Article(id=1153433692266554178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433686872679135, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240705004, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1720108800000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-05, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752929621997, onlineDateStr=2025-07-19, pubDate=1744646400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752929621997, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752929621997, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752929621997, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153433686872679135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='322', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752929620712, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757656380159, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1173259152974561742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433686872679135, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1173259152978756047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433686872679135, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=240, endPage=247, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153433692782453578, articleId=1153433692266554178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Comparative study on safety regulations and animal pathogenicity evaluation methods for strains used in food at home and abroad, columnId=1151895321388347923, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Food Analysis and Detection, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the wide application of strains in food field, its safety has been paid more and more attention. Safety evaluation includes domestic and foreign safety evaluation data, whole genome sequencing, animal pathogenicity test, drug resistance test, etc. Among them, pathogenicity refers to the ability of microbial strains to infect the host and cause health damage and diseases, and is an important project of strain safety evaluation. The paper systematically investigated the safety management regulations and animal pathogenicity evaluation requirements of strains in food field at home and abroad, and conducted a comprehensive comparative analysis of the reported animal pathogenicity evaluation methods, aiming to lay a foundation for the application of animal pathogenicity evaluation in the safety evaluation of strains in food and other fields in China.

, correspAuthors=Su YAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xiao-Han ZHAO, Wen-Tao XI, Xin-Yue WANG, Lei ZHAI, Su YAO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1153433693029917519, articleId=1153433692266554178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=国内外食品用菌种安全性法规和动物致病性评价方法对比研究, columnId=1151895321958773274, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=食品分析与检测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

随着菌种在食品领域的广泛应用, 其安全性越来越受到重视。安全性评价包括国内外安全性评价资料、全基因组测序、动物致病性试验、耐药性试验等, 其中致病性是指微生物菌种感染宿主造成健康损害引起疾病的能力, 是菌种安全性评价的重要项目。本文系统地调研了国内外食品用菌种的安全性管理法规和动物致病性评价要求, 并对已报道的动物致病性评价方法进行了综合比较分析, 旨在为动物致病性评价在我国食品等领域菌株安全性评价中的应用奠定基础。

, correspAuthors=姚粟, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 姚粟(1976—), 女, 博士, 教授级高级工程师, 主要研究方向为工业用微生物资源挖掘与利用。E-mail:
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赵晓涵(1994—), 女, 硕士, 助理工程师, 主要研究方向为细菌鉴定和细菌动物致病性。E-mail:

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赵晓涵(1994—), 女, 硕士, 助理工程师, 主要研究方向为细菌鉴定和细菌动物致病性。E-mail:

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赵晓涵(1994—), 女, 硕士, 助理工程师, 主要研究方向为细菌鉴定和细菌动物致病性。E-mail:

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Food and Fermentation Industries, 2022, 48(17): 49-56., articleTitle=Safety evaluation of Bacillus aquiflavi 3H-10 based on whole genome sequencing, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1173278266786984957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433692266554178, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1173278266803762174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433692266554178, companyId=1173278266786984957, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=China National Research Institute of Food & Fermentation Industries Co., Ltd., Beijing 100015, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1173278266812150783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433692266554178, companyId=1173278266786984957, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国食品发酵工业研究院有限公司, 北京 100015)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1173278269613944862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433692266554178, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Requirements of different countries and international organizations for microbial safety assessment without traditional eating habits

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分类 美国 欧盟 加拿大 澳大利亚和新西兰
分类学资料 分类学地位及鉴定
信息
分类学信息, 与现有QPS中菌种的关系等 根据国际命名法和标准分类参考文献提供菌种相关信息 分类学信息及成分信息
毒理学资料 毒理学信息 / 可能需要对最终食品或其成分进行适当的常规毒性研究 动物毒理学研究, 相关成分的代谢或毒代动力学研究
致病性资料 确保通常没有安全性上的问题, 不具有毒性和致病性 若申报菌种的特定株有毒性, 需要明确致病机理并且有检验手段 需考虑对人体健康产生不良影响的可能性, 包括但不限于感染、致病、不良免疫反应和中毒 该菌及相关菌种的潜在致病性、对肠道菌群的影响等
耐药性资料 确保不产生抗生素 耐药性鉴定和耐药性评估 菌株不具有可转移的耐药性的证明 基因转移的可能性, 包括细菌耐药性(仅在转基因菌种存在于终产品中时)
), ArticleFig(id=1173278269722996767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433692266554178, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同国家和国际组织对无传统食用习惯的微生物安全性评估相关要求

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分类 美国 欧盟 加拿大 澳大利亚和新西兰
分类学资料 分类学地位及鉴定
信息
分类学信息, 与现有QPS中菌种的关系等 根据国际命名法和标准分类参考文献提供菌种相关信息 分类学信息及成分信息
毒理学资料 毒理学信息 / 可能需要对最终食品或其成分进行适当的常规毒性研究 动物毒理学研究, 相关成分的代谢或毒代动力学研究
致病性资料 确保通常没有安全性上的问题, 不具有毒性和致病性 若申报菌种的特定株有毒性, 需要明确致病机理并且有检验手段 需考虑对人体健康产生不良影响的可能性, 包括但不限于感染、致病、不良免疫反应和中毒 该菌及相关菌种的潜在致病性、对肠道菌群的影响等
耐药性资料 确保不产生抗生素 耐药性鉴定和耐药性评估 菌株不具有可转移的耐药性的证明 基因转移的可能性, 包括细菌耐药性(仅在转基因菌种存在于终产品中时)
), ArticleFig(id=1173278269869797408, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433692266554178, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Comparison of animal pathogenicity test methods for strains used in food

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
标准名称 《食品安全国家标准
食品用菌种安全性评价程序(征求意见稿)》
《保健食品原料用菌种安全性检验与评价技术指导原则(2020年版)》
检测资质 / 具备菌种致病性检验和评价资质的机构
检测对象 细菌-附录A
丝状真菌-附录B
酵母-附录C
放线菌-附录D
其他等效方法
细菌-附录A
丝状真菌-附录B
酵母-附录C
实验动物要求 选用SPF级昆明或ICR健康成年小鼠, 雌雄各半, 体重范围为18.0~22.0 g; 动物质量、实验室管理、实验条件等符合GB/T 35823—2018
《实验动物动物实验通用要求》的规定
选用SPF级昆明或ICR健康成年小鼠, 雌雄各半, 体重范围为18.0~22.0 g
给药方式 1、对于国内外均无使用历史的菌种, 或国内外虽有使用历史、但对人和动物健康有不良影响记载或报道的菌种, 必须使用腹腔注射和经口灌胃两种途径给予动物受试物
2、对于国内外均有使用历史且使用过程中未发现对人和动物健康有不良影响的菌种, 可选择经口灌胃单一途径给予动物受试物, 以评价受试物对动物的致病性
所有拟评价的菌株必须使用腹腔注射和经口灌胃两种途径给予动物受试物
腹腔注射 经口灌胃 腹腔注射 经口灌胃
动物年龄 / / / /
动物数量/只 40 80 (40)# 40 80 (40)
实验组 20 20 (20) 20 20 (20)
对照组 20 20 (20) 20 20 (20)
浓缩实验组 / 20 (/) / 20 (/)
浓缩对照组 / 20 (/) / 20 (/)
给药剂量/CFU
(每只)
1.0×107
0.9×108~1.1×108;
4.5×108~5.5×108
(2.3×108~2.8×108)
1.0×107 0.9×108~1.1×108;
4.5×108~5.5×108
(2.3×108~2.8×108)
给药容量 0.2 mL 20 mL/kg体重 0.2 mL 20 mL/kg体重
体内受试物的定量检测 / / / /
结果判定 是否有致病性 是否有致病性
), ArticleFig(id=1173278270024986657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433692266554178, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

食品用菌种动物致病性试验方法的比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
标准名称 《食品安全国家标准
食品用菌种安全性评价程序(征求意见稿)》
《保健食品原料用菌种安全性检验与评价技术指导原则(2020年版)》
检测资质 / 具备菌种致病性检验和评价资质的机构
检测对象 细菌-附录A
丝状真菌-附录B
酵母-附录C
放线菌-附录D
其他等效方法
细菌-附录A
丝状真菌-附录B
酵母-附录C
实验动物要求 选用SPF级昆明或ICR健康成年小鼠, 雌雄各半, 体重范围为18.0~22.0 g; 动物质量、实验室管理、实验条件等符合GB/T 35823—2018
《实验动物动物实验通用要求》的规定
选用SPF级昆明或ICR健康成年小鼠, 雌雄各半, 体重范围为18.0~22.0 g
给药方式 1、对于国内外均无使用历史的菌种, 或国内外虽有使用历史、但对人和动物健康有不良影响记载或报道的菌种, 必须使用腹腔注射和经口灌胃两种途径给予动物受试物
2、对于国内外均有使用历史且使用过程中未发现对人和动物健康有不良影响的菌种, 可选择经口灌胃单一途径给予动物受试物, 以评价受试物对动物的致病性
所有拟评价的菌株必须使用腹腔注射和经口灌胃两种途径给予动物受试物
腹腔注射 经口灌胃 腹腔注射 经口灌胃
动物年龄 / / / /
动物数量/只 40 80 (40)# 40 80 (40)
实验组 20 20 (20) 20 20 (20)
对照组 20 20 (20) 20 20 (20)
浓缩实验组 / 20 (/) / 20 (/)
浓缩对照组 / 20 (/) / 20 (/)
给药剂量/CFU
(每只)
1.0×107
0.9×108~1.1×108;
4.5×108~5.5×108
(2.3×108~2.8×108)
1.0×107 0.9×108~1.1×108;
4.5×108~5.5×108
(2.3×108~2.8×108)
给药容量 0.2 mL 20 mL/kg体重 0.2 mL 20 mL/kg体重
体内受试物的定量检测 / / / /
结果判定 是否有致病性 是否有致病性
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国内外食品用菌种安全性法规和动物致病性评价方法对比研究
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赵晓涵 , 奚文韬 , 王欣悦 , 翟磊 , 姚粟 *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品分析与检测 2025,16(7): 240-247
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品分析与检测 2025, 16(7): 240-247
国内外食品用菌种安全性法规和动物致病性评价方法对比研究
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赵晓涵 , 奚文韬, 王欣悦, 翟磊, 姚粟*
作者信息
  • 中国食品发酵工业研究院有限公司, 北京 100015
  • 赵晓涵(1994—), 女, 硕士, 助理工程师, 主要研究方向为细菌鉴定和细菌动物致病性。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 姚粟(1976—), 女, 博士, 教授级高级工程师, 主要研究方向为工业用微生物资源挖掘与利用。E-mail:
Comparative study on safety regulations and animal pathogenicity evaluation methods for strains used in food at home and abroad
Xiao-Han ZHAO , Wen-Tao XI, Xin-Yue WANG, Lei ZHAI, Su YAO*
Affiliations
  • China National Research Institute of Food & Fermentation Industries Co., Ltd., Beijing 100015, China
出版时间: 2025-04-15 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240705004
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随着菌种在食品领域的广泛应用, 其安全性越来越受到重视。安全性评价包括国内外安全性评价资料、全基因组测序、动物致病性试验、耐药性试验等, 其中致病性是指微生物菌种感染宿主造成健康损害引起疾病的能力, 是菌种安全性评价的重要项目。本文系统地调研了国内外食品用菌种的安全性管理法规和动物致病性评价要求, 并对已报道的动物致病性评价方法进行了综合比较分析, 旨在为动物致病性评价在我国食品等领域菌株安全性评价中的应用奠定基础。

食品用菌种  /  安全性法规  /  动物致病性评价

With the wide application of strains in food field, its safety has been paid more and more attention. Safety evaluation includes domestic and foreign safety evaluation data, whole genome sequencing, animal pathogenicity test, drug resistance test, etc. Among them, pathogenicity refers to the ability of microbial strains to infect the host and cause health damage and diseases, and is an important project of strain safety evaluation. The paper systematically investigated the safety management regulations and animal pathogenicity evaluation requirements of strains in food field at home and abroad, and conducted a comprehensive comparative analysis of the reported animal pathogenicity evaluation methods, aiming to lay a foundation for the application of animal pathogenicity evaluation in the safety evaluation of strains in food and other fields in China.

strains used in food  /  safety regulations  /  animal pathogenicity evaluation
赵晓涵, 奚文韬, 王欣悦, 翟磊, 姚粟. 国内外食品用菌种安全性法规和动物致病性评价方法对比研究. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (7) : 240 -247 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240705004
Xiao-Han ZHAO, Wen-Tao XI, Xin-Yue WANG, Lei ZHAI, Su YAO. Comparative study on safety regulations and animal pathogenicity evaluation methods for strains used in food at home and abroad[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (7) : 240 -247 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240705004
随着我国的政策支持和社会需求增加, 越来越多的工业用菌种被应用到食品等领域, 在实现较高效益的同时微生物产品安全问题也逐渐显现, 为加强健康中国建设, 提升人民健康水平, 我国编制了《“健康中国2030”规划纲要》并强调人民健康需要保障食品药品安全[1], 工业用菌种安全性成为国家管理的重点和社会关注的焦点。
安全的菌株是产品申报的基石, 新菌株应用到饲料、农药和食品领域前, 必须通过动物等实验对其安全性进行评价, 安全性评价主要包括文献数据检索、基于全基因组测序(whole genome sequencing, WGS)的毒力基因和致病基因分析、动物致病性试验等多个层面。WGS是解析菌株的遗传信息和代谢特性的重要技术方法; 动物致病性实验是评估菌体安全性、有效性以及推荐剂量等的重要方法; 动物实验可通过各种模型来评价菌种的致病性、易位可能性和对免疫系统异常宿主的影响等, 尤其是对探究菌种的作用原理和安全性评价具有重要意义[2-4]。目前, 国内外政府机构发布了一系列食品领域微生物相关的规章制度, 包括《保健食品注册与备案管理办法》《新食品原料安全性审查管理办法》等, 也制定了相对成熟的安全性和致病性评价方法[5-7]。本文通过分析探讨国内外食品领域的菌种安全性管理法规和动物致病性评价, 全面分析比较菌种动物致病性评价方法, 为完善我国动物致病性评价方法提供参考。
2002年, 世界卫生组织(World Health Organization, WHO)与联合国粮农组织(Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, FAO)共同制订《食品益生菌评价指南》[8], 提出申报食品用益生菌需要准备的材料, 益生菌会出现包括系统感染性、有毒代谢产物、过度免疫反应和耐药基因转移在内的安全风险[9-10]。根据可能出现的安全风险, 指南要求对拟评价微生物菌种进行抗生素耐药性评价、代谢产物测定(例如, D-乳酸生成, 胆盐解耦)、产毒能力的测定、溶血性的测定, 对人体健康的影响以及上市后消费者不良事件的流行病学监测[11-14]。2002年, 国际乳品联合会(International Dairy Federation, IDF)、欧洲食品和饲料菌种协会(European Food and Feed Cultures Association, EFFCA)联合发布“具有食品使用历史的微生物名单”[15], 综合了科学文献情况、微生物的食用历史、微生物的实际应用情况、微生态学资料(代谢活动和微生物间的相互作用)以及公共数据库中有关该微生物的临床报告等方面内容, 为传统发酵食品用菌种的合理规范使用提供了参考[16-17]。2012年, IDF和EFFCA进一步更改名单, 阐述了美国和欧盟食品用菌种的管理规范和具体评价要求, 并提出传统发酵食品菌种可能产生机会致病性、毒性代谢产物和毒力因子等, 需要进行特定风险评估, 主要包括乳酸菌产生物胺、真菌产毒素和抗生素以及具有长期使用历史的屎肠球菌的潜在致病性[18]
1997年, 美国食品药品监督管理局(Food and Drug Administration, FDA)首先制定“一般认为安全的认证(generally recognized as safe, GRAS)”名单[19], 对于1958年之前已经在食品中具有使用历史的菌株, 申请者只需证明其在1958年前的食用情况即可列入GRAS名单, 而后作为普通食品原料用于食品生产加工[20]。对于1958年之后在食品中使用的菌株, 申请者则需向FDA的食品安全与应用营养中心(Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, CFSAN)提交申请材料, 包括信息描述、应用条件、鉴定和特性信息、用于指定用途的依据, 以及化学、毒理学、微生物学信息和其他相应的支持数据或文献等[21]。申请者应根据已有的科学文献和实验结果, 组织有资质的专家对申请菌种的安全性进行评估。对于已经进入GRAS名单的物质, FDA会进行跟踪评估, 若在使用过程中发现安全问题会更正名单并告知申请者[22]
欧洲议会和欧盟理事会178/2002条例规定了食品相关法规的基本原则和要求、设立欧洲食品安全局(European Food Safety Authority, EFSA)、处理食品安全事件的程序, 包括建立食品和饲料快速预警系统(The European Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed, RASSF)等[23]。覆盖范围涵盖了食品和用于食源性动物饲料的加工、生产和投放的全过程。法规规定了EFSA应负责对食品安全进行风险评估, 内容包括以科学依据为基础的危害识别、危害描述、暴露评估和风险描述4个步骤, 并提供科学证据及建议。在欧盟范围内使用的食品用菌种首先需要满足欧盟《食品法规的一般原则和要求》[Regulation (EC) No.178/2002]的相关规定, 即食品生产者的职责是应当确保食品用菌种的安全性。2007年, 欧盟正式提出了安全资格认证(qualified presumption of safety, QPS)理念, 旨在对添加到食品及饲料中的微生物实施上市前的风险评估。对于有安全使用历史的菌种且已被欧盟授予QPS, 可认为对目标物种、消费者和环境是安全的, 无需进行安全评价可以在食品中直接使用[24]。对于没有长期安全使用历史, 且不在QPS名单中的菌种, 需要进行上市前的安全性评价和授权才能进入欧盟市场, 具体申报要求和流程与饲用微生物一致[25]
2018年加拿大司法部修订的《食品和药品条例》B部分第28款指出加入食品中的无食用历史活菌培养物, 或菌株使用转基因技术后获得新特征, 或无原始特征, 或具有超出原始特征的特征, 均属新食品原料, 都需要进行审批[26]。根据《新型食品安全评价指南》[27], 评估期间需要提供在人和动物中的不良反应和不良健康影响、毒性潜力、潜在致敏性、基因转移和在胃肠道中持续存在的可能性。
《澳新食品法典》中的新食品包括微生物是指无传统使用历史, 应对公共健康和安全方面开展评价的食品[28]
澳新(澳大利亚和新西兰)食品标准局(Food Standards Australia New Zealand, FSANZ)要求新食品用菌种申报时应开展安全性评估, 包含在别国的食用历史、组成成分、制备步骤和质量要求、潜在致敏性、代谢或毒代动力学和动物毒理学评价以及人体耐受性评价。对于微生物(包括益生菌), 还需提供潜在致病性、对胃肠道微生物菌群影响资料等资料。将依据提供的动物和人体毒理学资料对申报菌株开展系统的安全性评价[29-31]。不同国家和国际组织对无传统食用习惯的微生物安全性评估相关要求详见表1
2015年《食品安全法》修订, 对保健食品、特殊医学用途配方食品和婴幼儿配方食品等特殊食品实行严格监督管理。国家食品药品监督管理总局在2016年制定《保健食品注册与备案管理办法》[32], 将此类食品的申请方式从“注册制”改为“注册与备案制”双轨制[33-34], 已列入保健食品原料目录的保健食品实行备案制, 未列入的则实行注册制。实行注册制的保健食品应进一步提供安全性和保健功能的评价材料, 包括原料及产品的安全性、保健功能试验评价材料, 人群食用评价材料; 功效成分或者标志性成分、卫生学、稳定性、菌种鉴定、菌种毒力等试验报告, 以及涉及兴奋剂、违禁药物成分等检测报告等, 并递交审评机构审评。其中, 益生菌类保健食品的注册依据《益生菌类保健食品申报与审评规定(试行)》[35], 规定益生菌类保健食品可以使用《可用于食品的菌种名单》[36]中的菌株, 但不能使用经过基因修饰的菌种[37]。真菌类保健食品的注册参考《真菌类保健食品申报与审评规定(试行)》[38]。目前《可用于保健食品的益生菌菌种名单》[39]列出了包括双歧杆菌、乳杆菌和链球菌在内的10种益生菌, 《可用于保健食品的真菌菌种名单》[39]中列出了包括酵母、蝙蝠蛾拟青霉、灵芝和曲霉在内的11种真菌, 《可用于保健食品的益生菌菌种名单》[39]和《可用于保健食品的真菌菌种名单》[39]中的菌种无需进行安全性评价, 其他菌种需提供致病性试验、耐药性试验等安全性评价报告。真菌及其代谢产物必须无毒无害, 不得在生产用培养基内加入有毒有害物质和致敏性物质。有可能产生抗菌素、真菌毒素或其他活性物质的菌种还应包括有关抗菌素、真菌毒素或其他活性物质的检测报告。
我国对食品用菌种采用审批制进行管理, 以名单和公告的形式发布。目前, 已发布的可用于食品的菌种涉及17个属的37个菌种, 包括2010年发布的《可用于食品的菌种名单》[36]中规定的21个菌种, 以及2013年之后经公告发布的16个菌种; 已发布的可用于婴幼儿食品的菌种共14株, 包括2011年发布的《可用于婴幼儿食品的菌种名单》[36]中的6株和陆续以公告形式批准的8株, 《可用于保健食品的益生菌菌种名单》[39]和《可用于保健食品的真菌菌种名单》[39]中的菌种能够直接用于食品或婴幼儿食品的生产加工。新菌种需采取审批制, 按照2022年发布的《新食品原料安全性审查管理办法》[40]进行管理, 要求提供菌种鉴定、安全性评估报告、国内外研究利用情况等材料。新食品原料的定义为国内没有使用历史的微生物、从微生物中分离的物质和原有结构产生变化的物质, 但转基因食品、保健食品和食品添加剂新品种不属于此范围[41-44]。2013年, 《新食品原料申报与受理规定》[45]明确提出微生物类原料申报时需要分类学地位、生物学特性、表型鉴定及安全性评估报告等材料。安全性评价需进行成分分析、卫生学检验、毒理学评价、微生物耐药性测试以及产毒能力测试等[46]。2010年, 《食品添加剂新品种申报与受理规定》[47]也要求提供包括毒理学安全性评价在内的一系列安全性评估申请材料。
为指导国内保健食品原料用菌种按法规要求进行安全性评价, 2020年国家市场监管总局特殊食品安全监督管理司印发《保健食品原料用菌种安全性检验与评价技术指导原则(2020年版)》(2020年第44号)[48], 该指导原则适用于保健食品原料用菌种(包括保健食品配方用及原料生产用菌种)的致病性检验与评价, 但不适用于基因改造微生物菌种和在我国无使用习惯的菌种致病性检验与评价。《保健食品原料用菌种安全性检验与评价技术指导原则(2020年版)》(2020年第44号)提出安全性评价方法包括全基因组测序、动物致病性和产毒等试验[49]。其中动物致病性试验需要获得菌种致病性检测和评价资质的单位检测, 对拟评价的保健食品原料用细菌、丝状真菌(子实体除外)和酵母开展致病性检验, 对结果做出评价并出具报告, 必须使用腹腔注射和经口灌胃两种方式给予实验动物, 然后研究这两种方式下受试物是否会引起动物机体损伤甚至死亡。
为规范食品用菌种在国内的安全性评价工作, 卫健委和市场监督管理总局在2021年制定了《食品安全国家标准 食品用菌种安全性评价程序(征求意见稿)》(暂未正式实施), 该标准适用于拟用于食品用菌种(生产食品、食品添加剂、新食品原料、保健食品用活的微生物菌种)的安全性评价, 但不适用于基因改造微生物的安全性评价。评价内容包括国内外安全性评价资料、全基因组测序、动物致病性试验、耐药性试验、产毒试验和其他活性物质测定[50]。其中动物致病性试验需由具有菌种致病性检测和评价资质的机构进行, 根据拟评价菌种(细菌、丝状真菌、酵母、放线菌)的种类选择不同试验方案。对于国内外均无使用历史的菌株, 或国内外虽有使用历史、但对人和动物健康有不良影响记载或报道的菌株, 必须使用腹腔注射和经口灌胃两种途径给予动物受试物, 以评价不同受试物给予途径对动物的致病性。对于国内外均有使用历史且使用过程中未发现对人和动物健康有不良影响的菌株, 可选择经口灌胃单一途径给予动物受试物, 以评价受试物对动物的致病性。
我国颁布的《保健食品原料用菌种安全性检验与评价技术指导原则(2020年版)》(2020年第44号)[48]、《食品安全国家标准 食品用菌种安全性评价程序(征求意见稿)》均对菌株的安全性评价做出了明确要求, 致病性评价是工业用菌种安全性评价的重要方面。因此食品用菌种动物致病性试验主要参考《保健食品原料用菌种安全性检验与评价技术指导原则(2020年版)》(2020年第44号)[48]和《食品安全国家标准 食品用菌种安全性评价程序(征求意见稿)》中规定的方法进行。
本研究从动物品系、动物数量、分组方式、受试物浓度、观察指标和结果判定等多方面对动物致病性评价方法进行了全面的比较分析, 具体比较分析结果见表2。从检测对象上看, 《保健食品原料用菌种安全性检验与评价技术指导原则(2020年版)》(2020年第44号)[48]中只提供对保健食品原料用细菌、丝状真菌及酵母的致病性试验方案; 而《食品安全国家标准 食品用菌种安全性评价程序(征求意见稿)》所涵盖的检测对象除食品用细菌、丝状真菌、酵母外, 还增加了放线菌, 此外还要求检测机构具备菌种致病性检验和评价资质。《保健食品原料用菌种安全性检验与评价技术指导原则(2020年版)》(2020年第44号)[48]和《食品安全国家标准 食品用菌种安全性评价程序(征求意见稿)》中要求实验动物为SPF级昆明或ICR健康成年小鼠, 规定动物体重范围为18.0~22.0 g。《保健食品原料用菌种安全性检验与评价技术指导原则(2020年版)》(2020年第44号)[48]中要求所有拟评价的菌株必须使用腹腔注射和经口灌胃两种途径给予动物受试物, 而《食品安全国家标准 食品用菌种安全性评价程序(征求意见稿)》中提到对于国内外均无使用历史或对人和动物健康有不良影响或报道的菌种, 必须使用腹腔注射和经口灌胃两种途径给予动物受试物, 如果菌种在国内外都有食用历史同时食用后人和动物没有产生不良反应, 则可只通过经口灌胃方式给予受试物。《保健食品原料用菌种安全性检验与评价技术指导原则(2020年版)》(2020年第44号)[48]和《食品安全国家标准 食品用菌种安全性评价程序(征求意见稿)》中对动物数量、组别及给药剂量和容量要求一致, 腹腔注射试验需设置实验组和对照组, 每组小鼠不少于20只, 雌雄各半, 注射量为0.2 mL, 给药剂量不少于1.0×107 CFU, 经口灌胃试验设置受试物原液和浓缩液实验/对照组, 每组小鼠不少于20只, 雌雄各半, 各组均以20 mL/(kg·BW)的体积进行灌胃试验, 实验结果依据动物健康情况、体重等指标和死亡情况综合判定菌种是否具有致病性。
本文详细梳理了国内外食品领域菌种的安全性管理法规和动物致病性评价要求, 动物致病性评价是评估菌种和动物间相互作用的复杂体系, 也是菌种安全性评价中不可缺少的一部分, 我国要求食品用菌种申报时需提供动物致病性评价材料。对已发布的动物致病性评价方法进行综合分析后发现我国食品领域《保健食品原料用菌种安全性检验与评价技术指导原则(2020年版)》和《食品安全国家标准 食品用菌种安全性评价程序(征求意见稿)》中规定了微生物菌种致病性的试验流程, 对试验的动物品系、数量、分组、受试物浓度、观察指标和结果评价进行了说明, 要求制备拟评价菌株的菌悬液作为受试物, 通过腹腔注射和经口灌胃等途径给予实验动物, 评价不同暴露途径下受试物对实验动物的致病性。通过分析比较食品微生物菌种的动物致病性评价具体方法, 期望推动菌种动物致病性评价方法更科学广泛地应用于食品等领域。
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2025年第16卷第7期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240705004
  • 接收时间:2024-07-05
  • 首发时间:2025-07-19
  • 出版时间:2025-04-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-05
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    中国食品发酵工业研究院有限公司, 北京 100015

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* 姚粟(1976—), 女, 博士, 教授级高级工程师, 主要研究方向为工业用微生物资源挖掘与利用。E-mail:
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Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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