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Konjac (Amorphophallus spp.) is an important medicine and food economic crop in China, but its industrial development has long been threatened by soft rot disease, known as the konjac 'cancer'. Hainan is an emerging konjac producing area, but the current epidemiological pattern of konjac soft rot disease and pathogenic bacteria population structure is not clarified. The study was aimed to carry out soft rot disease investigation, pathogen isolation and identification, and to provide a scientific basis for the control of the disease. The survey of konjac soft rot disease in six cities and counties in Hainan showed that the highest incidence rate (46.01%) was found in the third team of Danzhou Experimental Farm, while that of Wenchang planting base is low (8.25%). Combining morphology, molecular biology (16S rDNA, proA, gapA and mdh multigene phylogenetic analysis) identifications and distribution information of pathogens, Dickeya fangzhongdai (88.64% of the total), Pectobacterium aroidearum (6.82%) and P. colocasium (4.54%), were the cause of the disease. Pathogenicity assay showed that D. fangzhongdai was high pathogenicity, and indoor screening showed that 0.3% tetramycin had the best inhibitory effect on D. fangzhongdai, with the lowest inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 1.825 μg/mL, followed by 80% ethacrynicin (MIC of 25 μg/mL) and 25% bromoxynil (MIC of 125 μg/mL). The dynamic changes of defence antioxidant enzymes and malondialdehyde in konjac in response to D. fangzhongdai infestation were determined by pot inoculation experiment. The results showed that the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) reached 182.57 U/g and 300.33 U/g, respectively, after 72 h of infestation, which was 2.27-fold and 7.03-fold higher than that of the control, while the activity of catalase (CAT) peaked at 24 h (1093.67 U/g) and decreased to 658.01 U/g in the later period (72 h). Malondialdehyde (MDA) content increased incrementally with infestation time and increased by 30.51% at 72 h compared to the control, and β-galactosidase (β-GAL) activity continued to rise [97 nmol/(min·g)] and increased by 36.86% compared to the control.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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