In order to study the temporal and spatial evolution characteristics of internal dynamic response and energy transfer of fresh concrete under the action of surface vibration load, a laboratory vibratory plate compaction test of fresh concrete was carried out. Real-time dynamic response characteristic parameters were obtained by acceleration sensors at different buried depths in the compaction process of vibrated concrete. The vibration signal was denoised by wavelet threshold denoising method. The temporal and spatial evolution law of internal motion energy of fresh concrete was analyzed by measuring point acceleration response. The results show that the aggregate particles near the surface vibration source mainly move vertically, and the surface of fresh concrete is obviously settled on the macro scale. With the increase of burial depth, the internal particles at the far end cannot get enough vibration energy, so it is difficult to overcome the extrusion force between particles and the friction resistance in the medium and maintain the initial equilibrium state, which is less affected by vibration. The vertical acceleration of internal particles is greater than the lateral acceleration during the vibration compaction of fresh concrete. With the increase of the compaction degree of fresh concrete, the vertical acceleration amplitude first decreases and then basically remains unchanged, while the lateral acceleration amplitude first decreases and then slightly increases. The vibration energy attenuation of concrete near the vibration source is the largest, but it is not significant with the increase of buried depth. The work in this paper can provide reference for the theoretical construction and in-depth study of vibration compaction of fresh concrete.