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Elucidating the response of rhizosphere soil microorganisms to the invasion of Fusarium in pepper provides a theoretical foundation and technical support for research on pepper rhizosphere microecology, the exploration of superior biocontrol resources, and the targeted control of pepper Fusarium wilt. Rhizosphere soil samples were collected from healthy (CK), mildly diseased (T1), moderately diseased (T2) and severely diseased (T3) pepper plants. High-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics analyses were employed to compare the community structure and diversity of rhizosphere microorganisms and to assess the functional differences. CK had the highest number of unique bacterial OTUs, while T1 had the highest number of unique fungal OTUs. At the genus level, the dominant bacterial genera included unclassified Acidobacteriaceae、unclassified Bacteria、unclassified Rhodospirillales、Gaiella、unclassified Betaproteobacteria、Terrimonas、unclassified Desulfuromonadia and Fontisphaera the dominant fungal genera included Thermoascus, Mortierella, Apiotrichum, Fusarium, Rasamsonia, unclassified Fungi, Paracremonium, Talaromyces, Debaryomyces and Metarhizium. With increasing disease severity, the richness of both bacteria and fungi initially increased and then decreased, while the diversity showed a trend of initial increase, followed by a decrease, and then a subsequent increase. PCoA results revealed distinct differences in bacterial and fungal communities among the treatments. Linear discriminant analysis (LEfSe) identified 14, 2, 6 and 6 bacteria-specific species at the genus level, respectively, and 12, 10, 7 and 9 fungi-specific species for CK, T1, T2 and T3, respectively. Cross-domain correlation analysis between rhizosphere bacteria and fungi demonstrated that Fusarium was negatively correlated with Acidibacter, Bradyrhizobium and Bryobacter. As disease severity increased, the network parameters of bacterial and fungal community interactions exhibited an initial rise, followed by a decline, and then a subsequent rise. The abundance of potentially pathogenic microorganisms was significantly higher in diseased plants than that in healthy peppers, while the abundance of stress-tolerant microorganisms initially increased significantly and then decreased. The relative abundance of saprotrophs was significantly higher in severely diseased plants compared to healthy peppers, and the abundance of plant pathogens showed a significant increase-decrease-increase trend. Pepper Fusarium wilt significantly altered the characteristics of the rhizosphere soil microbiome. In the early stages of disease, pepper roots likely resist Fusarium infection by recruiting beneficial microorganisms, stimulating bacterial stress tolerance, and enhancing fungal saprotrophic and symbiotic functions. In the middle and late stages, intensified root damage leads to a decline in recruitment capacity, allowing pathogens to dominate and beneficial microbial communities to be suppressed.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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