Home Journals Articles Updates About
CN
image
收藏切换
A dataset of conducting polymers synthesized by electropolymerization for electrochemical energy storage in aqueous electrolytes
收藏切换
PDF
Bo ZHU1, Xinyu LU2, Chao WANG2, *
Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology | 2026, 54(7) : 20250399-1437 - 20250399-1444
Less
收藏切换
Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology | 2026, 54(7): 20250399-1437-20250399-1444
• DATA PAPER •
A dataset of conducting polymers synthesized by electropolymerization for electrochemical energy storage in aqueous electrolytes
Full
Bo ZHU1, Xinyu LU2, Chao WANG2, *
Affiliations
  • 1School of Statistics, Shanxi University of Finance and Economics, Taiyuan 030006, China
  • 2School of Renewable Energy, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Ordos 017010, China
Published: 2026-07-10 doi: 10.1016/S1872-5813(26)60674-3
Outline
收藏切换

Conducting polymers are promising candidates for aqueous ion batteries, owing to their high conductivity, environmental friendliness, and flexibility. Electropolymerization offers a facile route to construct conducting polymers at the surface of conductive substrates with controlled loading, morphology and structure. This dataset compares the electrochemical energy storage performance of some conducting polymers in aqueous electrolytes. Monomers to construct conducting polymers involve 1,10-phenanthroline, 5-amino-2-naphthalenesulfonic acid, o-aminophenol, 1,5-diaminonapthalene, s-triazine, and some aromatic molecules with multiple carbonyl and imino groups. The electrolytes used to investigate the charge storage performance of these conducting polymers include aqueous sulfuric acid, zinc sulfate, ammonium sulfate, potassium hydroxide, and zinc trifluoromethanesulfonate solutions. Galvanostatic charge-discharge method at various active material mass-normalized current densities is used to evaluate the specific capacities of these conducting polymers. The total volume of this dataset is 266 MB with 490 files. This dataset can serve as the reference for the future design of electrode materials for electrochemical energy storage devices including aqueous ion batteries and supercapacitors.

conducting polymer  /  electropolymerization  /  aqueous electrolyte  /  aromatic molecules
朱波, 卢欣宇, 王超. 电化学聚合制备导电聚合物的水系储能性能数据集. 燃料化学学报（中英文）, 2026 , 54 (7) : 20250399-1437 -20250399-1444 . DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5813(26)60674-3
Bo ZHU, Xinyu LU, Chao WANG. A dataset of conducting polymers synthesized by electropolymerization for electrochemical energy storage in aqueous electrolytes[J]. Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology, 2026 , 54 (7) : 20250399-1437 -20250399-1444 . DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5813(26)60674-3
Full Text
Less
Electrochemical energy storage devices are essential for a sustainable society depending on renewable energy sources. Conducting polymers feature high electron conductivity, structural tunability, flexibility, environmental benignity, and good processability, and are considered as promising candidates as the electrode materials for electrochemical energy storage devices[1]. As the electrode materials for energy storage, conducting polymers can store charge through double-layer capacitance at the conducting polymer/electrolyte interface, and through the redox processes of the functional groups including amino/imino groups and hydroxyl/carbonyl groups in the structure. Besides, designing suitable functional groups to participate in the redox processes or to interact with ions in the electrolyte is a distinct advantage of conducting polymers compared to other types of electrode materials such as metal oxides and carbonaceous materials[2]. However, the specific capacity and cycling stability of conducting polymers are lower compared to metal oxides[3]. Therefore, designing conducting polymers with novel structure is essential in improving their charge storage performance.
Electropolymerization is a powerful tool to construct conducting polymers at the surface of conductive substrates[4]. During electropolymerization, an external potential is applied to the electrolyte containing monomers, and radicals are generated at the electrode/electrolyte interface. The radicals can couple with another monomer or radical to form an oligomer. Repetitive generation of radicals and oligomers forms conducting polymers that are deposited at the electrode surface. As the rate of radical generation is closely related to the electrochemical method, the rate of polymer growth can be precisely controlled by the potential, current or other electrochemical parameters applied during electropolymerization. Till now, only molecules with aromatic rings can efficiently produce radicals and be electropolymerized.
This dataset reports the charge storage performance of several conducting polymers synthesized by electropolymerization of aromatic molecules including 1,10-phenanthroline, 5-amino-2-naphthalenesulfonic acid, o-aminophenol, 1,5-diaminonaphthalene, s-triazine and some aromatic molecules with multiple carbonyl and imino groups (Figure 1). The data reported in this dataset can serve as the reference for the future design of conducting polymer electrode materials by electropolymerization or other methods.
1　Main part
Less
1.1　Data profile
Table 1 systematically summarizes the basic information of the dataset of conducting polymers synthesized by electropolymerization for aqueous electrochemical energy storage, covering author’s information, data description, generation time, file formats, and access sources.
1.2　Data value
The demand for energy storage devices with high safety accelerates the research on the electrode materials that can store charge in aqueous electrolytes. The data provided in this dataset forms a good comparison regarding the conducting polymers for the electrochemical energy storage in aqueous electrolytes. Note that the conducting polymers are constructed with novel monomers (Figure 1) rather than the well-known monomers like aniline, thiophene, pyrrole, etc. Therefore, this dataset focuses on the conducting polymers with novel structures, and investigates the influence of active mass loading and monomer structure on the charge storage performance (specific capacity, rate capability and cycling stability, Table 2).
The conducting polymers are all synthesized using the electropolymerization method. Users can use the data to compare the specific capacity, rate performance, and cycling stability of the conducting polymer-based materials with different structures or with different loadings. The format of data includes .bin (original data file generated using CHI software), .opj (Origin project file), .txt (text file), .csv, .xlsx, (spreadsheet file), and .par, .pbsd (original data file generated using PARSTAT software), which can be easily plotted to compare with users’ experimental results. Through charge storage performance comparison, reasons for inferior or superior charge storage performance in aqueous electrolytes can be inferred to aid the design of novel conducing polymers for electrochemical energy storage.
1.3　Data generation method or process
The CHI660E and PARSTAT MC potentiostats are adopted to generate the experimental data, along with the software developed by these companies. The as-acquired experimental data is stored in the format of .bin .par, or .psbd. Electropolymerization is carried out using the galvanostatic method or potentiostatic method. Table 3 summarizes the electropolymerization method for each sample. The electrolyte for electropolymerization usually contains 2−6 mmol/L monomer in aqueous H2SO4 or HClO4. Three-electrode setup is used to carry out the electropolymerization, with a carbon paper or carbon cloth as the working electrode (1 cm2 immersed in the electrolyte), a cleaned graphite rod as the counter electrode, and a saturated calomel electrode as the reference electrode. After the electropolymerization process is done, the working electrode is rinsed thoroughly with water and dried in air. The active material loading is acquired by weighing the working electrode before and after the electropolymerization using a laboratory balance, and the mass increase after electropolymerization is determined as the mass of the active material.
The charge storage performance is evaluated using a three-electrode setup, with the electrode with conducting polymers as the working electrode, a cleaned graphite rod as the counter electrode, and a saturated calomel electrode as the reference electrode. The electrolytes used to evaluate the charge storage performance are 1 mol/L H2SO4, 1 mol/L or 2 mol/L ZnSO4, 1 mol/L (NH4)2SO4, 1 mol/L KOH, or 2 mol/L Zn(CF3SO3)2. The energy storage performance is evaluated using GCD method at different active material mass-normalized current densities (1, 2, 3, 5 and 10 A/g) in the potential window where no significant electrolyte decomposition happens. Approximately 1 cm2 of the working electrode is immersed in the electrolyte. The specific capacity (Cs, mAh/g) is calculated from the discharge branch of the GCD curve by Equation (1).
$ \mathit{C} _{ \mathrm{s}} \mathrm= \mathit{It} \mathrm{/} \mathit{m} $
where I (mA) is the discharge current, t (h) is the discharge time, and m (g) is the mass of active material on the electrode. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy is recorded in the frequency range of 105 to 0.01 Hz under the potential amplitude of 5 mV at 0 V. The slope of Z’ against the ω−0.5 (unit: rad−0.5·s0.5) gives the Warburg factor (∂), which is related to the impedance of ion diffusion.
1.4　Data sample description
The data provided in this database includes GCD, CV, Cs versus cycle number and electrochemical impedance data. For Samples 1−16, monomer used is Phen. Different loadings of polyPhen are achieved by altering the duration of electropolymerization[1]. Samples 5 and 11 are prepared by electropolymerization in H3PO4, and consequently phosphate ions are likely intercalated into the polyPhen. Samples 6 and 12 are prepared by electrodeposition in p-toluenesulfonic acid, and p-toluenesulfonate ions are expected to be intercalated into the polyPhen. Samples 17 – 21 are synthesized using the monomer ANS with different electropolymerization durations[2]. Samples 22−27 compare the copolymer synthesized with two monomers during electropolymerization with the homopolymers[4]. Samples 28−30 are synthesized using monomer DAN with different electropolymerization durations[3]. Samples 31−42 are synthesized based on s-triazine, and compare the electropolymerization duration and forming copolymer to the charge storage performance[5−6]. Samples 43−51 deal with the electropolymerization of three aromatic molecules containing multiple carbonyl and amino groups[7−8].
The electrolytes used to investigate the charge storage performance of these polymers can be divided into acidic, neutral and basic. Most of the conducting polymers are not stable in base, except for polyPhen. Therefore, data acquired in 1 mol/L KOH is provided only for polyPhen (Samples 7−12). For the acidic electrolyte, as the ions from the electrolyte can affect the charge storage performance, electrolytes with different cations are used including H+, Zn2+ and ${\mathrm{NH}}_4^+ $. In some cases, the Zn(CF3SO3)2 is selected. This is because that for Samples 43−48, higher charge storage performance is achieved in Zn(CF3SO3)2 compared to ZnSO4. The exact reason for this phenomenon is unknown, and is probably resulted from the higher ionic conductivity, favorable solvation structure, and improved interfacial kinetics of the Zn(CF3SO3)2 compared to those of ZnSO4 electrolytes.
The electrochemical method used is mainly galvanostatic method at relatively large current densities. Due to the unique structure of these monomers, usually a high potential is required to generate radicals and to initiate the polymerization process. Also, the kinetics of polymerization process is slow, and using CV cannot generate significant amounts of polymers in a short period. Therefore, galvanostatic method is primarily used in synthesizing these polymers. From Table 2, some preliminary conclusions can be generated regarding the influence of electropolymerization method to charge storage properties. Short electropolymerization duration is insufficient to generate significant amounts of active sites, which leads to relatively low Cs. However, prolonged electropolymerization would generate significant amounts of polymers at the electrode surface, that limit the electron conductivity and ion diffusion, and subsequently entail inferior Cs. Therefore, an optimum galvanostatic polymerization duration exists, depending on the structure of the monomer.
In addition, the cycling stability of some of the conducing polymers is provided. Note that for a series of conducting polymers constructed using the same monomer, the cycling stability data is provided only for the sample with the highest Cs (Samples 2, 8, 14, 18, etc.). For the samples where no stability data is provided, inferior cycling stability is implied.
Conducting polymers exhibit charge storage properties owing to the exposed specific surface area and redox active sites. As the electropolymerization often generates relatively thin and compact layer of conducting film at the electrode surface, the double layer capacitance contribution is small. Therefore, the amounts and the structure of redox active sites contribute to the Cs prevalently. By designing molecules with multiple redox active sites like carbonyl and amino groups, the Cs is expected to increase. This could account for the higher Cs of the polyTAPT, poly(DHPQ-Tetrone), and poly(TPB). For each of these monomers, maximum 8−10 electrons can be transferred from the fully reduced state to the fully oxidized state. Therefore, higher Cs is expected for polyTAPT, poly(DHPQ-Tetrone), and poly(TPB).
Comparison of some samples with literature reported electropolymerized conducting polymers is shown in Figure 2. The comparison is made using the recently reported GCD data at 1 A/g. Monomers used for electropolymerization include 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT)[9], aniline[10−11], 2,5-dihydroxy aniline[12], 8-amino-2-naphthol[13], menadione[14], 2,7-diazopyrene-4,5,9,10-tetraone[15], thionine[16], DAN[17], pyrrole[18] and redox-active quinone-based porous organic polymer (rPOP)[19]. The samples reported here are among the highest Cs reported to date.
1.5　Data quality
To ensure the reliability and repeatability of sample preparation, all these samples are synthesized at least three times, and the electrochemical data is tested using different batches of samples. The results reported are the average specific capacities of the conducting polymers. Limited by the experimental errors of the electrochemical methods, all data exhibits less than 5% standard deviation. Besides, the optimum samples exhibit less than 3% standard deviation. The reference electrode potential is calibrated against a new saturated calomel electrode before and after each test.
1.6　Data usage methods and suggestion
It is recommended that when using these data, users should identify the synthetic method before making a fair comparison. All the conducting polymers reported in this dataset are synthesized using electropolymerization method, that are strongly adherent to the surface of conductive substrate, and that are often dense and non-porous. Another important synthetic method of conducting polymers is the chemical polymerization, which can generate conducting polymer nanostructures with relatively high specific surface area, and which requires conductive additives and binders to attach to the substrate surface. Also, the loading of the active material should be taken into account when comparing these data. The Cs of the conducting polymers are weakly dependent on the loading till reaching a threshold (usually 4−5 mg/cm2), beyond which a dramatic decrease in Cs is observed, possibly caused by the poor conductivity of thick films. Besides, when comparing data generated from other sources, be careful about the test temperature, electrolyte, and the composition. The data provided in .bin and .par format is directly generated without any post-treatment.
2　Conclusion
Less
A database of the electrochemical energy storage performance of a series of conducting polymers is constructed based on experimental results. The conducting polymers are synthesized using electropolymerization method from monomer-containing electrolytes. Key charge storage parameters can be acquired using the data provided, and are summarized. The influence of conducting polymer structure and electrolyte to the Cs can be inferred from this data set. Also, the rate capability and cycling stability of some conducting polymers are provided. This dataset forms a reference on the electrochemical charge storage in aqueous electrolytes of these conducting polymers with novel structures. This could aid the future design of conducting polymer electrode materials with high Cs and stability for aqueous ion storage.
References
Less
1
WANG C, ZHOU Z, TIAN Q, et al. Electropolymerized 1, 10-phenanthroline as the electrode material for aqueous supercapacitors[J]. Chem Eng J, 2022, 433: 134483.
2
TIAN Y, YANG Y, WU Y, et al. Electropolymerization of 5-amino-2-naphthalenesulfonic acid and their application as the electrode material for supercapacitors[J]. J Energy Storage, 2023, 72: 108308.
3
LAI X, DANG Z, WANG L, et al. Electropolymerization of 1, 5-diaminonaphthalene in water-in-reline electrolyte as supercapacitor electrode material[J]. J Energy Storage, 2024, 91: 112032.
4
WANG C, YANG Y, ZHOU Z, et al. Electrodeposited poly (5-amino-2-naphthalenesulfonic acid-co-o-aminophenol) as the electrode material for flexible supercapacitor[J]. Small, 2024, 20(8): 2305994.
5
BAI X, LAN B, LI X, et al. Fabrication of poly (s-triazine-co-o-aminophenol) conducting polymer via electropolymerization and its application in aqueous charge storage[J]. Polymers, 2025, 17(9): 1160.
6
PEI S, LAN B, BAI X, et al. Electropolymerization of s-triazines and their charge storage performance in aqueous acidic electrolytes[J]. Polymers, 2024, 16(23): 3266.
7
WANG D, BAI Y-X, ZHOU Z-X, et al. Towards ultra-stable aqueous zinc-ion batteries via electrochemical polymerization of phthalimido-anchored benzoquinone[J]. Green Chem, 2025, 27(20): 5832−5843.
8
WANG C, BAI Y, CAO W, et al. Electropolymerization of tetraaminophenazine tetraone as the electrode material for aqueous zinc-ion batteries[J]. ACS Appl Polym Mater, 2025, 7(17): 11851−11859.
9
TRAN C B, OTERO T F, TRAVAS-SEJDIC J, et al. A comparison of poly (3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polymerized potentiostatically and galvanostatically[J]. Synth Met, 2023, 299: 117466.
10
WU W, LIN Z, SHI H-Y, et al. Realizing the leucoemeraldine-emeraldine-pernigraniline redox reactions in polyaniline cathode materials for aqueous zinc-polymer batteries[J]. Chem Eng J, 2022, 427: 131988.
11
RATHNAYAKE D T, KARUNADASA K S P, WIJEKOON A S K, et al. Polyaniline-conjugated graphite–montmorillonite composite electrode prepared by in situ electropolymerization for supercapacitor applications[J]. Chem Pap, 2023, 77(5): 2923−2928.
12
RANKA P, CHANDRA V. Mechanistic insights into the nucleation and growth of poly (2, 5-dihydroxy aniline) films shaped by scan rates and its impact on their charge capacity[J]. ACS Appl Polym Mater, 2025, 7(19): 12939−12951.
13
LI Y, ZHANG M, LU H, et al. Boosting high-performance aqueous zinc-ion hybrid capacitors via organic redox species on laser-induced graphene network[J]. Adv Funct Mater, 2024, 34(34): 2400663.
14
LI S, ZHANG G, LI Q, et al. A facile self-saturation process enabling the stable cycling of a small molecule menaquinone cathode in aqueous zinc batteries[J]. Chem Sci, 2024, 15(43): 17971−17978.
15
LI F, ZHA Z, ZHANG W, et al. In-situ electropolymerization constructed super durable and highly adaptable pyrene-4, 5, 9, 10-tetraone-based organic cathode for aqueous zinc-ion batteries [J]. Chem Eng J, 2025: 169103.
16
ZHAN S, WANG C, ZHONG L, et al. Insight into anionic discrepancies in bipolar poly (thionine) organic cathodes for aqueous zinc ion batteries[J]. Small, 2024, 20(45): 2402767.
17
PAN K, XIE Y, HU Q, et al. Electropolymerization of 1, 5-naphthalenediamine monomers and redox activity in aqueous zinc batteries[J]. Mater Lett, 2022, 311: 131588.
18
XIAO L, LI Y, CHEN Q, et al. Cauliflower-like polypyrrole@ stainless steel yarn electrode for fibrous zinc-ion hybrid supercapacitor[J]. J Mater Sci: Mater Electron, 2025, 36(10): 1−11.
19
BUYUKCAKIR O, YUKSEL R, BEGAR F, et al. Ultralong-life quinone-based porous organic polymer cathode for high-performance aqueous zinc-ion batteries[J]. ACS Appl Energy Mater, 2023, 6(14): 7672−7680.
Appendix
Less
Year 2026 volume 54 Issue 7
PDF
124
54
Cite this Article
BibTeX
Article Info
doi: 10.1016/S1872-5813(26)60674-3
  • Receive Date：2025-12-10
  • Online Date：2026-09-23
  • Published：2026-07-10
Article Data
Affiliations
History
  • Received：2025-12-10
  • Revised：2026-01-04
  • Accepted：2026-01-19
Affiliations
    1School of Statistics, Shanxi University of Finance and Economics, Taiyuan 030006, China
    2School of Renewable Energy, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Ordos 017010, China

Corresponding:

Tel: 15227479902, E-mail:
References
Share
https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/rlhxxb/EN/10.1016/S1872-5813(26)60674-3
Share to
QR

Scan QR to access full text

Cite this article
BibTeX
Citations
表12种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
关闭全屏
  • BibTeX
  • EndNote
  • RefWorks
  • TxT
Links
Articles
Latest Articles
Most Read
Collections
Updates
Events
News
Multimedia
About
About Us
Contact
No. 86 Xueyuan South Road, Haidian District, Beijing
100081
010-62662699(Operation and Technical Support)
qkjq@cast.org.cn

Copyright © 2025 China Association for Science and Technology. All rights reserved. For all open access content, the relevant licensing terms apply.
Sponsored by the Office of the Leading Group for Cybersecurity and Informatization of CAST, and supported by Science and Technology Review Publishing House