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Upper atmosphere vehicles, operating at altitudes of 100~300 km, have demonstrated significant application potential in fields such as remote sensing reconnaissance, emergency communications, and space exploration, owing to their high ground observation accuracy and low communication latency. These advantages have positioned the upper atmosphere vehicle as a frontier equipment in both commercial spaceflight and national defense security, while simultaneously triggering global competition for upper atmosphere orbit resources. This paper discusses the core value and far-reaching significance of developing upper atmosphere vehicles, and reviews the domestic and international research trends and development status in this field. Faced with the complex and dynamically changing space environment at upper atmosphere orbit altitudes, the paper adopts an overall design perspective to identify and present four challenges faced by upper atmosphere vehicles:force system equilibrium，energy balance,thermal/erosion protection, and system coordination. It also highlights potential solutions and directions for technological breakthroughs. The paper aims to outline research approaches, accelerate the construction of a comprehensive technical system, and facilitate the transition of upper atmosphere orbit space from scientific exploration to engineering applications.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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