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Sinkholes, a common geotechnical failure, have been reported more frequently in recent years due to complex climate change and urbanisation. This study investigates mechanisms of sinkhole development, considering the influence of triggering depth and compaction degree through experiments integrated with Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) technique and Discrete Element Method (DEM). Laboratory tests simulating the formation of sinkhole in subgrade soil are carried out under varying triggering depths and void ratios, where the soil displacement is recorded over time. DEM simulations are performed and validated against the experimental results analysed by PIV technique. The results show good agreement between DEM and experimental investigations, especially in capturing time-dependent stages and displacement fields of sinkhole development. Furthermore, the numerical investigation indicates that increasing the triggering depth results in later development of sinkhole with greater vertical displacement around the triggering point to promote its propagation towards the ground surface. Interestingly, dense soil exhibits highly localised mobilisation confined within well-defined displacement boundaries, whereas loose soil displays a wider displacement zone characterised by a funnel-shaped pattern. The interparticle contact behaviour further releases the insightful mechanism of sinkhole progression, giving considerable value to our understanding and prediction of this catastrophic failure.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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