¹School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China

²Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China

³Department of Optics and Optical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China

⁴Terahertz Research Center, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China

⁵Terahertz Radiation and Application Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611731, China

⁶Beijing Key Laboratory of Metamaterials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Terahertz Optoelectronics of Ministry of Education, Department of Physics, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China

⁷Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands

⁸School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland

⁹Microsystem & Terahertz Research Center, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Chengdu 610200, China

¹⁰Beijing Engineering Research Center of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Beijing 100124, China

¹¹Digital and Display Holography Laboratory, ITMO University, Saint-Petersburg 197101, Russia

¹²Qingdao Innovation and Development Center, Harbin Engineering University, Qingdao 266000, China

¹³School of Physics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China

Received	Accepted	Published
2025-11-01	2025-12-26
Issue Date
2026-07-02