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Tea plants (Camellia sinensis) is an essential economic crop in China with significant genetic diversity. Polyploidization, a key driver in species evolution, plays a crucial role in enhancing the economic traits of tea plants, providing new avenues for breeding improved varieties. This study aims to explore the ploidy differences between diploid and triploid tea plants by investigating the morphological, physiological, biochemical and metabolic traits. Utilizing flow cytometry, we identified the chromosome ploidy of 165 tea germplasm resources and discovered 11 new triploid tea plant varieties. The 11 triploid varieties, along with 12 diploid varieties, underwent a comparative study focusing on bud, leaf and anatomical characteristics. The results revealed significant differences between diploid and triploid tea plants in several traits, including phenological period, bud weight, leaf area, stomatal size and stomatal density. Triploid tea plants generally exhibited later budding, significantly higher bud weight, larger leaf areas, and larger stomatal dimensions, but lower stomatal density compared to diploid varieties. As the buds and leaves are vital for tea quality, the morphological and physiological differences can influence tea production and its overall quality. Furthermore, metabolomic analysis using UPLC-MS/MS technology was conducted on the triploid variety Xilianno. 1 and its maternal diploid Fuding Dabai (CK). A total of 1203 differential metabolites were detected, with 170 showing significant variation, of which 81 were upregulated and 89 were down regulated. The most abundant metabolites were flavonoids, followed by amino acids and their derivatives. The triploid variety displayed enhanced levels of metabolites associated with improved antioxidant activity and other health-related properties. The study would provide novel insights into the morphological, physiological and metabolic differences between diploid and triploid tea plants, offering valuable references for genetic assessment and breeding strategies. The findings also emphasize the significance of polyploidy in improving tea plant resilience, yield and quality, which is critical for the sustainable development of the tea industry.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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