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Agglomeration-abrasion-oriented strategy for spherical crystallization design: The case of aluminum fluoride
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Shubo Liua, Jiantao Yana, Shengzhe Jiaa, Ke Yuc, Huamin Yinc, Shulin Chenc, Weiwei Tanga, b, *, Junbo Gonga, b, **
Particuology | 2026, 115 : 1 - 14
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Particuology | 2026, 115: 1-14
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Agglomeration-abrasion-oriented strategy for spherical crystallization design: The case of aluminum fluoride
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Shubo Liua, Jiantao Yana, Shengzhe Jiaa, Ke Yuc, Huamin Yinc, Shulin Chenc, Weiwei Tanga, b, *, Junbo Gonga, b, **
Affiliations
  • aSchool of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering and Low-Carbon Technology, The Co-Innovation Center of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering of Tianjin, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
  • bHaihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300192, China
  • cYunnan Yuntianhua Fluorine Chemical Co., Ltd, Kunming, 650228, China
About Author:

1

These authors contributed equally to this work.

Published: 2026-08-10 doi: 10.1016/j.partic.2026.04.025
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Aluminum fluoride (AlF3) is an essential industrial material widely used in aluminum electrolysis and ceramics, yet its performance depends critically on the powder properties of its precursor, aluminum fluoride trihydrate (AFT). However, conventional AFT crystals suffer from irregular morphologies, leading to poor flowability, low bulk density, and severe caking. In this study, we successfully prepared highly spherical AFT particles in an additive-free aqueous solution. Through integrated offline and in-situ analyses, we elucidated the AFT spherical agglomeration mechanism dominated by an "agglomeration-abrasion" process. Guided by this mechanism, key process parameters, including temperature, stirring rate, and residence time, were systematically optimized using response surface methodology. Under the optimized conditions, the resulting AFT particles achieved an average circularity of 90.74% and a high yield of 85.7%. Compared to commercial powders, the optimized spherical AFT exhibited maximum improvements of 30.1% in bulk density and 41.4% in flowability, along with significantly enhanced anti-caking properties. The combination of spherical morphology and high yield enhances batch capacity while offering potential for continuous production, providing a green and cost-effective route for the industrial manufacturing of high-quality AFT powders.

Spherical particles  /  Aluminum fluoride trihydrate  /  Response surface methodology  /  Spherical agglomeration
Shubo Liu, Jiantao Yan, Shengzhe Jia, Ke Yu, Huamin Yin, Shulin Chen, Weiwei Tang, Junbo Gong. Agglomeration-abrasion-oriented strategy for spherical crystallization design: The case of aluminum fluoride[J]. Particuology, 2026 , 115 : 1 -14 . DOI: 10.1016/j.partic.2026.04.025
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Funding
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  • National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC 22278300; 22478284)
  • Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin(22JCZDJC00040)
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Year 2026 volume 115 Issue 0
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71
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Article Info
doi: 10.1016/j.partic.2026.04.025
  • Receive Date：2026-02-12
  • Online Date：2026-08-20
  • Published：2026-08-10
Article Data
Affiliations
History
  • Received：2026-02-12
  • Revised：2026-03-16
  • Accepted：2026-04-20
Funding
National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC 22278300; 22478284)
Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin(22JCZDJC00040)
Affiliations
    aSchool of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering and Low-Carbon Technology, The Co-Innovation Center of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering of Tianjin, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
    bHaihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300192, China
    cYunnan Yuntianhua Fluorine Chemical Co., Ltd, Kunming, 650228, China

Corresponding:

* School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering and Low-Carbon Technology, The Co-Innovation Center of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering of Tianjin, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China. E-mail addresses: (W. Tang)
** School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering and Low-Carbon Technology, The Co-Innovation Center of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering of Tianjin, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China. (J. Gong).
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表12种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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