In response to climate change， the glacier retreat， snow cover reduction， and permafrost degradation in the Yarlung Tsangpo （YTR） basin have altered hydrological processes， sediment sources， and river sediment flux. This paper systematically reviews sediment data collected since the 1980s， combining data on meteorology， cryosphere （glaciers， snow， and permafrost）， and vegetation， to comprehensively assess the sediment source and transport mechanisms， spatiotemporal variations， and engineering and ecological impacts in the basin. Sediment in the YTR basin mainly originates from rainfall erosion， glacier erosion， snowmelt erosion， freeze-thaw erosion， and geological disasters. In the upper reaches （above Lazi）， sediment flux is relatively low due to low temperatures and limited precipitation； in the middle reach （Lazi to Nuxia）， sediment flux increases initially due to the tributary inputs but then decreases due to channel widening and long-term sediment accumulation； in the lower reach （Nuxia to Baxika）， glacier erosion and frequent geological disasters produce high sediment supplies， dominating the sediment dynamics of the entire basin. Climate warming has accelerated glacier melt and permafrost degradation， enhancing sediment availability， connectivity， and transport capacity. The observed sediment flux at Nuxia generally showed an increase trend from 1981 to 2009. Increasing river sediment flux can lead to issues such as reservoir sedimentation and turbine abrasion， while suspended sediments alter water turbidity and carbon flux， affecting water quality and the carbon cycle. It is necessary to strengthen an integrated “space-air-ground” based monitoring framework， cryosphere-oriented sediment-water models， and muti-spere interaction research to support sustainable river management under climate change.