Photoresponsive materials offer unique opportunities for advanced technologies by enabling their precise, noncontact remote control and converting light energy into well-defined changes in structure and function. Among them, multigated photochromic systems have emerged as a transformative frontier, overcoming constraints of conventional single-stimulus systems. Here, “gated” refers to the deliberate use of an additional external input (e.g., pH, voltage, mechanical force, or temperature) to regulate or modulate the photoisomerization process. Such multi-input control enables sophisticated, programmable behaviors, including Boolean logic operations, environmental adaptation, and high-security information encryption, thereby marked expanding their application potential. In this review, we present a comprehensive and systematic analysis of multigated photochromic materials. We first introduce a unified design strategy and classification framework based on gating mechanisms. The core sections critically evaluate recent advances in proton-, electro-, mechano-, thermal-, and wavelength-gated systems, with particular emphasis on the underlying principles that connect molecular design to tailored performance. Furthermore, we discuss emerging and unconventional gating modes, including ion-, liquid-, gas-, and intensity-gated photochromism. Finally, we present a comparative analysis of all gating modalities, identify persistent conceptual and practical challenges, and outline future directions toward intelligent, adaptive material platforms. This review aims to establish a foundational framework that guides the rational design of next-generation multigated photochromic materials for applications in sensing, anticounterfeiting, information technology, and adaptive devices.

Momentum conservation in the nucleon is examined in terms of continuous flow of the momentum current density (or, in short, momentum flow), which receives contributions from both kinetic motion and interacting forces involving quarks and gluons. While quarks conduct momentum flow through their kinetic motion and the gluon scalar (anomaly) contributes via pure interactions, the gluon stress tensor has both effects. The quarks momentum flow encodes the information of the color-Lorentz force density on them, and the momentum conservation allows to trace its origin to the gluon tensor and anomaly (a “negative pressure” potential). From the state-of-the-art lattice calculations and experimental fits on the form factors of the quantum chromodynamics energy-momentum tensor, we exhibit pictures of the momentum flow and the color-Lorentz forces on the quarks in the nucleon. In particular, the anomaly contributes a critical attractive force with a strength similar to that of a heavy-quark confinement potential.

Aqueous ammonium-ion (NH₄⁺) batteries/capacitors, recognized for inherent high safety and fast diffusion kinetics, are a promising alternative for sustainable energy storage. However, the development of ammonium-ion energy storage devices has been hindered by the poor compatibility between the distinctive solvation structure of NH₄⁺ ions and conventional organic electrode materials, especially under low-temperature conditions. Here, a redox-active conjugated polymer with self-selective coordination mechanism is designed for achieving high-rate and low-temperature performance. The electron delocalization induced by the conjugated backbone facilitates rapid electronic transport in electrodes, delivering an ultrahigh-rate capacity of 107 mAh g⁻¹ at 20 A g⁻¹ under 25 °C and stable cycling performance with 99% capacity retention under −50 °C. Theoretical calculations and experimental investigations reveal that the inherent structural self-selectivity renders symmetrically arranged carbonyl groups as active binding sites for NH₄⁺ storage, leading to a reversible 4-electron coordination process. Hence, the assembled all-organic hybrid ammonium-ion capacitor enables a long cycle life for over 3,000 cycles at −50 °C, which surpasses the lowest operating temperature reported for ammonium-ion devices, thus propelling the advancement of ammonium-ion energy storage technologies at low temperatures.

Zirconia (ZrO₂) has become a promising alternative to titanium (Ti) for bone implants due to its excellent biocompatibility. Despite this, the osseointegration of ZrO₂ remains lower than that of Ti implants. However, the underlying biological mechanisms, particularly the osteoimmune response, remain not fully elucidated. Herein, we employed single-cell RNA sequencing to profile the immune-inflammatory niches of ZrO₂ and Ti-based implants, to elucidate mechanisms that could guide the osteogenic functionalization of ZrO₂ implants. The analysis provides a high-resolution atlas of immune–stromal cell dynamics at the bone–implant interface, identifying distinct cellular subsets and ligand–receptor axes activated by each material. Ti implants preferentially enriched stem-cell niches and up-regulated collagen organization through fibroblast-specific collagen type I alpha 1 chain/syndecan 1 signaling, promoting regenerative extracellular matrix remodeling and early osteogenic microenvironment. In contrast, ZrO₂ implants triggered lymphoid-dominated responses, characterized by collagen type VI alpha 2 chain/cluster of differentiation 44-mediated macrophage activation, and pro-inflammatory pathway activation. In vivo validation via bulk RNA sequencing confirmed these material-specific immunomodulatory programs, with Ti favoring osteogenic microenvironments and ZrO₂ inducing fibro-inflammatory niches. These findings provide mechanistic targets for designing immunomodulatory biointerfaces to enhance the osseointegration of ZrO₂ implants.

Advances in 3-dimensional (3D) cardiac constructs have provided powerful preclinical models for investigating the pathological mechanisms underlying human cardiovascular diseases and facilitating drug discovery. In this review, we focused on recent advancements in 3D cardiac constructs technology and explored its potential applications in drug development. We summarized the main types of disease models built on 3D cardiac constructs, the key parameters used for assessing pathology and drug efficacy, and their role in drug discovery. We also discussed the application of novel biomaterials in 3D cardiac constructs, the latest research progress in 3D cardiac constructs-based drug screening, and the transformative potential of artificial intelligence-assisted research on 3D cardiac constructs. Finally, we addressed the existing technical limitations and outline future directions for the development of 3D cardiac constructs.

Enhancing the efficiency of photocatalytic H₂ evolution and H₂O₂ production through heterojunction engineering is crucial for addressing energy sustainability and environmental challenges. In this context, constructing S-scheme heterojunctions has emerged as a promising strategy. Here, we report an inorganic/organic S-scheme Bi₂WO₆/zinc(II) tetrakis(4-carboxy-phenyl)porphyrin (BWO/ZTP) heterojunction with a strong built-in electric field, constructed via an interface induction strategy. The optimal BWO/ZTP-1 achieves exceptional H₂ evolution and H₂O₂ production activity, achieving 2,343.3 and 236.1 μmol·g⁻¹·h⁻¹. These represent remarkable enhancements of 14.9 and 3.44 times for H₂ and 2.33 and 2.27 times for H₂O₂ over pristine BWO and Zn-TCPP. By using femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy, Kelvin probe force microscopy, in situ x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and density functional theory, we demonstrate that built-in electric field is pivotal for the exceptional performance, which leads to the proposal of a photocatalytic mechanism. This work provided feasible insights and references for the design of novel and superior inorganic/organic S-scheme heterojunction photocatalysts with tight contact and synergistic interaction for photocatalytic applications.

The sustained growth in global road mileage, combined with rising public expectations for improved travel safety and comfort, has created an urgent demand for sensing technologies in road systems. Nevertheless, conventional monitoring methods are increasingly insufficient for modern intelligent roads (IRs), which represent next-generation infrastructure requiring efficient and sustainable sensing solutions. Existing sensor systems that rely on traditional power sources or cabled power supply suffer from inherent limitations, including short operational lifespans and high maintenance costs. At the same time, current road micro-energy harvesting technologies struggle to meet the demands of large-scale distributed sensor networks in IR, underscoring the critical need for self-powered sensing solutions designed for IR. This review identifies the power supply bottleneck inherent in distributed sensor networks of IR, provides a critical comparison of potential solutions with a focus on micro-energy harvesting technologies, and offers a comprehensive review of the practical applications of self-powered sensors (mainly piezoelectric nanogenerators and triboelectric nanogenerators) within road systems. Furthermore, it proposes forward-looking recommendations and developmental prospects for the field, thereby offering theoretical support to advance the large-scale implementation of self-powered sensing in IR systems.

Soft robots and stretchable electronics, typically composed of stretchable elastomers and embedded conductive coils, have been widely investigated for applications in actuation, sensing, and communication. However, their fabrication still relies heavily on multistep and labor-intensive conventional methods. Here, we present a multimaterial 3-dimensional (3D) printing strategy based on direct ink writing technology, which enables the one-step fabrication of stretchable elastomers embedded with high-conductivity multilayer coils. This is achieved by alternately printing elastomer and nickel-particle-modified liquid metal (NLM) coil layers in a program-controlled sequence, with vertically printed NLM cones connecting adjacent NLM layers. With this strategy, we achieved one-step fabrication of a 4-layer-coil soft electromagnetic actuator (SEMA) and a self-sensing SEMA integrating sensing and driving modules, without the need for manual bonding or post-processing. We further built 3 functional devices to show the potential applications of this integrated 3D printing strategy: a sensor-integrated soft gripper capable of perceiving its own grasping state, a bio-inspired manta-like soft electromagnetic robot that achieves a swimming speed of 29 mm/s, and a SEMA integrated with a Hall sensor and a red light-emitting diode, which exhibits strong mechanical robustness. Overall, the integrated 3D printing strategy not only simplifies the fabrication but also enables the multifunctional and miniaturized design of soft robots and electronics.

Rapid infrastructure expansion in emerging economies is increasing construction-related carbon emissions. Using a probabilistic assessment of 52 planned bridges on Pakistan’s M-13 Motorway, the average carbon emission intensity (CEI) is 1,430 kg CO₂eq per square meter, 1.15 to 1.50 times higher per m² of deck area than international benchmarks. The raw material (extraction and production) phase dominates the footprint (94.4%), with reinforcement (48.9%) and concrete (39.4%) as the principal material contributors; both display high variability (coefficients of variation 67% to 130%), signaling substantial uncertainty. Evidence points to systemic inefficiencies, including conservative overdesign, reliance on foreign codes, and the absence of standardized local emission data. Targeted measures, structural optimization using digital tools, wider adoption of recycling and low-carbon mixes, and development of context-specific emission factor databases offer a scalable pathway to lower-carbon bridge infrastructure in Pakistan and comparable settings.