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To clarify the impact of sod-cultural practices on the soil physico-chemical properties in Macadamia orchards, suitable local grass cultivation models were selected. Five common grass species in orchards (Vicia villosa, Trifolium repens, Lolium multiflorum, Vulpia myuros, and Raphanus sativus) were selected in the study with clear tillage as the control to analyze the differences in soil moisture content, temperature, physical properties, nutrients, and fertility among different treatments in orchards. The membership function method was used for comprehensive evaluation. Sod-cultural practices could effectively increase the surface soil moisture content, which was 8.7%~24.0% higher than that of the clear tillage control. Meanwhile, sod-cultural practices could reduce the surface soil temperature of orchards by 7.6% to 16.8%. Compared with tillage, the average soil bulk density in the sod-cultural practice areas decreased by 11.7%. In terms of soil nutrients, sod-cultural practice areas significantly increased the soil organic matter content, with T. repens having the highest soil organic matter content, reaching 32.0 g/kg. Leguminous and cruciferous grass species could significantly increase the soil available nutrient content, while poaceae grass species showed no significant improvement. The soil comprehensive fertility coefficient of the cultivation modes of V. villosa, T. repens, and R. sativus showed the best performance, increased by 51.5%, 49.2%, and 45.4% respectively compared to the clear tillage control. The evaluation of orchard soil fertility could reach a fertile level. The optimal grass cultivation mode obtained using the membership function method was V. villosa. Comprehensive evaluation of the four physical and chemical indicators of soil moisture content, bulk density, temperature, and fertility in each treated orchard by the membership function method revealed the cultivation mode of V. villosa performed the best.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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