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Tropical mountain ecosystems are vital repositories of medicinal plant resources, and understanding the altitudinal distribution patterns is crucial for sustainable resource utilization, biodiversity conservation, and research into environmental drivers of medicinal bioactive compounds. To elucidate the altitudinal distribution patterns of the medicinal plants in Wuzhishan Mountain, Hainan, this study conducted quadrat surveys across different elevation gradients (low: 200–400 m; mid: 400-600 m; mid-high: 600-800 m; high: 800–1100 m), documenting 447 species from 260 genera and 99 families, with angiosperms comprising 93.51% of the total species. Tropical families and genera accounted for 83.35% and 86.55%, respectively (excluding cosmopolitan elements), while temperate components increased significantly with elevation. Angiosperms dominated across all elevations, whereas ferns, initially comprising only 1.80% at low elevations, increased significantly to 4.79% and 6.50% at mid-high and high elevations, emerging as a key group. The comprehensive importance value of the tree layer exhibited a bimodal distribution, with dominant species transitioning from tropical at low elevations to temperate transitional species at high elevations, reflecting a tropical-to-temperate floristic shift. The shrub layer’s importance value fluctuated downward with elevation, indicating a synergistic response to the overlying tree structure, while the herb layer shifted from shade-tolerant herbs to medicinal ferns with increasing elevation. α-diversity analysis revealed that tree layer species richness and Shannon diversity peaked at mid-high elevations, aligning with the “mid-domain effect”, while herb layer diversity peaked at mid-elevations, with Simpson dominance significantly higher than in the tree and shrub layers. β-diversity indicated that tree layer species turnover was driven by hydrothermal gradients, whereas shrub and herb layers were primarily influenced by microhabitat heterogeneity. In summary, this study systematically elucidated the vertical distribution patterns of medicinal plants in Wuzhishan Mountain, providing a theoretical foundation for the conservation and utilization of tropical mountain medicinal plant resources and insights into the environmental drivers of medicinal plant quality. Future research should focus on ecological factor analysis in the mid-high elevation (600–1100 m) fern-rich zones.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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