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Wafer-Scale Synthesis of WS2 Films with In Situ Controllable p-Type Doping by Atomic Layer Deposition
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Hanjie Yang1, Yang Wang1, Xingli Zou2, Rongxu Bai1, Zecheng Wu1, Sheng Han1, Tao Chen1, Shen Hu1, Hao Zhu1, Lin Chen1, David W. Zhang1, Jack C. Lee3, Xionggang Lu2, Peng Zhou1, Qingqing Sun1, Edward T. Yu3, Deji Akinwande3, Li Ji1
Research. Vol 2021 Article ID 9862483
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Research. Vol 2021 Article ID 9862483
• Research Article •
Wafer-Scale Synthesis of WS2 Films with In Situ Controllable p-Type Doping by Atomic Layer Deposition
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Hanjie Yang1, Yang Wang1, Xingli Zou2, Rongxu Bai1, Zecheng Wu1, Sheng Han1, Tao Chen1, Shen Hu1, Hao Zhu1, Lin Chen1, David W. Zhang1, Jack C. Lee3, Xionggang Lu2, Peng Zhou1, Qingqing Sun1, Edward T. Yu3, Deji Akinwande3, Li Ji1
Affiliations
  • 1State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
  • 2State Key Laboratory of Advanced Special Steel, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
  • 3Microelectronics Research Center, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, 78758 Texas, USA
About Author:

Authors’ Contributions

Y.W., C.T., and L.J. conceived and designed the experiments. Y.W., C.T., R.B., and H.J.Y. carried out the material deposition, annealing, and device fabrication. Y.W., C.T., and Z.C.W. carried out the I-V measurements and reliability measurements. S.H. and X.Z. contributed to material characterizations. All authors contributed to interpreting the data and writing the manuscript. Hanjie Yang, Yang Wang, Xingli Zou, and Li Ji contributed equally to this work.

Published: 2021-12-20 doi: 10.34133/2021/9862483
Outline
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Wafer-scale synthesis of p-type TMD films is critical for its commercialization in next-generation electro/optoelectronics. In this work, wafer-scale intrinsic n-type WS2 films and in situ Nb-doped p-type WS2 films were synthesized through atomic layer deposition (ALD) on 8-inch α-Al2O3/Si wafers, 2-inch sapphire, and 1 cm2 GaN substrate pieces. The Nb doping concentration was precisely controlled by altering cycle number of Nb precursor and activated by postannealing. WS2 n-FETs and Nb-doped p-FETs with different Nb concentrations have been fabricated using CMOS-compatible processes. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and Hall measurements confirmed the effective substitutional doping with Nb. The on/off ratio and electron mobility of WS2 n-FET are as high as 105 and 6.85 cm2 V-1 s-1, respectively. In WS2 p-FET with 15-cycle Nb doping, the on/off ratio and hole mobility are 10 and 0.016 cm2 V-1 s-1, respectively. The p-n structure based on n- and p- type WS2 films was proved with a 104 rectifying ratio. The realization of controllable in situ Nb-doped WS2 films paved a way for fabricating wafer-scale complementary WS2 FETs.

Hanjie Yang, Yang Wang, Xingli Zou, Rongxu Bai, Zecheng Wu, Sheng Han, Tao Chen, Shen Hu, Hao Zhu, Lin Chen, David W. Zhang, Jack C. Lee, Xionggang Lu, Peng Zhou, Qingqing Sun, Edward T. Yu, Deji Akinwande, Li Ji. Wafer-Scale Synthesis of WS2 Films with In Situ Controllable p-Type Doping by Atomic Layer Deposition[J]. Research, 2021 , 2021 (12) : 9862483 - . DOI: 10.34133/2021/9862483
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1. Introduction
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As silicon-based CMOS technology is reaching its physical limits, two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have been intensively investigated as potential ultrathin channel materials for future electronics. TMDs show tunable bandgap, good air-stability, and high carrier mobility and can be applied in transistors [1–4], photodetectors [5], computing technologies [6, 7], memory [8, 9], RF [10–12], and heterojunction synapse [13, 14]. However, there are still many challenges, including (1) realization of large wafer-scale deposition, (2) a controllable p-type doping method for TMD films, (3) reducing Schottky barrier-induced Fermi level pinning at the metal/TMDs contacts, and (4) high-quality high-k/TMD interface. Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is an effective way to synthesize single-crystalline TMDs films [15–17], but wafer-scale deposition and precisely-controlled thickness of TMDs films are difficult to achieve via CVD. Because TMD films are too thin for p-type doping by ion implantation [18–21], a variety of different approaches have been pursued, including charge transfer doping by physical adsorption of molecules or salts on surface [22–25], and metal oxides (MoO3) [26] or metal-induced inversion (Tungsten) [27, 28] of WS2 through interfacial interactions. However, it has proven difficult to precisely control the doping behaviors and consequently electronic device performance.
Atomic layer deposition (ALD), a self-limiting process with precisely controlled layer thickness, is an ideal technique to synthesize wafer-scale TMD films [29–32]. Niobium (Nb) has been demonstrated as an effective p-type dopant for WS2 [33–35]. Halide-assisted CVD and low-pressure CVD have been utilized to insert Nb atoms into the WS2 lattice [20, 36], and pulsed laser deposition (PLD) can also achieve p-type WS2 films using premelted Nb-doped targets, but without device demonstration [18]. However, neither CVD nor PLD is capable of in situ and controllable doping. ALD has been demonstrated for the synthesis of wafer-scale WS2 films with WF6 as a W precursor and H2S as a S precursor [37, 38]. However, very few works have reported in situ controllable p-type-doped WS2 FETs through ALD [39]. NbS2 can be synthesized by utilizing NbCl5 and HMDST in ALD, similar to WS2. In addition, the lattice constants of 2H-NbS2 (a,b,c=0.332,0.332,1.194 nm) are close to those of 2H-WS2 (a,b,c=0.316,0.316,1.247 nm), which facilitates substitutional doping of Nb atoms into the WS2 lattice [40].
Here, in this work, we demonstrate for the first time the wafer-scale synthesis of WS2 films by ALD with controllable in situ p-type doing, on 8-inch α-Al2O3/Si wafer, 2-inch sapphire wafers, and 1 cm2 GaN substrate pieces. The growth mechanisms of ALD WS2 and in situ Nb doping were analyzed, and the doping concentration is shown to be controllable by altering Nb cycle numbers. Plan-view and cross-sectional TEM imaging reveals the layered structure of WS2, and Hall effect measurements and TOF-SIMS confirm the effective incorporation of Nb dopants. Moreover, both WS2 n-FETs and Nb-doped WS2 p-FETs were fabricated by CMOS-compatible processes from as-prepared ALD-grown n-WS2 and Nb-doped p-WS2 films. The on/off ratio and electron mobility of WS2 n-FET were up to 105 and 6.85 cm2 V-1 s-1, while the on/off ratio and hole mobility of Nb-doped WS2 p-FET were 101 and 0.016 cm2 V-1 s-1, respectively. WS2 FETs with different concentrations of Nb dopants were also investigated. Our work, by demonstrating in situ controllable Nb-doped WS2 films and consequently p-FETs, helps establish a path to fabricate complementary WS2 FETs at wafer-scale volumes.
2. Results
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2.1. Growth Mechanisms
Figure 1(a) illustrates the mechanisms of the ALD process for WS2 growth and in situ Nb doping. The reactor temperature was 400°C, while the WCl6 (99.9%), NbCl5, and HMDST (98%) were kept at 93°C, 60°C, and room temperature, respectively. One cycle of WS2 deposition includes 1 s WCl6 pulse, followed by 8 s purge (Argon, 99.99%), and 1 s HMDST pulse, followed by 5 s purge, sequentially. For Nb doping, NbCl5 and HMDST are used as precursors. One cycle of NbS2 deposition includes 1 s NbCl5 pulse, followed by 8 s purge (Argon, 99.99%), and 1 s HMDST pulse, followed by 5 s purge. The growth rate of WS2 film was calibrated to about 0.036 nm/cycle. To realize a controllable in situ doping, WCl6 pulses were replaced by NbCl5 pulses, and the doping concentration could thus be adjusted by varying NbCl5 pulse numbers. Figure 1(b) shows photographs of wafer-scale 400-cycle WS2 films deposited on 8-inch amorphous-Al2O3/Si wafer, 2-inch sapphire wafer, and pieced GaN substrate with good uniformity. Raman spectra of 400-cycle annealed WS2 films at 950°C are shown in Figure 1(c), confirming that high-quality WS2 could be deposited on all these substrates except for Si with different thickness at 400 cycles. In view of this, we use sapphire as the substrate for this research.
2.1.1. ALD-Deposited WS2 Film
At the initial stage, the WCl6 and HMDST vapor were exposed directly onto the sapphire substrates and WS2 layers were formed laterally on sapphire substrates. The subsequent layers were deposited onto the initial WS2 layer to connect the isolated flakes and form films. Considering this, a postannealing process would be beneficial for improving film quality. The as-deposited WS2 films were annealed at 950°C for 2 h in sulfur atmosphere. The XPS spectra of as-deposited and annealed WS2 films are shown in Figure 2(a). The fine spectra of as-deposited WS2 contained two pairs of W 4f peaks, representing WS3 and WS2, respectively. The higher coordination number of W atom in WS3 than that in WS2 results a shift towards higher binding energy, with the binding energies of W6+4f5/2 and W6+4f7/2 being 38.7 eV and 36.68 eV and those of W4+4f5/2 and W4+4f7/2 being 35.22 eV and 33.08 eV, respectively. Similarly, the fine spectra of as-deposited WS2 showed two pairs of S 2p peaks. The positions of the S2 2p1/2 and S2 2p3/2 peaks for W6+-S bonding were at 164.54 eV and 163.54 eV, while the positions of the S1 2p1/2 and S1 2p3/2 peaks for W4+-S bonding were at 164.02 eV and 163.04 eV, respectively. XPS analysis for as-deposited WS2 films shows the films to be a mixture of WS2 and WS3, and the stoichiometric ratio of W/S was about 1 : 2.7. A postannealing process in S atmosphere at 950°C for 2 hours improves film crystallinity. After annealing, the fine spectra of W 4f exhibited only one pair of W 4f5/2 and W 4f7/2 peaks, indicating WS3 components decomposed to WS2, along with a similar result for S 2p spectra, both without characteristic peaks indicative of W6+-S bonding. As a result, the stoichiometric ratio of W/S was reduced to 1 : 2.1, with the help of desulfurization and improved film crystallinity. The full spectra of as-deposited and annealed WS2 are shown in Fig. S2. To further investigate the crystallinity of as-deposited and annealed WS2 films, Raman spectroscopy was performed. After annealing, the relative intensity of the A1g and E12g+2LA(M) peaks for annealed WS2 was much higher than that of as-deposited WS2 (Fig. S3), confirming the improved film crystallinity after annealing. Therefore, subsequent WS2 films in this paper have undergone a postannealing process. In addition, when increasing WS2 film thickness from 250 cycle to 500 cycle, the separation between the A1g and E12g+2LA(M) peaks increased from 64.2 cm-1 to 69.5 cm-1, demonstrating good thickness controllability for ALD grown WS2, as shown in Figure 2(b). Plan-view and cross-sectional TEM imaging shown in Figure 2(c) reveal a continuous planar film, without warpages or kink formation. The thickness of the annealed 400-cycle WS2 film was 4.6 nm, and a cross-sectional TEM image of a 3.7 nm WS2 film is shown in Fig. S4. Preparing monolayer films is very challenging due to the growth mechanism of ALD TMD films. From the plane-view TEM and SAED patterns results, out of 259 WS2 analyzed grains, the average grain size was 55 nm (details of grain size were shown in Fig. S5), while the largest grain size was as high as 160 nm. The AFM image of 4.6 nm WS2 film is shown in Fig. S6.
2.1.2. In Situ Niobium-Doped p-Type WS2 Films
Pure NbS2 films were deposited by ALD using NbCl5 and HMDST precursors, and the XPS results of as-deposited NbS2 films are shown in Fig. S7. The Nb doping process is illustrated in Fig. S8 and Table S1. as-deposited and annealed 400-cycle WS2 films with 30-cycle Nb doping were then investigated by XPS. In the fine spectra of W 4f peaks (Figure 3(a)) of as-deposited Nb-doped WS2 films, two pairs of characteristic peaks revealing both W6+-S bonding and W4+-S bonding were observed. However, different from the fine spectra of S 2p of as-deposited WS2, a pair of characteristic peaks of Nb-S bonding was also observed, indicating successful Nb substitutional incorporation. The fine spectra of Nb 3d confirmed the presence of NbS2 as well. After annealing, only W4+-S bonding was observed in the W 4f fine spectra (see Figure 3(a)), while W4+-S bonding and Nb-S bonding were both observed in the S 2p fine spectra. The Nb 3d fine spectra proved the formation of NbS2, indicating that Nb atoms were substituted into WS2 lattice. The stoichiometric ratio of Nb/S was about 1 : 2.0, while that of W/S was 1 : 2.1. The full spectra of as-deposited and annealed Nb-doped WS2 are shown in Fig. S9. The Raman spectra of annealed Nb-doped 400-cycle WS2 films with Nb doping varying from 10 cycles to 100 cycles are shown in Figure 3(b). From the spectra, the blue shift of the A1g peaks was obvious, especially in the Nb-doped WS2 film with 100-cycle Nb doping, which implies stiffening of the Nb-doped WS2 lattice with Nb-S bonds [18]. The annealing process was necessary for Nb atoms to be activated and incorporated substitutionally into the WS2 lattice. The plan-view EDX mapping results are shown in Fig. S10, confirming successful Nb doping of the WS2 film.
Hall effect measurements of undoped WS2 and Nb-doped WS2 with 30-cycle Nb doping were performed at temperatures ranging from 50 K to 300 K. As shown in Figure 3(c), the carrier type of undoped WS2 was electrons, while the carrier type of Nb-doped WS2 film was holes, confirming the effective Nb-substitutional doping. The hall mobility of undoped WS2 was up to 147.9 cm2 V-1 s-1 at 50 K and 86.3 cm2 V-1 s-1 at 300 K, while the hall mobility of Nb-doped WS2 was 12.4 cm2 V-1 s-1 at 50 K and 3.6 cm2 V-1 s-1 at 300 K, respectively. The resistivity of Nb-doped WS2 was 4 orders of magnitude higher than that of WS2, which revealed the fact that the Nb atom was effectively doped to substitute W atom in WS2 lattice.
As shown in Figure 3(d), the Hall mobility and resistivity of Nb-doped WS2 films with Nb doping of 15, 20, and 100 cycles at 300 K and TOF-SIMS of pristine WS2 and Nb-doped WS2 with Nb doping of 20 and 100 cycles were investigated as well. With increasing Nb concentration, the hall mobility decreased from 12.60 cm2 V-1 s-1 to 5.73 cm2 V-1 s-1, while the resistivity of 15-cycle Nb-doped WS2 film was 3 orders of magnitude higher than that of 100-cycle Nb-doped WS2 film. This result implied that 100-cycle Nb-doped WS2 was heavily p-doped. Nb secondary ion intensity of pristine WS2 film was normalized to 1, while the Nb intensity of Nb-doped WS2 films with Nb doping of 20 and 100 cycles was normalized as 5.13 and 19.25. The increased normalized Nb intensity implied the rising doping concentration with the increase of Nb cycle number. Both Hall effect results and TOF-SIMS gave evidence of in situ controllable and substitutional Nb doping. An accurate quantitative value of concentration of Nb doping could not be obtained due to the poor detection accuracy and low atom collection efficiency. STEM is not applicable for ALD grown Nb-doped WS2 films, due to the nature of polycrystalline films yielding only the statistical results within few layers. Raw data of Hall measurements of WS2 and Nb-doped WS2 with in Figure 3(d) are shown in Table S2.
2.1.3. Electrical Properties of WS2 n-FET and Nb-Doped WS2 p-FET
To characterize the electrical properties of 4.6 nm WS2 n-FETs and Nb-doped WS2 p-FETs, top-gate transistors were fabricated with 2  μm gate width on sapphire substrate. The CMOS-compatible process flow and the structure of top-gate FET are shown in Figure 4(a) (detailed process was discussed in Materials and Methods). ALD Al2O3 films (20 nm) were used as high-k dielectrics. The equivalent oxide thickness was 13 nm. The transfer characteristic of 8-layer WS2 n-FET is shown in Figure 4(b), with Vd varying from 0.1 V to 0.5 V, while the output characteristics with Vg vary from 1 V to 5 V. The transfer on-current of WS2 n-FET reached as high as 0.4  μA/μm at Vd=0.5 V, and the on-off ratio was up to 105. The detailed mobility of 30 tested WS2 n-FETs is also plotted in Figure 4(b). The maximum and minimum mobilities of n-FETs were 6.85 cm2 V-1 s-1 and 0.32 cm2 V-1 s-1, respectively, while the median mobility was 3.58 cm2 V-1 s-1. The mobility of over 70% of WS2 n-FETs was in the range of 1 to 5 cm2 V-1 s-1.
The transfer characteristic of a 4.6 nm Nb-doped WS2 p-FET with 15-cycle Nb doping with Vd varying from 0.1 V to 0.5 V and the output characteristics with Vg varying from -2 V to -6 V are shown in Figure 4(c). Compared to the WS2 n-FET, the carrier type changed from electron to hole, which proved the Nb substituted for W atom in WS2 lattice. The on- and off-current of Nb-doped WS2 p-FET was only 5×10−2 at Vd=0.5 V, far less than that of WS2 n-FET. However, the hole mobility of Nb-doped WS2 p-FET was 0.016 cm2 V-1 s-1, while the on/off ratio was 101. For Hall effect measurements, the resistivity of 15-cycle Nb-doped WS2 was 5 orders of magnitude higher than that of undoped WS2, and the mobility of 15-cycle Nb-doped WS2 was far less than that of undoped WS2 at 300 K. The field-effect mobility of WS2 FETs was smaller than the Hall effect of WS2, due to the influence of transistors’ electrical contacts on the underestimation of field-effect mobility. The Hall mobility was roughly estimated through field-effect mobility due to the nonlinear dependence of carrier concentration on gate voltage [41]. Moreover, the stability of our process was inquired through measuring the on-current of Nb-doped WS2 p-FET with gate length varying from 5  μm to 50  μm. (Figure 4(c)). The distribution of Id,sat (at Vg=−4 V, Vd=0.5 V) amongst 132 Nb-doped WS2 p-FET with 20-cycle Nb doping on the same day was summarized. With increasing gate length, Id,sat decreased, suggesting the fabrication process was well-controlled and uniform. To explore the controllability of Nb doping, the transfer characteristics of Nb-doped WS2 FETs with Nb doping varying from 1 cycle to 20 cycles were measured (Figure 4(d)). Nb-doped WS2 FET did not show p-type behavior but with a decreased on- and off-current until reaching 15 cycles. When further increasing Nb concentrations, the current of p-FET increased and the on/off ratio decreased in that the resistivity and mobility of Nb-doped WS2 film decreased, which was identical to the hall effect measurements. The WS2 FET was heavily p-doped after 20-cycle Nb doping. These results proved the good controllability of in situ Nb doping by ALD.
Due to the lack of dangling bonds at the surface of WS2, it was difficult to deposit very high quality high-k dielectrics. Thus, the PBTI of WS2 n-FET was carried out to analyze the reliability of Al2O3 high-k dielectric. The stress was applied to gate and biased at 5.5 V. DC transfer characteristics at Vd=0.5 V were measured right after the removal of PBTI stress at room temperature. As shown in Figure 4(e), after 1000 s stress, the degradation of on-current was 3.5%, while the Vth shift was only 300 mV which was 6% of max-applied gate voltage. The results implied the instability of high-k films indeed affected the electrical properties of WS2 n-FET. Higher quality high-k dielectrics would improve the electrical property of WS2 n-FET [42]. To investigate the air stability of WS2 film, the WS2 n-FET was placed in ambient atmosphere, and the transfer characteristics were tested at Vd=0.5 V after 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months, as shown in Figure 4(f). The on-current of WS2 n-FET degraded slightly, while the degradation was within one order of magnitude even after 6-month exposure in air. However, despite the fact that the deterioration of off-current was hardly observed after 3-month exposure, the deterioration of off-current was almost one order of magnitude after 6-month exposure. Consequently, the on/off ratio decayed from 105 to 104 after 6 months in ambient. Furthermore, vertical p-n structure based on WS2 and Nb-doped WS2 films was fabricated. The electrical property of p-n structure with rectifying ratio of 104 is shown in Figure 4(g), with an ideal factor of 2.3, indicating a conspicuous recombination of electron-hole.
The benchmark of p-type WS2 transistors is listed in Table 1, including various deposition doping methods. The CVD method could yield the highest Ion/Ioff ratio by adjusting metal work function but suffers from the difficulties of large volume synthesis on 8/12-inch wafers. For ALD approach, wafer scale deposition has been studied; however, our work was the first demonstration of p-type WS2 films on large-scale wafers, with in situ controllable doping.
3. Discussion
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For the first time, we demonstrated the wafer-scale synthesis of WS2 films by ALD with controllable in situ p-type doing, on 8-inch α-Al2O3/Si wafer, 2-inch sapphire wafer, and pieced GaN substrates with a postannealing process. The plane-view and cross-sectional TEM indicated the successful synthesis of WS2 film with the average grain size of 55 nm. The XPS spectra, Hall effect, and TOF-SIMS proved the substitutional doping of Nb. The Nb-doped WS2 FETs with different Nb doping concentrations were fabricated to demonstrate the controllable Nb doping. Furthermore, the p-n structure based on WS2 and Nb-doped WS2 films showed 104 rectifying ratio, giving evidence to the realization of p-type WS2. Our work realized the controllable in situ Nb doping WS2 films by ALD, which obviated the difficulty of p-type WS2 film and paved a path to the fabrication of complementary WS2 FETs and further applications on logic circuits.
4. Materials and Methods
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4.1. Material Synthesis and Characterization
The WS2 and Nb-doped WS2 film were deposited on 2-inch sapphire substrate by ALD (Beneq, TFS-200). Prior to the deposition, the sapphire substrate was cleaned by acetone, ethyl alcohol, diluted HF (1 : 50), and deionized water in order. For Nb doping, a typical cycle includes 1 s NbCl5 pulse, followed by 8 s purge (Argon, 99.99%), and 1 s HMDST pulse, followed by 5 s purge. To achieve Nb-doped WS2 film, the NbS2 process was sandwiched into a WS2 process accordingly. Nb concentration was precisely controlled through altering NbS2 cycle numbers. The cycle number of 4.6 nm WS2 was 400. The as-deposited samples were put in a quartz boat placed in the center of Zone I and Zone II, and 0.5 g sulfur powder was placed in Zone III carried by a quartz boat. The samples were annealed for 2 h in a 4-inch quartz tube at the base pressure less than 0.4 Pa. The temperature of Zone I and Zone II were raised to 950°C in 55 minutes, and the temperature of Zone III was raised to 350°C in 55 minutes. The morphology and structure of WS2 and Nb-doped WS2 were characterized by XPS (Augerscan-PHI5300, monochromatic Al Kα anode at 9.97 kV and 14.7 mA as the source of X-ray radiation; pass energy was 112 eV; step was 0.1 eV, peak fitted using combined Gaussian, and Lorentzian line shapes), Raman (LabRAM, 532 nm laser wavelength, 1 mW x100_VIS), Hall effect measurements (Lakeshore 8400, van der Pauw, DC,4-probes), and HRTEM (Thermo Fisher Scientific Talos F200X; acceleration voltage was 200 kV; the sample was prepared by Thermo Fisher Scientific Helios G4 UX focus ion beam, and a protective layer of Pt was deposited on the surface of the sample by electron beam and ion beam).
4.2. Device Fabrication
Top-gate FETs for WS2 and Nb-doped WS2 films were fabricated through CMOS-compatible processes. After annealing in S atmosphere, photolithography was used to define channel area and was etched by CF4/Ar (20/10 sccm) in RIE. Source and drain were patterned by photolithography and metalized by Ti/Au (15/70 nm) for WS2 n-FETs and Pt (70 nm) for Nb-doped WS2 p-FETs by PVD (Kurt J. Lesker PVD75). A 20 nm Al2O3 gate oxide was deposited by ALD at 250°C. The precursors for Al2O3 were TMA and H2O, respectively. After top-gate patterning, 15/70 nm Ti/Au was deposited by PVD.
4.3. Device Measurement
All electrical properties of WS2 n-FETs and Nb-doped WS2 p-FETs were measured in ambient room temperature by the Agilent B1500A Semiconductor Device Analyzer in probe station (MPI-TS3000). The field-effect carrier mobility was extracted from the transfer characteristic using the equation μ=ΔId/ΔVg×L/WCoxVd, and the Cox=2.656 F/m2 was the unit gate capacitance between channel and top-gate (Cox=ε1εo/d,ε1=6,and d=20 nm for Al2O3 dielectric).
Funding
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  • National Natural Science Foundation of China(61904033; 62004044)
  • State Key Laboratory of ASIC & System(2021MS004)
  • National Science Foundation through the Center for Dynamics and Control of Materials
  • Young Scientist Project of MOE Innovation platform
  • ARO
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Article Info
doi: 10.34133/2021/9862483
  • Receive Date：2021-08-30
  • Online Date：2026-10-27
  • Published：2021-12-20
Article Data
Affiliations
History
  • Received：2021-08-30
  • Accepted：2021-11-09
Funding
National Natural Science Foundation of China(61904033; 62004044)
State Key Laboratory of ASIC & System(2021MS004)
National Science Foundation through the Center for Dynamics and Control of Materials
Young Scientist Project of MOE Innovation platform
ARO
Affiliations
    1State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
    2State Key Laboratory of Advanced Special Steel, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
    3Microelectronics Research Center, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, 78758 Texas, USA
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表12种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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