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Alumina nanofluid enhances the heavy-oil upgrading process
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Luay Ahmed Khameesa, b, *, Ghassan H. Abdul-Majeeda, Ayad A. Alhaleema
Petroleum Research | 2026, 11(2) : 451 - 470
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Petroleum Research | 2026, 11(2): 451-470
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Alumina nanofluid enhances the heavy-oil upgrading process
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Luay Ahmed Khameesa, b, *, Ghassan H. Abdul-Majeeda, Ayad A. Alhaleema
Affiliations
  • aDepartment of Petroleum Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Baghdad, Iraq
  • bDepartment of Petroleum Refining Engineering, College of Petroleum Processes Engineering, Tikrit University, Tikrit, Iraq
Published: 2026-06-10 doi: 10.1016/j.ptlrs.2025.09.007
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Upgrading heavy crude oil remains one of the most critical and technically demanding processes in the petroleum industry, primarily due to the inherently poor quality of the various types of crude oil and the complexities associated with their transport and refining. This study investigates the impact of a nanofluid— composed of aluminum oxide nanoparticles dispersed in a kerosene solvent and stabilized with the surfactant sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate—on enhancing the quality of crude oil extracted from an East Baghdad field. This nanofluid was applied using ultrasonic irradiation to ensure uniform dispersion and stability. The results demonstrated a substantial improvement in various crude oil properties. The viscosity was reduced significantly, from 58.15 cP to 5.58 cP, representing a 90.4% improvement. The API gravity increased markedly, from 19.63 to 30.49. Furthermore, the heavy metal content decreased considerably, with vanadium reduced from 109.67 ppm to 9.02 ppm (92% reduction) and the nickel content showing an 85% decrease. The sulfur content also declined sharply, from 4.422% to 0.77%, indicating an 83% improvement. These findings confirm the high efficacy of nanofluid-asisted ultrasonic treatment as a promising technique for upgrading heavy crude oil and enhancing its refining and transportation potential.

Heavy crude oil  /  Viscosity  /  Nanofluid  /  Alumina  /  Upgrading  /  API
Luay Ahmed Khamees, Ghassan H. Abdul-Majeed, Ayad A. Alhaleem. Alumina nanofluid enhances the heavy-oil upgrading process[J]. Petroleum Research, 2026 , 11 (2) : 451 -470 . DOI: 10.1016/j.ptlrs.2025.09.007
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Article Info
doi: 10.1016/j.ptlrs.2025.09.007
  • Receive Date：2025-03-29
  • Online Date：2026-07-29
  • Published：2026-06-10
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History
  • Received：2025-03-29
  • Revised：2025-09-13
  • Accepted：2025-09-28
Affiliations
    aDepartment of Petroleum Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Baghdad, Iraq
    bDepartment of Petroleum Refining Engineering, College of Petroleum Processes Engineering, Tikrit University, Tikrit, Iraq

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Department of Petroleum Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Baghdad, Iraq. E-mail addresses: (L.A. Khamees)
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表12种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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