Research

Research ›› 2026, Vol. 9 ›› Issue (6) : 1325 - . DOI: 10.34133/research.1325

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Physics-Informed Artificial Intelligence Design of Picomolar Nanobodies Enables Deep Tumor Penetration and High-Contrast Imaging

Ning Shi ¹^,²^,³ ,
Caiping Ren ¹^,³^,⁴^,^* ,
Liang Zhang ² ,
Lei Wang ¹^,³^,⁴ ,
Xuechen Yang ² ,
Xiaobo Li ²^,⁵ ,
Yangyihua Zhou ² ,
Jie Wang ² ,
Pinnan Zhao ² ,
Chaoyan Yao ¹^,²^,³ ,
Yaowei Ma ² ,
Juan Tian ²^,⁵ ,
Qianping Huang ¹^,² ,
Can Xu ² ,
Xiaonan Kuang ²^,⁵ ,
Weidong Liu ¹^,³^,⁴ ,
Xingjun Jiang ¹^,⁴ ,
Jun Ye ⁶^,^* ,
Xiang Gao ²^,^* ,
Longlong Luo ²^,^*

Author information +

¹Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Xiangya School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China.

²Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China.

³NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China.

⁴National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China.

⁵Hunan Normal University School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China.

⁶Beijing Key Laboratory of Key Technologies for Natural Drug Delivery and Novel Formulations, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.

^* Address correspondence to: rencaiping@csu.edu.cn (C.R.);

^* Address correspondence to: yelinghao@imm.ac.cn (J.Y.);

^* Address correspondence to: gaoxiang609@163.com (X.G.);

^* Address correspondence to: luolong_long@126.com (L.L.)

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Received	Accepted	Published
2026-02-27	2026-05-24
Issue Date
2026-10-16

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