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The impact of grid refinement, foam model, and peaceman model on gas and liquid injectivities during SAG foam EOR: An FFT benchmarking study
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Rodrigo O. Salazar Castilloa, *, Lily Qianb, Bibiana Teéllez Garcíac, William R. Rossend
Petroleum Research | 2026, 11(3) : 799 - 814
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Petroleum Research | 2026, 11(3): 799-814
• Full Length Article •
The impact of grid refinement, foam model, and peaceman model on gas and liquid injectivities during SAG foam EOR: An FFT benchmarking study
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Rodrigo O. Salazar Castilloa, *, Lily Qianb, Bibiana Teéllez Garcíac, William R. Rossend
Affiliations
  • aInstituto Mexicano del Petróleo, Gerencia de Investigación en Explotación, Eje Central Lázaro Cárdenas 152, San Bartolo Atepehuacan, Gustavo A. Madero, 07730, Mexico City, Mexico
  • bHarvard Business School, 02163 Soldiers Field Rd, Boston, MA, United States of America
  • cInstituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica, Calle Luis Enrique Erro No. 1 Santa María Tonanzintla, 72840, Puebla, Mexico
  • dDepartment of Geoscience and Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN, Delft, the Netherlands
Published: 2026-09-10 doi: 10.1016/j.ptlrs.2025.12.001
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Surfactant-Alternating-Gas (SAG) utilizes foam to reduce gas mobility and improve reservoir sweep efficiency in gas-injection enhanced oil recovery and carbon capture and storage. Although SAG is known to have many benefits that increase hydrocarbon recovery, liquid injectivity is typically very poor during a SAG process. Conventional foam simulators use the Peaceman model to estimate injection-well pressure. However, because they assume uniform saturation in the grid block, they do not account for near-wellbore saturation distribution that improves gas and liquid injectivities during a SAG process. We use a conventional foam simulator to test the impact of grid refinement on injectivity. We compare simulation results to those with fractional-flow theory (FFT) using the a model very widely used in simulations. In addition, we test the effect of complete foam collapse at irreducible water saturation (Swr), of neglecting the Peaceman model, and of disallowing foam in the injector grid block. We compare the transient behaviors and the average injectivities, calculated during one pore volume of injected fluid. Our results show that in a conventional simulation (including the Peaceman model) grid refinement increases gas and liquid injectivities. However, the results do not match FFT predictions. The assumption of complete foam collapse at Swr increases gas injectivity (still without matching FFT results); however, it has a smaller impact on liquid injectivity and grid refinement results in an increase in gas and liquid injectivities. Excluding the Peaceman model reduces the error in simulated injectivities at coarse grid refinements but still without matching the FFT prediction. Finally, the procedure of excluding foam in the injection-well grid block gives average injectivities like our FFT calculations without requiring extraordinary grid refinement.

Foam injectivity  /  Reservoir simulation  /  Surfactant-alternating-gas process  /  Fractional-flow theory  /  Grid refinement  /  Enhanced oil recovery
Rodrigo O. Salazar Castillo, Lily Qian, Bibiana Teéllez García, William R. Rossen. The impact of grid refinement, foam model, and peaceman model on gas and liquid injectivities during SAG foam EOR: An FFT benchmarking study[J]. Petroleum Research, 2026 , 11 (3) : 799 -814 . DOI: 10.1016/j.ptlrs.2025.12.001
  • Joint Industry Project (JIP) on Foam for EOR at the Delft University of Technology (TU Delft)
Year 2026 volume 11 Issue 3
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46
10
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Article Info
doi: 10.1016/j.ptlrs.2025.12.001
  • Receive Date:2025-02-19
  • Online Date:2026-10-14
  • Published:2026-09-10
Article Data
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History
  • Received:2025-02-19
  • Revised:2025-12-10
  • Accepted:2025-12-11
Funding
Joint Industry Project (JIP) on Foam for EOR at the Delft University of Technology (TU Delft)
Affiliations
    aInstituto Mexicano del Petróleo, Gerencia de Investigación en Explotación, Eje Central Lázaro Cárdenas 152, San Bartolo Atepehuacan, Gustavo A. Madero, 07730, Mexico City, Mexico
    bHarvard Business School, 02163 Soldiers Field Rd, Boston, MA, United States of America
    cInstituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica, Calle Luis Enrique Erro No. 1 Santa María Tonanzintla, 72840, Puebla, Mexico
    dDepartment of Geoscience and Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN, Delft, the Netherlands

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* E-mail addresses: , (R.O. Salazar Castillo).
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表12种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
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属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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