¹Center of Clinical Big Data and Analytics of the Second Affiliated Hospital and the School of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China.

²Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.

³School of Public Health and Emergency Management, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.

⁴Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, China.

⁵Intelligent Digital and Molecular Pathology Lab, Bioinformatics Institute, A*STAR, Singapore 138671, Singapore.

⁶Department of Pathology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 138671, Singapore.

⁷Institute of Molecule and Cell Biology, Agency of Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138671, Singapore.

⁸School of Biological Science (SBS), Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore 138671, Singapore.

⁹Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine (NUS Medicine), National University of Singapore, Singapore 138671, Singapore.

¹⁰Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of the Cancer Institute, and the Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention of Liaoning Education Department, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China.

¹¹Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer Etiology and Prevention, Shenyang 110001, China.

¹²Institute of Digital and Intelligent Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.

¹³Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Intelligent Preventive Medicine,Hangzhou 310058, China.

Received	Accepted	Published
2026-02-20	2026-05-29
Issue Date
2026-10-16