Neonicotinoids (NEOs) contain imidacloprid (IMI) and acetamiprid (ACE), which are widely used in the world. In this study, earthworms (Eisenia foetida) were used as soil animal. Through high-throughput sequencing and measurement of soil physical and chemical properties, the changes of bacterial communities between IMI and ACE contaminated red soil (BCK, DCK) and soil after earthworm introduction (B, D), and the relationship with environmental factors were analyzed to explore the animal remediation mechanism of contaminated red soil. The introduction of IMI and ACE reduced the diversity of microbial population, significantly changed the composition of soil bacterial community structure, and decreased the content of soil organic matter (SOM) and total nitrogen (TN), compared with the natural red soil (CK). The addition of earthworms increased the relative abundance of Actinobacteriota, Proteobacteria and Bacteroidota, which have the ability of insecticide resistance and degrading. pH value, TN, total phosphorus (TP) and total potassium (TK) contents of contaminated soil increased. Combined with the correlation analysis of soil physiochemical properties, it was found that pH, TN, TK and SOM had a great influence on the bacterial community structure among the treatment groups at the genus level. The study showed that IMI and ACE pollution reduced the contents of SOM and soil TN, and destructed the original bacterial community structure in the soil. Earthworm activity improved soil fertility of contaminated red soil, alleviated the adverse effects of IMI and ACE on soil microbial flora, restored and enriched the diversity of microbial species in NEOs-contaminated soil to a certain extent, and then accelerated the degradation of NEOs in soil. This study showed the feasibility to screen the efficiently IMI and ACE-degrading bacteria from drilosphere, and would provide theoretical basis for the earthworm remediation of IMI and ACE-contaminated soil.