, accounting for a total of 51.50%. From the unqualified rate, catering food had the highest unqualified rate of 7.20%, mainly due to the high unqualified rate of catering utensils. The unqualified rate of edible agricultural products (3.44%), vegetable products (3.10%), roasted seeds and nuts products (2.72%) was also relatively high. The analysis results of unqualified project categories showed that in recent years, the main problems had been excessive pesticide residues, microbial contamination, and excessive use of food additives, with a total of 64.78% of unqualified samples. Pesticide residues were mainly found in edible agricultural products such as cowpeas, chives, and celery, etc. The main unqualified projects were imidacloprid, fungicide, chlorpyrifos, etc. The main food categories involved in microbial contamination were instant foods, aquatic products, pastries, fruit products, etc. The main unqualified projects were the total number of colonies, molds, and coliforms. The main food categories with the excessive use of food additives were fruit products, catering food, grain processing products, and seasonings. The main unqualified projects were pigments, aluminum containing additives, preservatives, and seasonings exceed the standard. Conclusion The state should continue to pay attention to key categories in food safety sampling, such as edible agricultural products, catering food, vegetable products, roasted seeds and nuts products, as well as issues such as excessive residues of pesticides and veterinary drugs, microbial contamination, and excessive use of food additives in key projects. The country not only needs to increase sampling efforts, but also strengthens supervision of various links such as production and sales, and strives to ensure food safety.

supervision and sampling inspection  /  food safety  /  pesticides  /  veterinary drugs  /  microorganisms
马怡童, 吴迪, 张伟清, 刘慧锦, 王海燕. 基于2021—2023年国家市场监管部门抽检数据的食品安全现状分析. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (5) : 317 -326 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240710002
Yi-Tong MA, Di WU, Wei-Qing ZHANG, Hui-Jin LIU, Hai-Yan WANG. Analysis of food safety status based on sampling inspection data from national market regulation departments from 2021 to 2023[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (5) : 317 -326 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240710002
全国食品安全监督抽检是全国市场监管部门以问题为导向, 依据有关食品安全国家标准等对食品进行抽样、检验、复检、处理等活动, 是食品安全监管的有效手段[1], 从级别上可分为国家级、省级、市局和区县级4级, 每年完成的食品抽检数量大、食品种类多且地域广泛, 获得了庞大的检测数据。国家市场监督管理总局会定期发布季度、年度抽检数据信息以及部分不合格样品信息, 对这些数据进行汇总分析, 不仅有助于了解当前的食品安全现状, 发现潜在的安全风险, 更能为消费者、科研工作者以及监管部门等提供消费提醒、数据支持和监管建议[2-5]
已有较多学者对国家食品监督抽检数据进行了分析[2-5], 但未见2023年及近3年国家市场监管部门抽检数据的整体及对比分析, 为及时了解目前的食品安全现状及近年来的食品安全抽检趋势, 本研究收集汇总国家市场监督管理总局公布的有关2021—2023年全国食品安全监督抽检结果数据, 从食品类别整体及各年度对比情况、不合格项目类别整体及各年度对比情况、具体不合格项目和样品类别等方面进行分析, 以期了解近年来的食品安全问题, 为后续监管工作提供思路, 竭力保障人民的食品安全。
本研究数据资料来源于国家市场监督管理总局官方网站(https://www.samr.gov.cn/)发布的2021—2023年食品安全抽检通告。对通告中涉及到的34个食品类别、检验项目进行汇总整理, 利用Microsoft Excel 2013软件绘制相关图表。
根据国家市场监管总局公布的抽检数据, 2021—2023近3年来, 全国各级市场监管部门共完成34个食品类别, 2000多万批次监督抽检, 整体不合格率为2.76%。
从抽检批次来看(图1), 食用农产品(占比40.38%)和餐饮食品(占比11.12%)抽检批次较高, 合计占比达到51.50%。食用农产品作为其他类别食品的来源, 涉及范围较广、种类较多, 主要有畜禽肉及副产品、水产品、蔬菜、水果类、鲜蛋、生干坚果与籽类食品、豆类7个亚类[6], 因此其抽检批次最多。餐饮食品原料也包含各种类食品, 且餐饮食品的安全是关乎国民生计的大事, 因此, 对其重视程度较高, 抽检批次次之, 另外, 餐饮食品中餐饮具的抽检批次较高, 占比达到37.19%。除此之外, 粮食加工品(占比6.17%)、调味品(占比5.15%)、糕点(占比4.29%)、酒类(占比3.28%)、饮料(占比3.15%)也占了较大比重。综上可以看出, 国家在食品安全抽检中投入了大量的人力物力, 竭力保障食品安全。
从不合格率来看(图2), 餐饮食品最高, 其不合格率为7.20%, 其中餐饮具的不合格率达到16.62%, 若去除餐饮具部分, 餐饮食品的不合格率仅为1.62%, 可见, 餐饮食品中餐饮具的安全卫生问题占主要部分, 其主要问题为微生物和阴离子合成洗涤剂不合格[7]。食用农产品(3.44%)、蔬菜制品(3.10%)、炒货食品及坚果制品(2.72%)不合格率次之。
近3年来, 2022年抽检批次(656万批次)最少, 但其不合格率却最高, 为2.86%。2021年(695万批次)和2023年(699万批次)抽检批次相当, 其不合格率分别为2.69%、2.73%, 整体较稳定。详见表1
2021—2023年, 不合格率逐年升高的食品类别有餐饮食品中的餐饮具、特殊医学用途配方食品, 而这两类食品的抽检批次逐年降低, 特别是餐饮具, 其抽检批次由348693批次(2021年)降低至242349批次(2023年), 而不合格率由13.18% (2021年)升高至19.29% (2023年), 表明餐饮具的食品卫生问题仍然较突出, 建议一方面加大餐饮具的抽检力度, 另一方面加强餐饮从业人员的业务培训, 使其严格按照标准的清洗消毒流程, 做到彻底消毒[8]
不合格率逐年降低的食品类别较多, 共21类, 其中, 酒类、冷冻饮品不合格率下降较多, 分别由2.45%、2.04% (2021年)下降至1.11%、1.01% (2023年), 表明其食品安全问题有较大改善。另外, 粮食加工品、淀粉及淀粉制品、炒货食品及坚果制品、糖果制品、可可及焙烤咖啡产品的抽检批次逐年增加, 其中粮食加工品、淀粉及淀粉制品分别增加8.10%、11.49% (2023年与2021年相比), 而蜂产品、保健食品、其他食品抽检批次逐年降低。除以上类别, 糕点、水产制品、饮料、食糖、肉制品、食用油、油脂及其制品、方便食品、薯类和膨化食品、速冻食品、食品添加剂、罐头不合格率也呈逐年降低趋势。
从2021—2023年不合格项目占比总体情况可以看出(图3), 监督抽检发现的主要问题为农药残留超标、微生物污染、超范围超限量使用食品添加剂, 其不合格样品占比约为32.48%、20.64%、11.66%, 合计达到64.78%, 这些项目是每年监督抽检的重点项目, 如食用农产品中的农药残留, 水产制品、方便食品、糕点、餐饮食品等中的微生物项目以及食品添加剂等, 其食品种类涉及蔬菜、肉类、水产品、米面等基本生活所需品, 其安全重要性不言而喻。因此, 仍需持续加大对这些产品类别及项目的监督抽检力度, 严厉打击违法违规行为, 竭力保障公众食品安全[3]。其次不合格问题为有机物污染、兽药残留超标、重金属等元素污染、质量指标不达标, 其不合格样品占比约为10.15%、8.61%、7.41%、6.96%, 合计达到33.13%。
通过对比2021—2023年各不合格项目占比对比情况发现(图4), 农药残留超标问题逐年增加, 与2021年相比, 2022、2023年分别升高6.93%、11.28%。这与病虫害抗药性增强、部分农户违规大量使用农药、痕量检测技术进步、国家对使用农药的要求更严格等多方面因素有关。建议从源头控制农药残留: (1)严格审批农药登记, 加强农药的生产、销售环节的监管; (2)加强宣传教育, 通过多种渠道向农户普及科学用药知识和农兽药残留的危害; (3)农户要严格按照农药的使用说明, 不滥用、超量使用农药; (4)开发完善绿色的病虫害防治技术, 如物理防治(如防虫网、诱虫灯)、生物防治(如天敌释放、微生物制剂)等方法, 减少化学农药的使用[9-10]
微生物污染问题有较大的改善, 与2021年相比, 2022、2023年分别降低1.67%、3.59%。表明近年来人们对微生物污染的认识和防范意识增强, 企业更加重视微生物污染问题, 不仅采用了更有效的微生物防控措施和技术手段, 而且能够严格遵守卫生操作规范。另外, 重金属污染、质量指标不达标问题也呈逐年降低趋势。这也反映出人们更加关注食品的质量, 不仅要无污染、更要追求高质、绿色、健康的食品, 这也与近年来国家监管部门不断加强食品生产、加工和销售环节的监管力度密不可分。
超范围、超限量使用食品添加剂、有机污染物超标、兽药残留超标等问题仍然存在一定的占比, 其安全问题不容忽视, 抽检和监管仍不能松懈。
国家市场监督管理总局在2021—2023年共发布59期食品抽检不合格信息通告, 涉及的主要问题为农药残留超标、微生物污染、超范围超限量使用食品添加剂、有机物污染、兽药残留超标、重金属等元素污染、质量指标不达标, 以下主要对各类不合格项目及相应的食品类别进行分析。
2021—2023年, 共检出农药残留超标样品62批次, 其中食用农产品57批次, 占比超过90%。涉及蔬菜类50批次, 水果类7批次。详见表2。主要的问题为豇豆中检出灭蝇胺、克百威; 韭菜中检出腐霉利; 芹菜中检出毒死蜱; 香蕉中检出吡虫啉。
灭蝇胺常用来防治豇豆生长过程中的虫害美洲斑潜蝇, 其农药残留问题一致备受关注。研究表明, 灭蝇胺在豇豆中的半衰期分别为4.65 d(单剂)和3.87 d(混剂)[11]。同时, 浸泡清洗、高温处理可降低豇豆中灭蝇胺的残留量[12-13]。因此, 在食用之前, 采用盐水浸泡、小苏打浸泡、焯水, 并经过蒸煮、爆炒等高温烹饪, 可以在一定程度上分解部分农兽药残留。腐霉利是一种低毒杀菌剂, 主要用于防治韭菜中的灰霉病。韭菜中腐霉利极易超标[14-16]的原因有: (1)由于长期用药导致灰霉病对腐霉利产生抗药性, 从而不得不加大腐霉利用量来防治病害; (2)由于腐霉利在土壤中消解率达到90%以上约需要42 d, 而韭菜生长期约为20~35 d, 从而更容易在当茬韭菜中积累[17-18]; (3)腐霉利在韭菜中限量为0.2 mg/kg, 远高于番茄、茄子、黄瓜、辣酱的限量标准(2~5 mg/kg), 因此在相同用药情况下, 韭菜中腐霉利更容易超标。因此, 有研究建议重新评估韭菜中腐霉利的最大残留限量标准, 使其更加符合科学规律和农业生产实际[14,18]。毒死蜱和克百威均属于高毒农药, 对人体和环境危害较大[19-20], 我国已禁止在蔬菜中使用这两种农药, 然而豇豆和芹菜中检出克百威和毒死蜱的现象仍屡禁不止, 需引起高度重视。吡虫啉主要用于防治香蕉中的蚜虫及蓟马虫害, 可通过喷雾或注射方式进行, 而香蕉树植株高大, 喷雾靶向性不高, 容易造成过量用药, 污染环境, 而在香蕉假茎上注射药剂的方式用药量少, 可做到精准施药, 有利于控制农药残留[21-23]
另外, 茶叶及相关制品共检出问题样品5批次, 主要问题为草甘膦超标, 表明茶园周边的环境受到草甘膦污染, 或者在茶园管理中不恰当使用了该除草剂。
2021—2023年, 共检出微生物污染样品173批次, 其中菌落总数超标样品112批次, 占比超过64%。其次为霉菌超标样品(32)和大肠菌群超标样品(19), 占比分别约为18%、10%, 三者合计占比超过90%。详见表3
菌落总数、霉菌、大肠菌群均为指示性指标, 反映了食品的卫生状况和受污染程度, 其中大肠菌群超标提示食品被致病菌(如沙门氏菌、志贺氏菌、致病性大肠杆菌)污染的可能性较大[24]。通过对这3种微生物指标的综合统计发现, 方便食品中微生物污染较严重, 共29批, 主要问题样品为藕粉、米粉、麦片等。水产制品(18)、糕点(17)、水果制品(15)次之, 主要问题样品分别为即食海蜇头、夹心海苔, 绿豆糕、桂花糕, 蜜饯, 凉果类等。可以发现, 这些样品大多为水分含量较高或营养成分含量较高的食品, 其原料特性致使其更容易受到微生物污染, 同时也表明其加工生产过程中, 卫生条件控制不到位或者储存方式不当, 从而导致微生物超标[25-26]。另外, 部分食品如即食海蜇、糕点、蜜饯等食品均为即食食品, 其微生物超标易引发更严重的食品安全问题, 需要引起高度重视和严格监管。
另外, 在饮用水和糕点中分别检出致病菌铜绿假单胞菌、金黄色葡萄球菌。免疫力低下的人群, 如老年人、婴幼儿、患有慢性疾病(如糖尿病、癌症)的人群容易被致病菌感染, 进一步危害健康。建议首先做好原料的筛选和保存, 其次在加工过程汇中进行彻底杀菌消毒, 避免食品被致病菌污染, 防范严重的食品安全事件。
2021—2023年, 共检出超范围超限量使用食品添加剂样品178批次, 其中, 色素超标问题样品60批次, 其次为含铝添加剂样品(39批)、防腐剂样品(38批)、调味剂样品(17批)。详见表4
水果制品中超范围超限量使用食品添加剂现象较多, 共65批, 仅色素超标问题(53批)已超过80%, 主要样品涉及乌梅、蓝莓李果等。餐饮食品油条中依然存在含铝食品添加剂(比如钾明矾、铵明矾)超标问题, 需加强餐饮从业人员的安全责任意识, 防范违规添加行为[27-28]。另外, 还发现粮食加工品和调味品中容易出现防腐剂超标, 酒类中甜味剂超标, 食用油、油脂及其制品中容易添加香料, 蔬菜制品中二氧化硫残留等问题。表明目前各食品类别超范围超限量使用食品添加剂的现象仍较普遍, 为改善这一状况的主要措施有: (1)要完善食品添加剂使用标准和法规, 明确允许使用的添加剂种类、范围和用量; (2)食品生产企业应建立健全质量管理体系, 加强内部生产过程监管, 确保严格按照国家标准使用添加剂; (3)是监管部门应增加对食品生产企业的抽检, 对违规使用添加剂的企业予以严厉处罚。通过社会各界的通力合作, 共同保障食品添加剂的合理使用, 确保食品安全[29-30]
2021—2023年, 共检出有机物污染样品13批次(表5), 主要问题为水产制品中N-二甲基亚硝胺污染。N-二甲基亚硝胺具有肝毒性和致癌性, 可能是水产品原料不新鲜, 或在储存、运输过程中受到污染, 也可能是熏制、腌制等加工过程过量添加含有亚硝酸盐的添加剂或调味料, 从而导致N-二甲基亚硝胺的超标[31-32]。建议选择新鲜原料、改善加工工艺等, 以减少N-二甲基亚硝胺的产生。
2021—2023年, 共检出兽药残留超标样品74批次, 其中食用农产品62批次, 占比超过80%。涉及畜禽肉25批次, 水产24批次, 鲜蛋13批次, 详见表6。主要问题为畜禽肉乌鸡、淡水产品泥鳅、黄鳝及鲜鸡蛋中检出恩诺沙星, 牛肉中检出克伦特罗。
恩诺沙星是一种广谱杀菌药, 常用于畜禽及水产养殖中, 以治疗和预防动物的细菌感染[33]。有研究表明, 恩诺沙星对黑色素的亲和力较强, 导致其在乌骨鸡中代谢较慢, 其休药期较长, 因此, 建议制定恩诺沙星在乌骨鸡中的用药指南, 严格控制休药期, 以避免兽药残留[34-36]。我国禁止在产蛋鸡养殖中使用恩诺沙星, 但近年来检测数据表明, 鸡蛋中仍存在恩诺沙星超标现象。另外, 淡水产品养殖过程中恩诺沙星使用也很普遍[37], 若未严格控制用药量及足够的休药期, 则容易造成药物残留, 危害人体健康。克伦特罗是一种β-兴奋剂, 也被称为“瘦肉精”, 其残留会对人体健康造成严重危害, 在我国, 克伦特罗被严禁用于畜牧养殖。另外, 呋喃西林代谢物、氯霉素、孔雀石绿等禁用药物的非法添加现象屡禁不止, 严重威胁广大消费者身体健康, 建议开展非法添加的专项检查, 加大违法处罚力度, 保障公众食肉安全[38-39]
2021—2023年, 共检出重金属污染样品28批次, 主要为铅(15批次)和镉(12批次)污染, 详见表7。这主要是随着工业的发展, 工业“三废”污染了周围的水源和环境, 另外, 过量施用含镉的化肥或农药, 从而导致蔬菜制品、食用农产品、水产制品中铅和镉超标。长期食用重金属超标的食物, 会使其在人体内不断蓄积, 对人体各项器官和功能都会产生严重损害[40-43]。因此, 首先工业生产、冶金、采矿等行业要远离农业、牧业集中发展区域, 同时加强对“三废”的处理, 确保其经无害化处理后再进行排放, 其次要严格控制含重金属农药、化肥的施用。
2021—2023年, 共检出达不到质量标准样品180批次(表8), 其中由于氧化变质的样品检出69批次, 其余均是由于营养成分含量或功能活性成分达不到标准要求。
炒货食品及坚果制品(21)、饼干(12)、糕点(11)容易氧化变质, 因此, 建议密封并在合适的温度、湿度下保存[44]。调味品香醋的总酸、氨基酸态氮、不挥发酸往往也达不到标准要求, 这可能与原料质量不佳, 发酵工艺不当、陈酿条件不合适等有关。需加强从业人员培养和管理, 选用优质原料并严格控制加工过程等, 生产出符合标准的产品[45-46]。特殊膳食食品、保健食品、婴幼儿配方食品中主要是一些维生素、蛋白质、微量元素等达不到标准, 这些食品的消费人群一般为老年人、孕妇、婴幼儿或者一些病患, 若他们食用了质量不达标的产品, 不仅起不到补充营养的效果, 反而可能因此造成更严重的营养素缺乏, 危害身体健康。这就要求相关生产企业要严格按照配方生产, 不偷工减料, 同时注意生产过程中营养素的损耗, 加强生产过程控制, 以满足特殊人群对特定营养素的需要[47-50]
本研究对2021—2023年国家食品安全抽检数据进行了详细的分析, 可以看出, 国家在食品安全抽检中投入了大量的人力物力, 竭力保障食品安全, 近3年来, 抽检批次和不合格率整体较稳定。从抽检批次来看, 食用农产品和餐饮食品抽检批次较高, 合计占比达到51.50%。粮食加工品、调味品、糕点、酒类、饮料也占了较大比重。从不合格率来看, 餐饮食品最高, 其不合格率为7.20%, 食用农产品、蔬菜制品、炒货食品及坚果制品不合格率次之。其中餐饮食品不合格率较高主要与餐饮具不合格率较高有关, 且近3年来, 餐饮具的不合格率逐年升高, 表明其卫生问题较突出, 因此仍需持续关注餐饮具的清洗消毒问题。2021—2023年, 不合格率逐年降低的食品类别较多, 共21类, 其中, 酒类、冷冻饮品不合格率下降较多, 表明其这几类食品安全问题有较大改善。不合格项目类别分析结果表明: 近年来主要问题为农药残留超标、微生物污染、超范围、超限量使用食品添加剂, 其不合格样品占比合计达到64.78%。其次不合格问题为有机物污染、兽药残留超标、重金属污染、质量指标不达标, 其不合格样品占比合计达到33.13%。其中, 农药残留超标问题逐年增加, 而微生物污染问题有较大的改善, 需重点关注食用农产品中的农药残留超标问题。另外, 需要重点关注的问题项目和样品类别有: 食用农产品豇豆、韭菜、芹菜中灭蝇胺、腐霉利、毒死蜱等农药残留超标。方便食品、水产制品、糕点、水果制品中菌落总数、霉菌和大肠菌群等微生物污染。水果制品、餐饮食品、粮食加工品和调味品等中色素、含铝添加剂、防腐剂、调味剂等食品添加剂超标。水产制品中N-二甲基亚硝胺有机物污染。食用农产品中畜禽肉乌鸡、淡水产品泥鳅、黄鳝及鲜鸡蛋中恩诺沙星等, 牛肉中克伦特罗等兽药残留超标。蔬菜制品和食用农产品中铅和镉等重金属污染。调味品酸度及氨基酸态氮等指标不达标, 炒货食品及坚果制品、饼干、糕点等油脂氧化变质, 特殊膳食食品、保健食品、婴幼儿配方食品中一些微量元素和维生素达不到标准。以上监督抽检情况均表明了国家对食品安全越来越重视, 不断加强监督抽检力度, 特别是针对容易出现安全问题的食品开展监督抽检, 能够及时发现潜在的食品安全隐患, 保障国家食品安全。
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2025年第16卷第5期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240710002
  • 接收时间:2024-07-10
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2025-03-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-10
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    中国食品药品检定研究院, 北京 100050

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* 王海燕(1970—), 女, 博士, 研究员, 主要研究方向为食品安全检验检测。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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