Exocarpium Citrus Grandis (ECG) is a medicinal plant of Citrus in Rutaceae. It is a medicine that has great effects. To distinguish the 'Zhengmao' and 'Non-zhengmao' germlplasms, 13ECG germplasms were selected, including 'Zhengmao' germplasms ('Dahe huangrong', 'Dahe miye', 'Pingding huangrong', 'Pingding miye', 'Pingding hongrou', 'Shanche zhengmao' and 'Shiwan zhengmao') and 'Non Zhengmao' germplasms ('Shanche fengwei', 'Shanche fumao', 'Shanche jiaxiyang', 'Shanche guangqing', 'Pingding jinqiandu', 'Pingding shishengli'). The botanical morphological traits were measured, active substances were analyzed, and molecular markers were carried by the ISSR and SRAP for distinguishing analysis. There were significant differences in length of leaf, leaf shape index, L^*, a^* and b^*. The leaves of 'Zhengmao' germplasms were slenderer than those of 'Non-zhengmao', the whole leaf was whiter, greener and yellower. There were significant differences in fruit shape and the fruit shape index between 'Zhengmao' germplasms and 'Non-Zhengmao' germplasms. The content of rhubarb glycoside in most 'Zhengmao' germplasms was higher than that of 'Non-zhengmao' samples, except the 'Shanche fumao'. The content of alcohol soluble extract was also significantly different between the germplasms. The clustering results of ISSR and SRAP showed that when the genetic distance of the two molecular markers was 15 cM, the 13 germplasms could be divided into one 'Zhengmao' and three 'Non Zhengmao' groups. The correlation analysis between germplasm botany and medicinal components showed that, when P<0.05, only the fruit shape and fruit shape index were significantly correlated with the content of wild rhubarb glycoside and naringin, the water-soluble extract was significantly positively correlated with L^*. To conclude, when combined with the three identification results, the molecular marker is the most reliable to distinguish the germplasm of ECG, the plant morphology (petal length, fruit shape and fruit shape index) or medicinal components (content of wild rhubarb glycoside and alcohol extract) can also distinguish these germplasm to a certain extent.

Old trees play important roles in maintaining biodiversity, ecological balance and environmental protection. To conserve the old tree community of Taxus wallichiana var. mairei in Liancheng county, Fujian province, the species composition and structure of the community were analyzed using the method of sample survey. There were 74 vascular plants belonging to 66 genera of 41 families, in which most were monotypic genus. Rosaceae, Gramineae, Hamamelidaceae and Lauraceae were the four families with the largest number of species in this community. There were 12 genus areal-types in the community, which was consistent with the location of the community with the ratio of tropical element to temperate element (T/R) 1.03. The important values of T. wallichiana var. mairei, Phyllostachys edulis, and Cunninghamia lanceolata in arbor layer of this community were relatively high, which was 50.76%, 14.33% and 6.61%, respectively, while those of Camellia fraternal, Loropetalum chinense and Photinia davidsoniae in shrub layer were relatively high, which was 4.07%, 3.91% and 3.60%, respectively. In herb layer, Stellaria media, Dicranopteris linearis, and Miscanthus sinensis were the top three with importance values 13.30%, 10.33% and 9.82%, respectively. The vertical structure of this old tree community was clear, and it could be divided into three layers for arbor, shrub, and herb layers within few interlayer plants. T. wallichiana var. mairei was the dominated species in the uppermost layer. The old tree community of T. wallichiana var. mairei in Liancheng had important conservation value; however, young trees and seedlings of T. wallichiana var. mairei were missing in this community due to the constraints of human interference and interspecific competition. It is a feasible strategy to protect this community by constructing a fengshui forest with T. wallichiana var. mairei as the main body based on the scientific management.

In order to assess the breeding value of HoCP series sugarcane germplasms introduced from USA, 12 HoCP sugarcane clones (HoCP00-1142, HoCP01-517, HoCP01-564, HoCP02-610, HoCP02-623, HoCP03-704, HoCP03-708, HoCP03-716, HoCP05-902, HoCP07-613, HoCP07-617 and HoCP92-648) were used as core parents in 73 sugarcane cross combinations. The effect on combining ability, economic breeding values of height, diameter, effective stem number, sugar content and cane yield for the 11 HoCP sugarcane parents and 73 F₁ population were estimated using the family test method. Significant differences were found for height among HoCP males and cross combinations, whereas no significant differences were detected for height among HoCP females, suggesting that the plant height was affected by only male and cross combination. For the stem diameter, effective stem number, sugar content and cane yield, there were significant differences existed among different HoCP female, male and cross combination, indicating that the four characters were affected by female, male and cross combination. Among the 12 clones, the highest general combining ability for height, diameter, effective stem number, sugar content and cane yield appeared in HoCP03-704, HoCP02-623, HoCP02-610, HoCP07-617, and HoCP92-648 as female, respectively, while HoCP03-704, HoCP02-623, HoCP07-617, HoCP03-708 and HoCP02-623 as male possessed the highest general combining ability for height, diameter, effective stem number, sugar content and cane yield, respectively. The better economy breeding value (EBV) and general combining ability (GCA) in cane yield and sugar content were detected in HoCP02-623, HoCP03-708 and HoCP92-648 as the female, and HoCP01-517and HoCP07-617 as the male, which indicated that the clones could be used as excellent female and male with high-yield and hight-sugar, respectively. Among the 73 cross combinations, the highest special combining ability for height, diameter, effective stem number, sugar content and cane yield appeared in HoCP03-704×'Neijiang 03-218', 'Yuetang 00-236'×HoCP00-1142, 'Yacheng 07-71'×HoCP05-902, 'Yuetang 00-236'×HoCP03-708, HoCP01-564×'Guitang 92-66', respectively. A total of 38 cross combinations showed possitive EBV. The combinations 'Yuetang 94-128'×HoCP01-517, HoCP01-564×'Guitang 92-66', 'Guitang 02-467'×HoCP01-564 had better special combining ability in cane yield, sugar content and EBV than the others, which could be considered as the most important productive families in future breeding program. However, HoCP03-716×'Funong 02-6404', 'Yuetang 99-66'×HoCP01-564 and 'Yuenong 73-204'×HoCP01-564 showed lower special combining ability in five characters and lower EBV than other combinations, suggesting that the combinations did not suit for using as productive families in future breeding program. Therefore, the results would provide helpful information for using HoCP sugarcane parents in cross combination.

Codon bias is an important factor affecting gene expression, and it is also one of the key clues to reflect gene evolution. Orchidaceae plants are the "flagship" group in plant protection, and most species have medicinal and ornamental values, but seeds are not easy to germinate. ABI3 (abscisic acid insensitive 3) gene is the central regulator of ABA signal transduction, involved in seed development and dormancy processes, and is the key factor to regulate plant seed germination. Therefore, in-depth study of codon bias of orchid ABI3 gene can lay a foundation for analyzing the function of the gene and optimizing the codon composition. Using Arabidopsis thaliana ABI3 gene as a probe, 45 Orchidaceae ABI3 genes were screened from the public database (NCBI), and the codon use patterns and preferences were analyzed by bioinformatics programs such as CodonW, SPSS and MEGA. The ENC (effective number of codon) value of the genes ranged from 40.84 to 58.46, of which 82.2% was greater than 52. The average value of CAI (codon adaptation index) was 0.203, far less than 1, indicating that the codon usage bias of ABI3 gene was relatively weak. Neutral plot analysis showed that the slope of the regression curve between GC₁₂ and GC₃ was 0.6103, R²=0.7928 (P<0.05), indicating that the base composition has an important influence on codon bias. In ENC plot analysis, the ENC value of all genes was lower than the expected value, but the difference was small, indicating that the codon of orchid ABI3 gene is mainly affected by base mutation and other factors such as selection pressure. Parity preference analysis showed that most genes were distributed in the right region of the plan, and the use frequency of A/T (U) at codon 3 was higher than that of G/C. Through RSCU and ΔRSCU analysis, 26 optimal codons were identified, including 14 codons ending in A/T (U) and 10 codons ending in T (U), indicating that ABI3 gene of orchid plants relatively prefers to use codons ending in A/T (U), especially codons ending in T (U), which is different from that of most monocotyledonous plants. This study may provide a theoretical basis for the phylogenetic and functional elucidation of ABI3 genes in Orchidaceae and for improving ABI3 gene expression efficiency, as well as facilitating codon biology in plants and the improvement of exogenous genes.

In this study, the soluble dietary fiber of coffee peel and other five commercially available soluble dietary fibers obtained from soybean, inulin, jujube, oat, and celery were used as experimental materials. The particle size distribution, monosaccharide composition, microstructure, physico-chemical properties, and functional characteristics were compared analyzed. Results indicated that the particle size distribution of soluble dietary fiber in coffee peel was wider, and the homogeneity was relatively poorer than that of the other five soluble dietary fibers, but its monosaccharide composition was relatively rich, and a total of 10 kinds of monosaccharides were detected. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed different samples had similar spectral characteristics, but a slightly different intensity response of characteristic bands. X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry results demonstrated that the crystalline of soluble dietary fiber from coffee peel was lower (38.84%) than that of other samples, but exhibited excellent thermal stability. The solubility and oil holding capacity of soluble dietary fiber in coffee peel was 90.9% and (2.18±0.03)mg/g, respectively. The nitrite absorption capacity of soluble dietary fiber in coffee peel was 7.93 mg/g, which was significant higher that of the other samples. This study could provide theoretical basis for high value utilization and product development of coffee peel resource.

Macadamia nuts contain abundant source of unsaturated fat acid (UFA), but the molecular mechanism of biosynthesis of UFA remains to be further analyzed. Stearoyl acyl-carrier- protein desaturase catalyses the insertion of a double bond into saturated fatty acid bound in saturated acyl chains bound to ACP in higher plant, which is the key enzyme in unsaturated fatty acid biological synthesis pathway. The Macadamia intergrifolia plant as research object, the full-length gDNA and cDNA of SAD gene encoding stearoyl acyl-carrier- protein desaturase were isolated from M. integrifolia using PCR technique. The structure, function and expression pattern of MiSAD were preliminarily studied. The gDNA of SAD was 6947 bp and contained 3 exons and 2 introns. The open reading frame was 1191 bp and encoded 396 amino acids which was highly consistent with the public MtSAD sequence, and SAD was a water soluble enzyme with a total predicted molecular mass of 45.22 kDa and isoelectric point (pI) 5.93 located in chloroplast or plasmids stroma. The amino acid sequences of SAD involved in active site showed highly conserved and significant difference in N-end and C-end. The highly conserved region contained 2 central motifs of E-X-X-H iron atoms which formed the active site of this enzyme. The α-helix and random curl were predominate in the secondary structure. The helix-turning-helix was found in the prediction of tertiary structure for formation of fatty acyl chain binding site. Derived amino acid sequence showed the highest homology 94.2% with Telopea speciosissima, and the homology is above 80%in other species of SAD, close to Nelumbo nucifera in phylogentic tree. The SAD gene expression trends were basically identical by qRT-PCR. The SAD expression were found in root, stem, leaf, flower and macadamia nut, and the highest level was in nut. The expression of SAD gene increased about 90days after and reached the highest level at 100 days, then declined gradually in the following days during the macadamia nut maturation and presenting a normal distribution trend. This study would build a foundation for elucidating the molecular mechanism of MiSAD in biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acid in macadamia.

In order to understand the characteristics of the wild seed plant system in Nanning and provide a scientific basis for the conservation and rational development and utilization of biodiversity in the region, the author investigated and analyzed its plant resources, compiled a list of wild seed plants in Nanning using statistical methods of literature collection, line survey and sample survey, judged their affinities with 15 neighboring areas using cluster analysis and principal component analysis, and analyzed their systemic characteristics, the results show that: there are 3574 species of wild seed plants in 197 families and 1114 genera in the region, 24 species of 14 genera in 8 families of gymnosperms and 3552 species of 1100 genera in 189 families of angiosperms. The ratio of the number of seed plant families, genera and species in Guangxi is 77.87%, 60.02% and 42.90% respectively, indicating that the wild seed plants in Nanning are rich and diverse. The ratio of large families is 27.41%, and the number of species contained is 78.44%, which is the main component of the system. Monospecific and oligospecific genera accounted for 85.28% of the total number of genera, but the number of species contained in medium and multiple genera accounted for 51.65% of the total number of species, indicating that the family is rich in species but less differentiated. There are 14 genus-level distribution area types in the region, with rich and complex geographical components, among which tropical components account for 69.55% of the total number of genera and temperate components account for 22.16%, showing obvious tropical attributes and some temperate attributes. 223 rare and endangered plants in the region, rich in species, including Orchidaceae, Camellia petelotii and other endemic plant species, the regional characteristics of Guangxi plants are obvious, and the protection value is high. The system belongs to the Beibu Gulf region and the Yunnan-Guizhou-Guangxi region, and its R/T value (3.08) is in the middle compared with the neighboring regions, similar to the R/T value (2.32) of the six counties on the border of Qian-Guizhou, and the largest difference from the R/T value (8.80) of the coastal zone of Beibu Gulf, and the R/T value is negatively correlated with latitude. In terms of genus-level phytogeographic composition, Nanning was the most similar and closely related to Hainan and Xichu, and the most distant from Murray. Overall, the wild seed flora of Nanning is rich in species, ancient in relics, with more rare and endangered plants, showing a tropical and subtropical transitional nature, reflecting the characteristics of the Beibu Gulf and Yunnan-Guizhou-Guizhou flora.

The invasive plant Mexican sunflower has strong allelopathy to weeds and could be used for weed control. However, the allelopathy of Mexican sunflower on Leptochloa chinensis has not been reported. In order to clarify the allelopathy of Mexican sunflower on L. chinensis and find the control technology of L. chinensis, the roots, stems and leaves of L. chinensis were extracted with petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, absolute ethyl alcohol and distilled water. The allelopathy of extracts on the germination and growth of seeds of Mexican sunflower and its effect on the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) were evaluated. GC-MS was used to identify the chemical constituents in the extract of Mexican sunflower. The results showed that the effect of extracts from different tissue parts on the germination rate of Mexican sunflower was in the order of leaf > stem > root. Ethyl acetate and absolute ethanol extracts from the roots, stems and leaves of Mexican sunflower had a significant inhibitory effect on the growth of the seedlings. The ethyl acetate extract from the root, stem and leaf, and the absolute ethanol extract from the leaf and root could significantly inhibit the SOD activity; the absolute ethanol extract from the stem could obviously inhibit the CAT activity; the ethyl acetate extracts from stems and roots could significantly inhibit the POD activity. GC-MS detection showed that the extract of Mexican sunflower contained terpenoids, phenols, amides, esters and hydrocarbons, among which terpenoids (α-pinene and phytol) and phenols (2,5-diacetyl-6-hy droxybenzofuran) were higher. The results showed that the extracts from the roots, stems and leaves of Mexican sunflower had strong allelopathic effects on L. chinensis, α-pinene, phytol and 2,5-diacetyl-6-hydroxybenzofuran may be the potential active components of Mexican sunflower for allelopathy, which can be used for the control of L. chinensis.

In order to improve the technological process of industrial tissue culture speed propagation of Curcuma alismatifolia 'Majeo Impress Red', and provide a reference for the large-scale production, we used different organs as the explants to study the bud multiplication, proliferation, rooting culture and transplanting. Six different explants including corm, storage root, corm shoot, lateral bud, flower bud and tender leaves were employed in this study. Based on the MS medium with different concentration of 6-BA and NAA, the process of tissue culture speed propagation was optimized. The best explants were corm shoot and lateral bud. The best medium for induction culture was MS + 6-BA 3 mg/L +NAA 0.1 mg/L + sucrose 30 g/L + carrageenans 7 g/L. The best medium for proliferation was MS + 6-BA 3 mg/L +NAA 0.1 mg/L + sucrose 30 g/L + carrageenans 7 g/L. The best medium for rooting was 1/2 MS + NAA 0.1 mg/L +sucrose 20 g/L + carrageenans 7 g/L. When the seedlings were pluged in tray and transplanted in flowerpot, the optimum medium was tiny peat∶tiny coco coir = 1∶1 and the survival rate was over 95%. Eight EST-SSR markers were employed to amplified the maternal parent and 20 randomly selected tissue culture seedlings, which supported the obsence of DNA-level variations. We screened the most appropriate explants and culture medium for C. alismatifolia 'Majeo Impress Red', optimized the technological process and set up a technical system of industrial tissue culture speed propagation.

The leaf functional properties and eco stoichiometric characteristics of seven greening shrubs in the split green belt of University East Road in Nanning were studied to provide a theoretical basis for the selection and allocation of urban road greening plants and the construction of urban ecological engineering in similar environments. The average value of leaf area (LA), specific leaf area (SLA), dry matter content (LDMC), leaf water content (LWC) and chlorophyll content (Chl) of the seven shrubs was 15.68 cm², 136.33 cm²/g, 0.24 g/g, 76.42 % and 9.36 mg/g respectively. The average value of N, P, K, N∶P, N∶K and K∶P in the leaves was 21.23 mg/g, 0.39 mg/g, 9.37 mg/g, 55.48, 2.28 and 25.14 respectively. There were significant differences in leaf functional traits and eco stoichiometry among different shrub species. Correlation analysis showed that N, N∶P and N∶K in the leaves were significantly positively correlated with SLA and CHL, and P in the leaves was significantly positively correlated with LWC. In addition, K in the leaves was significantly positively correlated with LWC. Through redundancy analysis, it was found that the first and second ranking axes jointly explained 93.51% of the total variation of leaf eco stoichiometric characteristics. Among them, SLA, LWC and Chl were the leaf functional trait factors that have a significant impact on leaf eco stoichiometry. Principal component comprehensive analysis showed that the growth status and resource utilization efficiency of Forsythia suspensa, Hibiscus rosasinensis L. and Pittosporum pentandrum var. formosanum were better. In addition, the shrubs have better adaptability to the environment of the study area, so they are suitable to be used as important tree species for urban landscape planning.