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The study investigated the effects of different exogenous hormones on somatic embryo maturation to improve the maturation efficiency of somatic embryos and increase the yield of normal mature embryos and embryo-derived plantlets in the rubber tree variety Yunyan 73-477. Primary somatic embryos from anthers at different developmental stages were cultured on media supplemented with various types and concentrations of exogenous hormones. The maturation rates, normal mature embryo rates, and plantlet conversion rates were comprehensively analyzed to compare maturation efficiencies and optimize hormone combinations for different developmental stages. The maturation efficiency increased with embryo developmental progression, with cotyledon embryos showing optimal results. The maturation rates exceeded 50% [range: 50.74%-74.83%, mean: (66.25±6.98)%]. Most mature embryos displayed bipolar structure and could normally germinate into complete plantlets, with normal mature embryo rates ranging from 35.0%-59.96% [mean: (47.80±6.89)%] and plantlet conversion rates ranging from 15.62%-49.17% [mean: (26.67±8.99)%]. Torpedo-shaped embryos showed intermediate performance, while heart-shaped embryos performed the poorest, both with maturation rates below 31% [means: (30.05±12.68)% and (29.33±10.93)%, respectively]. Most mature embryos from the stages were malformed (leaf-like or callus-like) and failed to develop into complete plantlets. The normal mature embryo rates were only (15.64±7.01)% and (5.46±4.28)%, respectively, 32.16% and 42.34% lower than cotyledon embryos. Plantlet conversion rates were (7.22±3.41)% and (0.83±0.80)%, merely 0.27-fold and 0.03-fold of cotyledon embryos. Optimal exogenous hormones varied with developmental stages: heart-shaped embryos required 6-BA 0.5 mg/L+NAA 0.15 mg/L+KT 0.25 mg/L, torpedo-shaped embryos needed ABA 0.4 mg/L+GA3 0.5 mg/L+6-BA 2.0 mg/L+NAA 0.15 mg/L, and cotyledon embryos performed best with ABA 0.1 mg/L+GA3 1.0 mg/L+6-BA 1.5 mg/L+NAA 0.2 mg/L.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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