Article(id=1153429496234500623, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153429493357203682, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240620002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1718812800000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-20, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752928621585, onlineDateStr=2025-07-19, pubDate=1741968000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752928621585, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752928621585, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752928621585, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153429493357203682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='326', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752928620900, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1758690311058, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1177595773500932351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153429493357203682, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1177595773500932352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153429493357203682, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=222, endPage=231, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153429498008691221, articleId=1153429496234500623, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Effects of cured meat products on the gut microbiota of mice based on high-throughput sequencing technology, columnId=1151895321388347923, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Food Analysis and Detection, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To investigate the effects of cured meat products on the gut microbiota of mice based on high-throughput sequencing technology. Methods Mice were randomly divided into 3 groups, with half male and half female. Each group consisted of 12 mice, including the control group, the low-dose group, and the high-dose group, and feeding for a period of time. The feces and intestinal content of mice were collected for microbial structure research, and the effects of consuming cured meat on the gut microbiota of mice was analyzed. Results There was no significant difference in total bacterial count between the control group and the experimental group (P>0.05), however the changes in the number of Gram negative bacterial colonies and Gram positive bacterial colonies were significant (P<0.05). The number of lactic acid bacteria in the high-dose group showed significant changes (P<0.05), while the low-dose group had no significant changes (P>0.05). The high-throughput sequencing analysis of 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) in the gut microbiota of mice showed that the alpha diversity of the gut microbiota in the high-dose group was significantly lower than that in the control group (P<0.05) starting from the 4th week of the experiment, and starting from 12th week, that of the low-dose group also began to decrease significantly. The types of bacteria that changed in the gut microbiota of mice in the high-dose and low-dose groups were almost the same, with an increase in the proportion of Gram positive bacteria, an increase in the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes and Spirochetes, and a decrease in the relative abundance of Lactobacillus. Starting from the 4th week of the experiment, there were differences in metabolic pathways between each group of mice in terms of glucose metabolism, amino acid metabolism, protein metabolism, etc. The differences were self-compensated at the 8th week, and significant differences were observed between the high-dose and low-dose groups and the control group at the 12th week (P<0.05). The differences between the high-dose and low-dose groups increased. Conclusion Continuous intake of cured meat products can change the structure and composition of the gut microbiota, cause imbalance in the gut microbiota structure, and alter the colonization of beneficial and harmful microbiota in the intestine of mice, which may be related to the induction of intestinal diseases.

, correspAuthors=Hai-Long XIAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Li-Dan DU, Dan-Han YIN, Gao-Tian LI, Wei-Hong NI, Chen-Yu FANG, Hui-Li YU, Qi-Qi ZHAO, Ying LI, Hai-Long XIAO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1153429529822486842, articleId=1153429496234500623, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=基于高通量测序技术分析腌腊肉制品对小鼠肠道菌群的影响, columnId=1151895321958773274, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=食品分析与检测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 基于高通量测序技术探究腌腊肉制品对小鼠肠道菌群的影响。方法 取36只小鼠随机分成3组, 雌雄各半每组12只, 分别为对照组、低剂量组和高剂量组, 饲养一段时间, 收集小鼠粪便及肠道内容物进行菌群分析, 研究摄入腌腊肉对小鼠肠道微生物群落的影响。结果 与对照组相比, 低剂量组和高剂量组的总菌落数均无显著差异(P>0.05), 但革兰氏阴性菌菌落数与革兰氏阳性菌菌落数变化显著(P<0.05); 乳杆菌菌落数低剂量组无明显变化(P>0.05), 高剂量组变化显著(P<0.05)。小鼠肠道菌群16S核糖体RNA (16S ribosomal RNA, 16S rRNA)高通量测序结果分析表明, 从实验第4周开始, 高剂量组的肠道微生物群落α多样性要显著低于对照组(P<0.05); 而从第12周开始, 低剂量组的α多样性也开始有了明显下降。高剂量组和低剂量组小鼠肠道微生物群落中发生变化的菌种类型基本一致, 表现为革兰氏阳性菌占比增加, 拟杆菌门、螺旋菌属等的相对丰度增加, 乳杆菌属的相对丰度减少。从实验第4周起, 各组小鼠之间代谢通路在糖代谢、氨基酸代谢、蛋白代谢等方面均有差异, 在第8周差异减小, 在第12周高、低剂量与对照组差异较显著(P<0.05), 高剂量与低剂量组之间差异性加大。结论 持续性摄入腌腊肉制品可改变小鼠肠道菌群结构与组成, 造成肠道微生态结构失衡, 改变有益与有害菌群在小鼠肠道中的定植情况, 这可能与诱发肠道疾病有一定相关性。

, correspAuthors=肖海龙, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 肖海龙(1976—), 男, 博士, 正高级工程师, 主要研究方向为食品安全检验检测。E-mail:
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杜黎丹(1983—), 女, 工程师, 主要研究方向为食品安全检测。E-mail:

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杜黎丹(1983—), 女, 工程师, 主要研究方向为食品安全检测。E-mail:

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杜黎丹(1983—), 女, 工程师, 主要研究方向为食品安全检测。E-mail:

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注: 柱状图的长度代表差异物种的影响大小(LDA SCORE), 图5同。

, figureFileSmall=uPOfWRgcD17DKQT15p8ing==, figureFileBig=s4mYjqrXQl1pXwNS7rCZ3A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177619613106974773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153429496234500623, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=LEfSe analysis of intestinal microbial communities in low-dose and control group, figureFileSmall=cZ8cw6jUVJAZoM+dKRNq4Q==, figureFileBig=2tJTJpf2hOntI4+kIDJ1Cg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177619613186666550, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153429496234500623, language=CN, label=图5, caption=低剂量组和对照组小鼠肠道微生物群落的LEfSe分析, figureFileSmall=cZ8cw6jUVJAZoM+dKRNq4Q==, figureFileBig=2tJTJpf2hOntI4+kIDJ1Cg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177619613291524151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153429496234500623, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Metabolic heat maps of intestinal microorganisms in high, low dose and control groups, figureFileSmall=T1l0muVJkLb1UjPhDX5kRg==, figureFileBig=akTUCrAmQMnBE5pQV8Wv2g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177619613392187449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153429496234500623, language=CN, label=图6, caption=高、低剂量组和对照组小鼠肠道微生物代谢热图, figureFileSmall=T1l0muVJkLb1UjPhDX5kRg==, figureFileBig=akTUCrAmQMnBE5pQV8Wv2g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177619613459296315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153429496234500623, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Nutrient composition and quality testing data of mouse feed and cured pork

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别 能量
/(kcal/100 g)
脂肪
/(g/100 g)
蛋白质
/(g/100 g)
碳水化合物
/(g/100 g)
亚硝酸盐
/(mg/kg)
苯并芘
/(µg/kg)
杂环胺(合计)
/(µg/kg)
小鼠饲料 352 5.3 22 3 未检出 未检出 未检出
腌腊猪肉 1521 35 24 5.2 12.6 0.5 3.2
国家标准限量 / / / / 30 5 /
), ArticleFig(id=1177619613534793789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153429496234500623, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

小鼠饲料和腌腊猪肉营养成分及质量检测数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别 能量
/(kcal/100 g)
脂肪
/(g/100 g)
蛋白质
/(g/100 g)
碳水化合物
/(g/100 g)
亚硝酸盐
/(mg/kg)
苯并芘
/(µg/kg)
杂环胺(合计)
/(µg/kg)
小鼠饲料 352 5.3 22 3 未检出 未检出 未检出
腌腊猪肉 1521 35 24 5.2 12.6 0.5 3.2
国家标准限量 / / / / 30 5 /
), ArticleFig(id=1177619613648039998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153429496234500623, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Result of gut microbiota count analysis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
剂量组别 样本量 菌落总数/Lg 革兰氏阴性菌菌落数/Lg 革兰氏阳性菌菌落数/Lg 乳杆菌菌落数/Lg
C12 10 8.61±0.61a 6.75±0.89a 6.06±0.62b 8.56±0.61a
TL12 10 8.60±0.50a 5.64±0.55b 6.86±0.86a 8.50±0.51a
TH12 10 8.30±0.45a 5.42±0.61bb 7.15±0.52a 8.00±0.45b
), ArticleFig(id=1177619613748703296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153429496234500623, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

肠道菌群计数分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
剂量组别 样本量 菌落总数/Lg 革兰氏阴性菌菌落数/Lg 革兰氏阳性菌菌落数/Lg 乳杆菌菌落数/Lg
C12 10 8.61±0.61a 6.75±0.89a 6.06±0.62b 8.56±0.61a
TL12 10 8.60±0.50a 5.64±0.55b 6.86±0.86a 8.50±0.51a
TH12 10 8.30±0.45a 5.42±0.61bb 7.15±0.52a 8.00±0.45b
), ArticleFig(id=1177619613962612802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153429496234500623, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Sequencing results and α diversity analysis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
剂量组别 OTUs/个 有效序列/条 测序深度/% α多样性指数
Chao 1指数 Shannon指数
C4 271 43616 99.75 351.51±28.61a 4.86±0.03a
C8 286 47007 99.83 358.47±15.76a 5.12±0.06a
C12 508 44465 99.85 583.39±6.17b 6.24±0.11b
TL4 227 44085 99.84 316.31±12.23a 4.56±0.10a
TL8 240 43101 99.82 363.84±16.17a 4.56±0.12a
TL12 511 44350 99.84 595.19±8.46b 5.94±0.19c
TH4 221 45287 99.81 296.54±13.17c 4.16±0.14d
TH8 215 46919 99.84 294.25±12.89c 4.05±0.24d
TH12 458 45866 99.83 533.25±29.31d 4.81±0.51a
), ArticleFig(id=1177619614138773573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153429496234500623, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

测序结果及α多样性分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
剂量组别 OTUs/个 有效序列/条 测序深度/% α多样性指数
Chao 1指数 Shannon指数
C4 271 43616 99.75 351.51±28.61a 4.86±0.03a
C8 286 47007 99.83 358.47±15.76a 5.12±0.06a
C12 508 44465 99.85 583.39±6.17b 6.24±0.11b
TL4 227 44085 99.84 316.31±12.23a 4.56±0.10a
TL8 240 43101 99.82 363.84±16.17a 4.56±0.12a
TL12 511 44350 99.84 595.19±8.46b 5.94±0.19c
TH4 221 45287 99.81 296.54±13.17c 4.16±0.14d
TH8 215 46919 99.84 294.25±12.89c 4.05±0.24d
TH12 458 45866 99.83 533.25±29.31d 4.81±0.51a
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基于高通量测序技术分析腌腊肉制品对小鼠肠道菌群的影响
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杜黎丹 , 尹丹韩 , 李高天 , 倪伟红 , 方陈玉 , 俞慧丽 , 赵奇琦 , 李英 , 肖海龙 *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品分析与检测 2025,16(5): 222-231
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品分析与检测 2025, 16(5): 222-231
基于高通量测序技术分析腌腊肉制品对小鼠肠道菌群的影响
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杜黎丹 , 尹丹韩, 李高天, 倪伟红, 方陈玉, 俞慧丽, 赵奇琦, 李英, 肖海龙*
作者信息
  • 杭州市食品药品检验科学研究院, 杭州 310000
  • 杜黎丹(1983—), 女, 工程师, 主要研究方向为食品安全检测。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 肖海龙(1976—), 男, 博士, 正高级工程师, 主要研究方向为食品安全检验检测。E-mail:
Effects of cured meat products on the gut microbiota of mice based on high-throughput sequencing technology
Li-Dan DU , Dan-Han YIN, Gao-Tian LI, Wei-Hong NI, Chen-Yu FANG, Hui-Li YU, Qi-Qi ZHAO, Ying LI, Hai-Long XIAO*
Affiliations
  • Hangzhou Institute for Food and Drug Control, Hangzhou 310000, China
出版时间: 2025-03-15 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240620002
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目的 基于高通量测序技术探究腌腊肉制品对小鼠肠道菌群的影响。方法 取36只小鼠随机分成3组, 雌雄各半每组12只, 分别为对照组、低剂量组和高剂量组, 饲养一段时间, 收集小鼠粪便及肠道内容物进行菌群分析, 研究摄入腌腊肉对小鼠肠道微生物群落的影响。结果 与对照组相比, 低剂量组和高剂量组的总菌落数均无显著差异(P>0.05), 但革兰氏阴性菌菌落数与革兰氏阳性菌菌落数变化显著(P<0.05); 乳杆菌菌落数低剂量组无明显变化(P>0.05), 高剂量组变化显著(P<0.05)。小鼠肠道菌群16S核糖体RNA (16S ribosomal RNA, 16S rRNA)高通量测序结果分析表明, 从实验第4周开始, 高剂量组的肠道微生物群落α多样性要显著低于对照组(P<0.05); 而从第12周开始, 低剂量组的α多样性也开始有了明显下降。高剂量组和低剂量组小鼠肠道微生物群落中发生变化的菌种类型基本一致, 表现为革兰氏阳性菌占比增加, 拟杆菌门、螺旋菌属等的相对丰度增加, 乳杆菌属的相对丰度减少。从实验第4周起, 各组小鼠之间代谢通路在糖代谢、氨基酸代谢、蛋白代谢等方面均有差异, 在第8周差异减小, 在第12周高、低剂量与对照组差异较显著(P<0.05), 高剂量与低剂量组之间差异性加大。结论 持续性摄入腌腊肉制品可改变小鼠肠道菌群结构与组成, 造成肠道微生态结构失衡, 改变有益与有害菌群在小鼠肠道中的定植情况, 这可能与诱发肠道疾病有一定相关性。

腌腊肉制品  /  高通量测序技术  /  肠道菌群

Objective To investigate the effects of cured meat products on the gut microbiota of mice based on high-throughput sequencing technology. Methods Mice were randomly divided into 3 groups, with half male and half female. Each group consisted of 12 mice, including the control group, the low-dose group, and the high-dose group, and feeding for a period of time. The feces and intestinal content of mice were collected for microbial structure research, and the effects of consuming cured meat on the gut microbiota of mice was analyzed. Results There was no significant difference in total bacterial count between the control group and the experimental group (P>0.05), however the changes in the number of Gram negative bacterial colonies and Gram positive bacterial colonies were significant (P<0.05). The number of lactic acid bacteria in the high-dose group showed significant changes (P<0.05), while the low-dose group had no significant changes (P>0.05). The high-throughput sequencing analysis of 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) in the gut microbiota of mice showed that the alpha diversity of the gut microbiota in the high-dose group was significantly lower than that in the control group (P<0.05) starting from the 4th week of the experiment, and starting from 12th week, that of the low-dose group also began to decrease significantly. The types of bacteria that changed in the gut microbiota of mice in the high-dose and low-dose groups were almost the same, with an increase in the proportion of Gram positive bacteria, an increase in the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes and Spirochetes, and a decrease in the relative abundance of Lactobacillus. Starting from the 4th week of the experiment, there were differences in metabolic pathways between each group of mice in terms of glucose metabolism, amino acid metabolism, protein metabolism, etc. The differences were self-compensated at the 8th week, and significant differences were observed between the high-dose and low-dose groups and the control group at the 12th week (P<0.05). The differences between the high-dose and low-dose groups increased. Conclusion Continuous intake of cured meat products can change the structure and composition of the gut microbiota, cause imbalance in the gut microbiota structure, and alter the colonization of beneficial and harmful microbiota in the intestine of mice, which may be related to the induction of intestinal diseases.

cured meat products  /  high-throughput sequencing technology  /  gut microbiota
杜黎丹, 尹丹韩, 李高天, 倪伟红, 方陈玉, 俞慧丽, 赵奇琦, 李英, 肖海龙. 基于高通量测序技术分析腌腊肉制品对小鼠肠道菌群的影响. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (5) : 222 -231 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240620002
Li-Dan DU, Dan-Han YIN, Gao-Tian LI, Wei-Hong NI, Chen-Yu FANG, Hui-Li YU, Qi-Qi ZHAO, Ying LI, Hai-Long XIAO. Effects of cured meat products on the gut microbiota of mice based on high-throughput sequencing technology[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (5) : 222 -231 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240620002
腌腊肉制品是我国传统食品之一, 保质期长, 具有独特的风味, 在我国已有上千年的加工和食用历史。然而, 众多流行病学调查报告显示腌腊肉制品与肠道疾病具有较为密切的关联[1-3], 一些学者认为腌腊肉制品加工过程中产生的有害物质, 如亚硝酸盐、杂环胺、多环芳烃等, 能诱导相关病变[4], 另外一些学者却认为这一学说没有足够的科学证据支持, 因为腌腊肉中杂环胺、多环芳烃含量非常小, 远未达到危害水平[5]。迄今为止, 腌腊肉制品与肠道疾病之间的关联机制尚不明确。
有研究表明, 肠道菌群是饮食与疾病的主要介导因素[6], 人体肠道内的微生物中, 超过99%都是细菌, 其主要细菌类型分为有益菌、机会致病菌、致病菌。有益菌如双歧杆菌、乳杆菌等, 可抑制有害菌繁殖, 降低肠道内的抗原和炎症反应水平[7], 促进机体对营养物质的吸收; 机会致病菌如大肠杆菌等, 寄生于人体或动物大肠内部, 在机体免疫力低下的情况下可能引起肠道炎症反应; 致病菌如沙门氏菌等, 数量一旦失控, 就会引发多种疾病。已有研究表明, 肠道慢性炎症与肠道菌群失调有直接关系[8], 慢性炎症不断刺激肠道黏膜上皮, 通过诱导基因突变, 阻止细胞凋亡并刺激血管新生和细胞增殖, 最后导致癌变[9]。通过对结直肠癌(carcinoma of colon and rectum, CRC)患者肠道中菌群结构的研究表明, 微生物多样性比正常对照组显著降低, 而某些菌群的丰度却异常升高[10], 这些研究进一步说明肠道菌群与疾病的关联性。食物是影响肠道菌群的主要因素之一, 食物中的营养成分会主导其偏好的某些肠道菌群成为优势种群, 并在某些情况下选择耗尽特定种群[11], 进而导致肠道菌群生态的改变, 长期的失衡可能会引发相关的疾病。
腌腊肉制品在我国生产和消费量大, 但关于该类食品对肠道菌群的影响鲜见报道。本研究以腌腊肉制品(以腌腊猪肉为代表)为研究对象, 通过高通量测序等方法对小鼠粪便及肠道内容物进行菌群多样性分析, 探讨持续食用该类食品对小鼠肠道菌群结构及代谢的影响, 以期给饮食健康提供参考, 并为进一步阐明该类食品与肠道疾病关联性及其机制提供理论依据。
腌腊猪肉, 购于本地超市。
实验动物36只6周龄SPF级ICR小鼠[动物生产许可证号: SCXK(浙) 2014-0001], 雌雄各半, 体重16~18 g, 购自浙江省实验动物中心。Co60辐照实验颗粒鼠粮(舒克贝塔1010009, 江苏省协同医药生物工程有限责任公司)。
胰酪大豆胨琼脂(soybean casein digest agar, TSA)培养基、木糖赖氨酸脱氧胆盐(xylose lysine desoxycholate agar, XLD)培养基、伊红美兰培养基、德氏乳杆菌培养基(De Man, rogosa and sharpe, MRS)(北京陆桥技术股份有限公司); 粪便基因组DNA提取试剂盒(Stool Genomic DNA kit)(北京康为世纪生物科技有限公司); 引物16S核糖体RNA (16S ribosomal RNA, 16S rRNA)基因V3-V4区特异性引物341F/806R(上海生工生物公司); 定量聚合酶链反应‌预混液(ExTaq Master Mix)(日本TakaRa公司); 凝胶回收试剂盒(GeneJET Gel Extraction Kit)(美国Thermo Fisher Scientific公司); 琼脂糖粉末(北京沃比森科技公司); 建库与上机测序所用试剂MiSeq PE 300测序平台配套试剂盒(美国Illumina公司)。
所有器具、饲料均经过灭菌处理。
BD720生化培养箱(德国Binder公司); BUGBOX厌氧工作站(英国Ruskinn公司); Veriti普通聚合酶链反应(polymerase chain reaction, PCR)仪(美国Applied Biosystems公司); Power Pac Basic电泳仪、Gel Doc XR+ universal Hood Ⅱ凝胶成像仪、酶标仪(美国BioTek公司); 液氮罐、Nano Drop 2000c(美国Thermo Fisher Scientific公司); HiSeqTM 2500测序平台(美国Illumina公司); ME3002E电子天平(精度0.01 g, 瑞士METTLER TOLEDO公司)。
基础饲料适应性喂养2周后, 将36只小鼠随机分成3组, 分别为对照组、低剂量组、高剂量组, 每组12只, 雌雄各半。饲养环境为昼夜12 h交替, 控制室内温度为22~25 ℃, 湿度为55%~65%, 实验期间动物自由采食、进水, 并保持垫料干燥。对照组采用饲料喂养; 实验组采用一定比例的饲料和腌腊猪肉混合喂养: 将腌腊猪肉切碎, 低剂量组为80%饲料+20%碎腌腊猪肉, 高剂量组为50%饲料+50%碎腌腊猪肉。适量投食确保各组不剩食物(每天每组5 g)。喂养周期为12周。饲料和腌腊猪肉的营养成分及质量检测数据见表1
粪便样本每4周采集一次, 采集时将对照组和高、低剂量组的小鼠分别置于消毒后的鼠笼中, 在2 h内采集粪便, 置于液氮中, 并于-80 ℃保存备用, 用于微生物高通量测序分析。待整个实验周期完成后, 处死小鼠, 取大肠肠道内容物, 立即用于微生物计数分析。对照组在第4、8、12周收集的粪便样本分别标注为C4、C8、C12; 低剂量组在第4、8、12周收集的粪便样本分别标注为TL4、TL8、TL12; 高剂量组在第4、8、12周收集的粪便样本分别标注为TH4、TH8、TH12。
采用常规培养方法对大肠肠道内容物进行菌落总数、革兰氏阴性杆菌总数、革兰氏阳性球菌总数和乳酸菌总数计数检验。常规培养法参照GB 4789《食品安全国家标准 微生物学检验》所述方法。取1 g肠道内容物进行10倍梯度稀释, 取1 mL某梯度稀释液, 加入对应培养基36 ℃培养48 h后进行计数。菌落总数采用TSA培养基; 革兰氏阴性菌总数采用XLD培养基; 革兰氏阳性菌总数采用TSA平板, 通过取样鉴定并计算百分比的方式进行计数; 乳酸菌总数采用MRS培养基厌氧培养。采用SPSS Statistics 25统计软件, 进行数据分析。
取0.2 g粪便样品, 采用粪便基因组DNA提取试剂盒提取小鼠肠道微生物的基因组DNA, 提取方法按说明书操作。所提取的DNA浓度用Nanodrop仪器检测。16S rRNA分析选取相对保守的V3-V4区域, 测序分析对V3-V4区进行PCR扩增, 扩增产物用1.5%琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测后割胶回收并纯化, 然后用酶标仪对样本进行定量。添加标记后采用Illumina MiSeq平台进行测序, 测序碱基准确率为99%, 且不容许有模糊碱基。
高通量测序结果运用Qiime软件和Pear软件对原始数据结果进行拼接、过滤、去除嵌合体, 得到有效序列。利用Uparse软件对所有样品的全部Effective Tags进行聚类, 默认以97%的一致性将序列聚类成为操作分类单元(operational taxonomic units, OTUs)。筛选OTU中出现频数最高的序列作为OTU的代表序列。对OTU代表序列进行物种注释, 用Uclust方法与Silva数据库(http://www.arb-silva.de)进行物种注释分析(设定阈值为0.8~1.0)。使用Qiime软件计算Chao 1指数来反映菌群丰度; 通过计算Shannon指数来反映菌群多样性; 通过计算Goods-coverage指数(测序深度指数)来反映测序深度。采用Rstudio软件对肠道菌群丰富度和多样性进行Tukey检验和Wilcox检验分析, 绘制主坐标分析(principal co-ordinates analysis, PCoA)分析图。
总菌落数采用TSA平板进行计数, 原始数据经过取倒数(Lg)后进行统计分析, 对照组与低剂量组(20%)、高剂量组(50%)均不存在显著差异(P>0.05)(表2)。说明添加20%、50%腌腊肉饲养的小鼠其肠道内菌落总数无明显变化。
革兰氏阴性菌菌落数采用XLD平板进行计数; 革兰氏阳性菌菌落数采用TSA平板、通过取样鉴定并计算百分比的方式进行计数; 原始数据取倒数(Lg)后进行统计分析。结果发现, 与对照组比较, 实验组的革兰氏阴性菌落数和阳性菌落数均存在显著差异(P<0.05)(表2)。说明添加20%、50%腌腊肉饲养12周后, 小鼠肠内革兰氏阴性菌群和阳性菌群在数量上有明显变化。
乳杆菌落数采用MRS平板计数, 原始数据取倒数(Lg)后统计分析。对照组与低剂量组(20%)不存在显著差异(P>0.05), 但与高剂量组(50%)存在显著差异(P<0.05)(表2)。可见, 给食低剂量的腌腊肉对小鼠肠道内乳杆菌数影响不大, 而高剂量却有明显影响。
本研究共对9组小鼠粪样进行测序, 质控后共获得有效序列404696条, 对所有样品的有效序列进行聚类, 以97%的一致性将序列聚类成为OTU。序列共聚类成2937个OTUs, 平均每个样本326个。9组样本的测序深度指数均超过99.75%(表3), 说明样品中99.75%以上的序列均被测出, 测序结果代表了样品中微生物的真实情况。
为了研究整个实验期间, 高、低剂量组和对照组小鼠肠道微生物群落α多样性的变化情况, 计算了各组的Chao 1指数和Shannon指数, 同时采用Tukey检验和Wilcox检验来分析各组指数之间是否存在显著差异。从Chao 1指数来看, 在第4周、第8周和第12周对照组和低剂量组(C4和TL4、C8和TL8、C12和TL12)之间均无显著差异; 相对应时期对照组和高剂量组(C4和TH4、C8和TH8、C12和TH12)之间却差异显著(P<0.05)。Shannon指数的差异分析也与Chao 1指数分析情况大体相同, 不同之处在于低剂量组和对照组在第12周(C12和TL12)也出现了显著差异(表3)。实验结果表明, 从实验第4周开始, 高剂量组的肠道微生物群落α多样性要显著低于对照组; 而从第12周开始, 低剂量组的α多样性也开始有了明显下降。
9组小鼠粪样经高通量测序分析, 每组样本测2次。基于OTU水平对各剂量实验组(高、低剂量组)和对照组小鼠肠道中微生物群落β多样性构成进行PCoA分析(图1)。从第4周开始, 实验组显著改变了小鼠肠道微生物群落结构; 并且随着时间的推移(8周和12周), 实验组和对照组间的直线距离逐渐增大, 说明实验组和对照组之间的差异呈现出时间依赖性。此外, 无论是哪个时间段, 高剂量组与对照组间的距离均明显大于低剂量组与对照组间的距离, 提示腌腊肉饲养对小鼠微生物群落结构的改变也呈现出剂量依赖性的特点。
依据物种注释结果, 选取每组样品在各分类水平上最大丰度排名前20的物种, 以柱型图进行展示(图23)。在门分类水平上, 对小鼠肠道微生物组成的分析, 显示各组小鼠优势菌均由厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和放线菌门(Actinobacteria), 其中前三者平均丰度大于10%, 放线菌门(Actinobacteria)平均丰度大于1%(图2)。
在属分类水平上, 对小鼠肠道微生物组成的分析, 结果如图3所示。结果显示, 对照组小鼠肠道微生物群落中平均丰度含量大于2%的有11个属, 分别为: 乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)、毛螺菌属(Lachnospiraceae NK4A136 group)、脱硫弧菌属(Desulfovibrio)、拟杆菌属(Bacteroides)、另枝菌属(Alistipes)、狭义梭状芽孢杆菌1 (C. sensu stricto 1)、普雷沃氏菌属9 (Prevotella 9)、链球菌属(Streptococcus)、普雷沃氏菌属(AlloPrevotella)、异杆菌属(Allobaculum)和粪杆菌属(Faecalibacterium)。高、低剂量组小鼠肠道微生物群落中平均丰度含量大于2%的有13个属, 优势菌在两组中种类一致, 分别为: 乳酸菌属(Lactobacillus)、Lachnospiraceae NK4A136 group、脱硫弧菌属(Desulfovibrio)、拟杆菌属(Bacteroides)、另枝菌属(Alistipes)、狭义梭状芽孢杆菌1 (C. sensu stricto 1)、普雷沃氏菌属9 (Prevotella 9)、链球菌属(Streptococcus)、普雷沃氏菌属(AlloPrevotella)、异杆菌属(Allobaculum)、粪杆菌属(Faecalibacterium)、劳特氏菌属(Blautia)、螺杆菌属(Helicobacter)。
利用LDA Effect Size (LEfSe)分析研究高、低剂量组和对照组小鼠肠道微生物群落的组间差异性。筛选P<0.05、线性判别分析(linear discriminant analysis, LDA)>3的菌株进行比较, LDA值分布柱状图中展示了不同组中丰度差异显著的物种, 结果如图45所示。与对照组相比, 整个实验过程中无论高剂量组还是低剂量组的组间差异性都呈波动趋势。排除过程中偶尔出现并无明显规律的组间差异性, 结果表明与同一时期的对照组相比, 在门水平上高剂量组小鼠肠道微生物群落的变形菌门、厚壁菌门相对丰度较高, 拟杆菌门、变形菌门相对丰度较低; 在属水平上高剂量组小鼠肠道微生物群落的狭义梭状芽孢杆菌1 (C. sensu stricto 1)、瘤胃菌属(Ruminococcaceae UCG 014)、异杆菌属(Allobaculum)、粪杆菌属(Faecalibacterium)、螺杆菌属(Helicobacter)等相对丰度较高, 普雷沃氏菌属(AlloPrevotella)、另枝菌属(Alistipes)、乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)、布劳特氏菌属(Blautia)、毛螺菌属(Lachnospiraceae NK4A136 group)、普雷沃氏菌属9 (Prevotella 9)等相对丰度较低。以上高剂量组的变化均具有统计学意义。
与同一时期的对照组相比, 在门水平上低剂量组小鼠肠道微生物群落的变形菌门、厚壁菌门相对丰度较高, 拟杆菌门相对丰度较低; 在属水平上低剂量组小鼠肠道微生物群落的狭义梭状芽孢杆菌1 (C. sensu stricto 1)、瘤胃菌属(Ruminococcaceae UCG 014)、脱硫弧菌属(Desulfovibrio)、异杆菌属(Allobaculum)等相对丰度较高, 普雷沃氏菌属(AlloPrevotella)、乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)、布劳特氏菌属(Blautia)、毛螺菌属(Lachnospiraceae NK4A136 group)、普雷沃氏菌属9 (Prevotella 9)等相对丰度较低。以上低剂量组的变化均具有统计学意义。
整体上, 高剂量组和低剂量组小鼠肠道微生物群落中发生变化的菌种类型基本一致, 相比较而言高剂量组小鼠肠道微生物群落中的变化菌种类更多、发生时间更早, 而且变化持久时间更长一些, 如厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、毛螺菌属(Lachnospiraceae NK4A136 group)、另枝菌属(Alistipes), 且高剂量组小鼠肠道微生物群落中呈现的变化波动更稳定。
在各组微生物丰度数据的基础上, 使用Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG)数据库中对于各组成部分的功能注释, 利用Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States (PICRUSt2)软件分析研究高、低剂量组和对照组小鼠肠道微生物组间代谢差异性。选取丰度前35位的组成成分进行代谢热图绘制, 结果见图6。第4周时, 实验组与对照组已有较显著差异, 在链霉素合成、蛋白质外排、脂肪酸合成、糖酵解/糖异生等代谢通路中均有显著表现, 但高、低剂量组间并无显著差异; 第8周时, 实验组与对照组差异减小, 可能与小鼠自身修复作用有关, 高剂量组与对照组主要在缬氨酸、亮氨酸和异亮氨酸的生物合成、淀粉和蔗糖代谢等代谢通路中有较显著差异, 高、低剂量组之间差异性比第4周时整体略有加大, 但差异不显著; 第12周时, 实验组与对照组在细菌趋化性、鞭毛组装、DNA复制、半乳糖代谢、同源重组等代谢功能有显著差异, 高剂量组与对照组较低剂量组与对照组差异更显著, 且高、低剂量组在蛋白质外排、叶酸一碳库等代谢通路中有差异。
在本研究中, 对小鼠饲料和腌腊猪肉的营养成分和相关质量指标进行了对比分析, 后者的能量是前者的4倍左右, 其脂肪含量远高于前者。亚硝酸盐、苯并芘和杂环胺含量均较低, 前两者在国家标准限量值之内, 虽然国家限量标准暂未规定杂环胺的限量值, 但可参考苯并芘, 其含量也低于5 µg/kg。根据该产品的生产工艺, 每千克猪肉用约30 g盐腌制, 按此得出高剂量组中盐成分占比约1.5%, 低剂量组约0.6%, 接近日常菜肴水平(盐浓度为0.8%~1.2%)。分析认为营养成分和能量可能是影响小鼠肠道菌群的主要因素, 但具体是某个因素起主要作用, 还是多个因素联合影响, 有待进一步实验验证。
通过对肠道微生物群落多样性分析, 发现实验组的微生物丰富度和均匀性均有所降低, 显然腌腊肉制品的摄入改变了肠道微生物群落结构, 小鼠的肠道菌群出现了失调趋势。实验组肠道菌群失调主要表现为变形菌门、厚壁菌门、狭义梭状芽孢杆菌1 (C. sensu stricto 1)、瘤胃菌属(Ruminococcaceae UCG 014)、异杆菌属(Allobaculum)、粪杆菌属(Faecalibacterium)、螺杆菌属(Helicobacter)等相对丰富度的显著上升, 拟杆菌门(Bacteroides)、变形菌门、普雷沃氏菌属(AlloPrevotella)、另枝菌属(Alistipes)、乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)、布劳特氏菌属(Blautia)、毛螺菌属(Lachnospiraceae NK4A136 group)、普雷沃氏菌属9 (Prevotella 9)相对丰度显著下降。
健康肠道其内微生物表现为菌群结构合理、代谢稳定[12-13], 肠道菌群的改变会引起相关疾病, 如炎症性肠病、CRC、心血管疾病、糖尿病和精神疾病[14-15]。拟杆菌门在宿主体内糖代谢和脂肪代谢中发挥重要作用。厚壁菌门细菌的增加可能会导致肠道出现炎症分子[16]。大量报道表明, 厚壁菌门与拟杆菌门的比例紊乱会增加肥胖、糖尿病的风险[17]。变形菌门中某些种属为条件致病菌, 被认为与CRC和结直肠腺瘤密切相关, 许多研究者一致认为癌症患者的变形菌属水平明显高于健康人[18-19]。螺杆菌属中包含一些危害性较高的种类, 如幽门螺杆菌, 该菌被世界卫生组织列为Ι级人类致癌物, 此后大量研究证实了幽门螺杆菌对宿主的危害[20-21]Lachnospiraceae UCG 006已被证明与ob/ob小鼠的代谢功能障碍有关, 并与肥胖和糖尿病的发生有正相关[22]。LI等[23]发现小鼠结肠内狭义梭状芽孢杆菌1 (C. sensu stricto 1)的相对丰度上升后, 肠道内蛋白mRNA表达水平下降, 而结肠炎症水平上升。KAIN等[24]认为Allobaculum可能会增加肥胖、炎症的风险。同时, 一些报道发现增加瘤胃菌属(Ruminococcaceae UCG 014)的丰度可能会导致肠炎、高血糖、肥胖等疾病的发生[25]。乳酸杆菌是短链脂肪酸(short chain fatty acids, SCFAs)的产生者, 后者并被证明在预防和干预肥胖、高血糖、肠炎和CRC以及抑制代谢综合症等方面有效[26-28]。普雷沃氏菌属(AlloPrevotella)[29]、毛螺菌属(Lachnospiraceae NK4A136 group)[30]、另枝菌属(Alistipes)[31]、普雷沃氏菌属9 (Prevotella 9)[32]均被研究证明能有效下调肠道关键促炎细胞因子和趋化因子的表达, 具有抗炎作用, 可促进肠黏膜修复。Blautia与内脏脂肪面积呈负相关, 研究人员发现, CRC患者的黏膜样本中劳特氏菌属(Blautia)水平经常降低[33]
肠道菌群对机体健康和疾病调节最重要的方式之一就是通过它们的代谢产物, 例如来自初级胆汁盐的次级胆汁盐、硫化氢、三甲胺-N-氧化物和硫酸吲哚酚, 它们可能促进慢性炎症并可引发CRC[34]。本研究发现腌腊肉喂食会导致小鼠肠道微生物代谢的变化, 蛋白质外排、脂肪酸合成、糖酵解/糖异生、多种氨基酸等代谢通路发生改变, 影响着机体内能量代谢及产物含量上调或下调, 可能会产生一些不利健康的炎症因子, 对肠道产生异常刺激, 诱导或加剧肠道炎症的产生。CRC是胃肠道中常见的恶性肿瘤, 发病率在消化系统恶性肿瘤中占比极高[35], 已有研究表明, 肠道微生物群及其代谢产物与CRC的发生密切相关[36-38], 如向小鼠移植CRC患者的肠道微生物可以明显诱导其CRC的发生, 这说明了肠道微生物在CRC的发展过程中起着关键作用[39]
本研究发现, 摄入腌腊肉会导致肠道微生物群落多样性下降, 肠道菌群发生变化, 表现为革兰氏阳性菌占比增加, 乳杆菌属等的相对丰度减少, 改变了厚壁菌门与拟杆菌门的比例, 而厚壁菌门与拟杆菌门的比例失衡正是肠道菌群紊乱的主要标志[40]。肠道革兰氏阳性菌的百分比增加已被证实可以进一步激活巨噬细胞M1型极化加重肠道炎症[41], 而脆弱拟杆菌(Bacteroidesfragilis)是一种能分泌肠毒素的微生物, 不仅能引起肠道炎性反应, 使小鼠肠道组织损伤, 甚至会引发肠道产生肿瘤, 可产生有毒的破坏性酶, 造成消化道黏膜炎症。厚壁菌门主要包括产生短链脂肪酸的一些有益细菌, 如梭菌、肠杆菌和肠球菌等, 本研究中实验组相对于对照组, 除低剂量组在12周出现相对丰度减少外, 均表达为相对丰度增加, 可能是目前实验周期较短, 小鼠摄入剂量未达到阈值, 还未发展出明显规律, 在后续实验中将持续进行关注。
综上所述, 长期高摄入腌腊肉可导致肠道菌群发生改变, 主要体现为肠道微生物群落结构的多样性和丰富度降低, 变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、瘤胃菌属(Ruminococcaceae UCG 014)、脱硫弧菌属(Desulfovibrio)、异杆菌属(Allobaculum)等相对丰度升高, 拟杆菌门(Bacteroides)等相对丰度降低, 同时还影响了蛋白质外排、脂肪酸代谢、氨基酸合成及糖代谢等重要通路的表达。这些变化可能会引发或加重肠道炎症, 以及其他相关病症。此研究结果可为饮食结构与肠道健康之间的关系提供更多思路, 同时为正确进行饮食干预减少肠道疾病, 改善肠道状态提供理论依据。
  • 杭州市公益性科研引导项目(20241029Y090)
  • 浙江省基础公益研究计划项目(LGF18C200004)
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2025年第16卷第5期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240620002
  • 接收时间:2024-06-20
  • 首发时间:2025-07-19
  • 出版时间:2025-03-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-20
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杭州市公益性科研引导项目(20241029Y090)
浙江省基础公益研究计划项目(LGF18C200004)
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    杭州市食品药品检验科学研究院, 杭州 310000

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* 肖海龙(1976—), 男, 博士, 正高级工程师, 主要研究方向为食品安全检验检测。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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