Laboratory physical simulation study on water flooding EOR mechanisms and patterns in FM fault- fractured-vuggy reservoirs

Laboratory physical simulation study on water flooding EOR mechanisms and patterns in FM fault- fractured-vuggy reservoirs

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Hanmin Tu^a, Jinchuan Wu^a, Zhouhua Wang^a^,^*, Xingliang Deng^b^,^c^,^e, Ping Guo^a, Zhiliang Liu^b^,^c^,^d, Haoqi Liao^a

Petroleum Research | 2026, 11(3) : 761 - 774

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Petroleum Research | 2026, 11(3): 761-774

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Laboratory physical simulation study on water flooding EOR mechanisms and patterns in FM fault- fractured-vuggy reservoirs

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Hanmin Tu^a, Jinchuan Wu^a, Zhouhua Wang^a^,^*, Xingliang Deng^b^,^c^,^e, Ping Guo^a, Zhiliang Liu^b^,^c^,^d, Haoqi Liao^a

Affiliations

^aState Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, 610500, China

^bPetroChina Tarim Oilfield Company, Korla, Xinjiang 841000, China

^cR&D Center for Ultra Deep Complex Reservoir Exploration and Development, CNPC, Korla, Xinjiang 841000, China

^dXinjiang Key Laboratory of Ultra-deep Oil and Gas, Korla, Xinjiang 841000, China

^eState Energy Key Laboratory for Carbonate Oil and Gas, Korla, Xinjiang 841000, China

Published: 2026-09-10 doi: 10.1016/j.ptlrs.2026.01.002

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Abstract

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The FM fault-fractured-vuggy volatile oil reservoir exhibits significant heterogeneity and rapid production decline. Furthermore, there are notable differences in the effects of depletion development, and the impact of volatile oil degassing on water injection parameters remains unclear. This paper established artificial cores that replicate both single-fractured-vuggy and multi-fractured-vuggy full-diameter systems, reflecting a typical reserves ratio of pores, fractures, and caves in the FM oilfield. Concurrently, water injection experiments were conducted for both single-well and multi-well units after natural energy depletion had occurred. The results indicated favorable development when single-well units opened the lower part of the fracture-vuggy zone, allowing for depletion below bubble pressure at an early stage. Due to dissolved gas flooding at the top of reservoirs, crude oil depletion recovery reached over 67%. The filling of fractures and caves led to delayed degassing: single-phase seepage before degassing was influenced by reservoir physical properties. In contrast, multiphase seepage after degassing was affected by fluid viscosity. The single-well units employed large-volume water injection huff-n-puff techniques, resulting in a pronounced gravity oil displacement effect. This method improved cumulative crude oil recovery by more than 5%. Additionally, it was recommended that multi-well units adopt a deep injection and shallow production development strategy, with continuous water flooding enhancing oil recovery by over 40%. However, during the asynchronous injection-production stage, the recovery improvement was limited to only 1%.

Key words

Fault-fractured-vuggy reservoir / Physical simulation / Enhanced oil recovery / Waterflooding experiment / Water injection parameters / Gravity differentiation

Cite this Article

Hanmin Tu, Jinchuan Wu, Zhouhua Wang, Xingliang Deng, Ping Guo, Zhiliang Liu, Haoqi Liao. Laboratory physical simulation study on water flooding EOR mechanisms and patterns in FM fault- fractured-vuggy reservoirs[J]. Petroleum Research, 2026 , 11 (3) : 761 -774 . DOI: 10.1016/j.ptlrs.2026.01.002

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Funding

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China National Petroleum Corporation's Top Ten Science and Technology Engineering Project(2022KT0603)
China National Petroleum Corporation Major Science and Technology Project: Research on the Scaled Reserve Increase and Production and Exploration and Development Technology of Marine Carbonate Oil and Gas(2023ZZ16)
Research on the Efficient Development and Improved Recovery of Ultra-deep Fault-controlled Marine Carbonate Reservoirs(2023ZZ16YJ02)

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Year 2026 volume 11 Issue 3

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Article Info

doi: 10.1016/j.ptlrs.2026.01.002

Receive Date：2025-06-12
Online Date：2026-10-14
Published：2026-09-10

Article Data

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History

Received：2025-06-12
Revised：2025-11-26
Accepted：2026-01-06

Funding

China National Petroleum Corporation's Top Ten Science and Technology Engineering Project(2022KT0603)

China National Petroleum Corporation Major Science and Technology Project: Research on the Scaled Reserve Increase and Production and Exploration and Development Technology of Marine Carbonate Oil and Gas(2023ZZ16)

Research on the Efficient Development and Improved Recovery of Ultra-deep Fault-controlled Marine Carbonate Reservoirs(2023ZZ16YJ02)

Affiliations

^aState Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, 610500, China

^bPetroChina Tarim Oilfield Company, Korla, Xinjiang 841000, China

^cR&D Center for Ultra Deep Complex Reservoir Exploration and Development, CNPC, Korla, Xinjiang 841000, China

^dXinjiang Key Laboratory of Ultra-deep Oil and Gas, Korla, Xinjiang 841000, China

^eState Energy Key Laboratory for Carbonate Oil and Gas, Korla, Xinjiang 841000, China

Corresponding:

^* E-mail address: wangzhouhua@126.com (Z. Wang).

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表12种不同金属材料的力学参数

科 Family	属数 Number of genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)	属 Genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae	2	11	5.26	鹅膏菌属 Amanita	10	4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae	2	12	5.74	丝盖伞属 Inocybe	5	2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae	8	14	6.70	蜡蘑属 Laccaria	5	2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae	3	23	11.00	小皮伞属 Marasmius	6	2.87
				小菇属 Mycena	11	5.26
				光柄菇属 Pluteus	5	2.39
				红菇属 Russula	17	8.13
				栓菌属 Trametes	5	2.39

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