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The pepper is a widely cultivated vegetable and its domestication and dissemination history have received significant attention from the academic community. This article summarizes the pathways of pepper's dissemination worldwide. The wild pepper species originated in the northwestern part of the Andes Mountains in South America and expanded, spread, and evolved in South and Central America. The Capsicum cultivars migrated outward from Mexico and underwent parallel domestication in multiple regions. After Christopher Columbus brought peppers back to Spain from South America, they began to spread to other European countries and eventually spread throughout Central Europe by the mid-16th century. Simultaneously, a large number of pepper varieties introduced into Asia, Africa, and Eastern Europe via the "Eurasian Trade Route" and the "Galleon Trade Route". The prevalent slave trade in the 17th century further facilitated the comprehensive dissemination of peppers in Africa and North America. With the development of global trade, the Capsicum cultivars from different regions were exchanged more extensively. Among them, C. annuum spread to Asia, Africa, North America, Oceania, and Eastern Europe, becoming the most widely cultivated peppers worldwide. C. frutescens and C. chinense were introduced to Eastern Europe, tropical regions of Africa, and Asia, while C. baccatum and C. pubescens are mainly grown in Central and South America, Indonesia, and South Africa. Genomic research results have provided important genetic evidence for the global dissemination history of pepper, while also offering a new perspective for the study of pepper evolution.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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