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Surfactant flooding is one of the widely applied enhanced oil recovery methods. However, the application of a single surfactant is often insufficient to meet the demand for oil recovery. Consequently, a variety of surfactant mixtures have been employed to enhance oil recovery efficiency. A comprehensive understanding of the interactions between surfactant mixtures, crude oil, formation water and rock is essential for the effective design and optimization of the surfactant flooding procedures. In this work, anionic-zwitterionic and anionic-nonionic surfactant mixtures with varying compositions were investigated using different microfluidic devices. Single dead-end pore structure that was captured from a real rock pore throat structure was initially employed for a quick screening of the optimum surfactant composition, considering the effect of the presence of connate brine. The selected surfactant compositions were tested using a micromodel with heterogeneous pore-throat network. The results indicate that 0.4 wt% sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate with 0.6 wt% octadecyl dimethyl betaine and 0.4 wt% sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate with 0.6 wt% hexyl D-glucoside surfactant mixtures resulted in higher recovery rate in the dead-end pore structure. In the subsequent micromodel experiments, 0.4 wt% sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate with 0.6 wt% octadecyl dimethyl betaine showed better oil recovery performance. To further explain the oil recovery performance of the surfactant mixtures, interfacial tension, viscoelasticity and critical micelle concentration values were measured and calculated to provide an insight into their interfacial activities. It was observed that anionic-zwitterionic and anionic-nonionic surfactant mixtures displaced oil in different manners attributing to their distinct interfacial properties. The anionic-zwitterionic surfactant mixture primarily displaced the crude oil through solubilization and emulsification due to its lower interfacial tension and critical micelle concentration of the surfactant mixture, whereas the anionic-nonionic surfactant mixture displaced oil through peeling and mobilization as a result of relatively higher interfacial tension and interfacial viscoelasticity.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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