¹State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Institute of Artificial Photosynthesis, DUT-KTH Joint Education and Research Centre on Molecular Devices, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China

²Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden

³Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA

⁴School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Institute of Clean Energy and Materials, Guangzhou University, No. 230 Wai Huan Xi Road, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China

⁵Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden

⁶Center of Artificial Photosynthesis for Solar Fuels, School of Science, Westlake University, 310024 Hangzhou China