A review on cementing system for CO<sub>2</sub> storage wells: Mechanisms, testing protocols and screening criteria

A review on cementing system for CO₂ storage wells: Mechanisms, testing protocols and screening criteria

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Muhammad Hammad Rasool^a^,^b^,^c^,^*, Syahrir Ridha^a^,^b^,^**, Raja Rajeswary Suppiah^a^,^b^,^***, Suhaib Umer Ilyas^d, Shwetank Krishna^e, Muhammad Galang Mardeka^f, Muhammad Adeem Abbas^g, Husnain Ali^h

Petroleum Research | 2026, 11(2) : 471 - 500

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Petroleum Research | 2026, 11(2): 471-500

• Review Article •

A review on cementing system for CO₂ storage wells: Mechanisms, testing protocols and screening criteria

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Affiliations

^aInstitute of Sustainable Energy and Resources, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar, 32610, Malaysia

^bPetroleum Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar, 32610, Malaysia

^cPetroleum Geosciences Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar, 32610, Malaysia

^dChemical Engineering Department, University of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

^eDepartment Geoenergy, Montanuniversität Leoben, Parkstraße 27, 8700 Leoben, Austria

^fDepartment of Petroleum Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, 40116, Indonesia

^gSchool of Petroleum Engineering, University of New South Wales, NSW 2052 Sydney, Australia

^hDepartment of Chemical and Biological Engineering. Hong Kong Univeristy of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China

Published: 2026-06-10 doi: 10.1016/j.ptlrs.2025.10.001

Outline

Abstract

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Long-term containment of CO₂ in geological formations demands cementing systems that can withstand highly aggressive downhole environments, where carbonic acid, brine, and other reactive species threaten the integrity of cement sheath. This review critically examines the deterioration mechanisms of Portland-based cements under CO₂-rich conditions, emphasizing acid-induced decalcification, carbonation, and leaching processes. It further categorizes and compares a broad range of acid-resistant alternatives including modified Portland systems, non-Portland systems (CAC: Calcium Aluminate Cement, CAPC: Calcium Aluminate Phosphate Cement, MPC: Magnesium Phosphate Cement, geopolymers), resin-based sealants, and nano-engineered formulations, focusing on their chemistry, resistance mechanisms, performance metrics, and field applicability. The review then proposes a detailed laboratory testing system aligned with API standards and introduces a phase-wise testing protocol. A novel conceptual screening criterion (HSR framework) is developed based on operational, design, and sustainability parameters to guide material selection and validation for CO₂-brine exposed cementing systems. Among the systems evaluated, CAC, CAPC, and MPC have shown superior results in terms of post-exposure compressive strength retention and reduced carbonation depth. Key knowledge gaps and challenges are identified, particularly regarding long-term behavior under thermobaric and acidic exposure. Finally, a future roadmap is outlined, calling for systematic field validation, deeper mechanistic insights into CAC and CAPC systems, and innovations in multifunctional, low-carbon binders suited for emerging CCS frontiers.

Key words

CO₂ storage / Wellbore cementing / Acid-resistant cement / Calcium aluminate phosphate cement

Cite this Article

Muhammad Hammad Rasool, Syahrir Ridha, Raja Rajeswary Suppiah, Suhaib Umer Ilyas, Shwetank Krishna, Muhammad Galang Mardeka, Muhammad Adeem Abbas, Husnain Ali. A review on cementing system for CO₂ storage wells: Mechanisms, testing protocols and screening criteria[J]. Petroleum Research, 2026 , 11 (2) : 471 -500 . DOI: 10.1016/j.ptlrs.2025.10.001

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Funding

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Yayasan UTP-Prototype Research(015PBC-064)

Appendix

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Year 2026 volume 11 Issue 2

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Article Info

doi: 10.1016/j.ptlrs.2025.10.001

Receive Date：2025-07-08
Online Date：2026-07-29
Published：2026-06-10

Article Data

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History

Received：2025-07-08
Revised：2025-10-16
Accepted：2025-10-16

Funding

Yayasan UTP-Prototype Research(015PBC-064)

Affiliations