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KOH was used as the activator combined with ultrasonic treatment to treat rubber seed shell to prepare activated carbon, and the best preparation conditions were optimized. The surface structure of the chemical carbon was regulated by controlling the preparation and processing conditions. The physical and chemical properties of the active carbon were characterized by specific surface area voidness analyzer, FT-IR, SEM, element analyzer, and TGA. The adsorption capacity of methylene blue and iodine was investigated. The optimal preparation conditions were reagent∶material ratio 1∶1, ultrasonic action for 60 minutes, activation time for 60 minutes, and activation temperature of 700 ℃. Activation temperature had the greatest impact on the adsorption capacity of activated carbon, followed by the reagent to material ratio and ultrasonic time, with the activation time having the smallest impact. The absorption of methylene blue was 400 mg/g, and iodine was 1340.2 mg/g, respectively. The yield was 25.9%, the specific surface area was 1034.5009 m2/g, and the total pore volume was 0.9511 cm3/g with ultrasonic pretreatment (UAC). The adsorption value of methylene blue was 300 mg/g, iodine adsorption value was 894.0 mg/g, yield was 20.8%, specific surface area was 690.2461 m2/g, total pore volume was 0.6830 cm3/g without ultrasoni pretreatment (NAC). Both contained hydroxyl, alcohol hydroxyl and carbonyl functional groups. This is conducive to the enhancement of adsorption performance, and the characteristics of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin were obvious. The nitrogen adsorption isotherm of the rubber seed shell activated carbon was type Ⅰ. Activated carbon contained a large number of microporous structures with uniform distribution. There was no pore structure on the surface of the rubber seed shell, and there were a large number of pore structures on the activated carbon surface after KOH activation. The surface of UAC activated carbon was smooth and flat, with many rich and regular pore structures. In contrast, the pore surface of NAC had many small pores, and the surface was rough. The carbon (C) content in the rubber seed shells was rich. After KOH activation, the C content of the activated carbon prepared by ultrasonic treatment and activated carbon prepared without ultrasonic treatment increased from 56.81% to 75.97% and 64.89%, respectively. However, the content of hydrogen (H) and nitrogen (N) decreased, making it an excellent raw material for activated carbon. The TGA results indicate that the sample activated by KOH was more stable than the rubber seed shell, and the total weight of UAC and NAC samples tended to stabilize after losing 62% and 68%, respectively. In conclusion, the better performance of the samples prepared by ultrasonic pretreatment indicates that the cavitation effect of ultrasonic wave acts on the structural surface of the activated carbon, causing it to undergo structural changes, thus, the adsorption capability of the active carbon, the specific surface area, etc. are enhanced.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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