To meet the demand for precise environmental perception in intelligent driving, this paper focuses on the application and development of intelligent driving environment perception sensors, analyzing their foundational position in system architecture. It discusses the working mechanisms, application scenarios, and advantages and disadvantages of various sensors such as visual sensors, LiDAR, millimeter-wave radar, and ultrasonic radar, analyzing the impact of multi-sensor fusion on improving perception accuracy and autonomous driving reliability. In the future, environmental perception sensor technology for intelligent vehicles will focus on 6 major directions: new sensing materials, intelligent adaptability, energy-efficient design, fault diagnosis, real-time calibration, and environmental impact suppression. Sensors will continue to evolve towards miniaturization, integration, and adaptive low-power design. Breakthroughs will be made in areas such as high-precision vehicle cameras, solid-state LiDAR, and innovative integration of ultrasonic radar, aiming to enhance sensing accuracy, real-time performance, and reliability to meet the increasingly complex demands of driving environments.