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Soft chiral superstructure enabled dynamic polychromatic holography
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Chun-Ting Xu, Lu Li, Quan-Ming Chen, Guang-Yao Wang, Wei Hu*
Opto-Electronic Advances | 2026, 9(2) : 250177-1 - 250177-9
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Opto-Electronic Advances | 2026, 9(2): 250177-1-250177-9
• Article •
Soft chiral superstructure enabled dynamic polychromatic holography
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Chun-Ting Xu, Lu Li, Quan-Ming Chen, Guang-Yao Wang, Wei Hu*
Affiliations
  • National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, and College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
About Author:

†

These authors contributed equally to this work

Author contributions

W. Hu conceived the original idea and designed the research. C. T. Xu and L. Li conducted the designs, fabricated the devices, and analyzed the data with the assistance of G. Y. Wang. C. T. Xu and Q. M. Chen performed the numerical calculations. C. T. Xu and W. Hu wrote the original manuscript. All the authors participated in the discussion and approved the manuscript. W. Hu supervised and directed the research.

Published: 2026-02-12 doi: 10.29026/oea.2026.250177
Outline
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Planar optics offers a compact and versatile platform for manipulating multiple dimensions of light parameters and thus has attracted tremendous interest in high-density data storage, high-security information encryption, and holographic displays. It is still challenging to achieve active functionalities via dynamically operating light-matter interactions inside these planar optics. Here, a polymer-stabilized cholesteric liquid crystal (CLC) is adopted as a tunable one-dimensional chiral superstructure. The bandgap tends to change from a periodic helix to a gradient-pitch configuration under direct current (DC) voltage, and the reflection bandwidth varies from a narrow band of 40 nm to a broad band of 180 nm. Off-axis phase-only holograms of three primary colors are properly k-space engineered via a modified Gerchberg-Saxton algorithm, and recorded into the initial alignments of the CLC by photopatterning. By altering the applied DC voltage, the generated holography actively switches between a monochromatic and polychromatic image. Moreover, spin-selective Bragg-Berry phase encoding in photopatterned superstructures with opposite helicity allows distinct holograms (e.g., "weather sign" and "chameleon") to be independently generated and modulated. This work takes full advantage of soft chiral superstructures for on-demand light control and has great potential in dynamic holography, information encryption, and data storage.

polychromatic holography  /  cholesteric liquid crystals  /  polymer stabilization  /  geometric phase  /  photoalignment
Chun-Ting Xu, Lu Li, Quan-Ming Chen, Guang-Yao Wang, Wei Hu. Soft chiral superstructure enabled dynamic polychromatic holography[J]. Opto-Electronic Advances, 2026 , 9 (2) : 250177-1 -250177-9 . DOI: 10.29026/oea.2026.250177
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1　Introduction
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Multiple dimensions of light, such as phase, wavelength, and polarization, can be regarded as separate information carriers, enhancing the capacity of data transmission, processing, and display. Currently, the multiplexing and dynamic modulation of multiple optical parameters are highly pursued in vital fields, including optical communications, data storage, and holographic displays. Recently, planar optics formed by metasurface1−3 et al. have broken the dependency of traditional optical elements on propagation phase accumulation and offer a compact platform for light modulation that significantly promotes the development of ultrathin planar optics. Metasurfaces can freely modulate multiple parameters of light by tailoring the geometric parameters or long-axis orientations of metal or dielectric meta-atoms4−8. However, their functions are often static and lack of tunability once fabricated. To release dynamic functions, chiral metasurfaces9 or heterogeneous integration with active materials such as phase change materials10, two-dimensional materials11, micro-electro-mechanical systems12, semiconductors13, and liquid crystals (LCs)14 have been adopted. Exploiting new mechanisms and technologies for active planar optics remains an urgent pursuit.
LC has been proven to be a perfect candidate for spatial light modulation. On the one hand, its electro-optical tunability enables instant modulation of the propagation phase; on the other hand, arbitrary geometric phases can be directly encoded to its local azimuthal orientation15−19. In recent years, impressive progress has been made in LC-based multidegree optical modulation, which takes advantage of self-organized hierarchical structures of LCs to independently modulate multiple degrees of light20,21. Among various categories, cholesteric liquid crystals (CLCs) have garnered significant attention because of their distinctive one-dimensional chiral photonic crystal characteristics22−24. It enables spin-selective and broadband-equal-efficiency Bragg-Berry phase modulation for wavelengths within the photonic bandgap (PBG)25−27. When the helical pitch of the CLC is tuned by external fields, including stress, heat, humidity, light and electricity, the PBG is adjusted accordingly28. It releases the freedom of working wavelength manipulation and thus facilitates applications in sensors, active color filters, reflective displays, and tunable mirrorless lasers29−32. Holography is carried out through modulating the wavefront of light and is promising for data storage, encryption, and information display33−38. All the information is recorded or reconstructed into the structure of the optical media. With the explosive growth of information, efforts toward multichannel modulation have been made to increase the transmission capacity39−43. A polychromatic and dual-spin hologram is reported by stacking six discrete CLC polymer films encoded with different patterns for separate wavelengths and spins39. Both heat- and electric-driven dynamic vectorial polychromatic holography is demonstrated in a bi-chiral wash-out-refill CLC40. Heliconical CLCs and inversely designed metasurfaces are combined to separately modulate the spectral and spatial functions simultaneously41. The above multiplexing methods still suffer from precise alignment, constrained working bands, or complicated fabrication. Therefore, it is imperative to develop new planar optics with dynamic and multichannel functions.
In this work, we propose dynamic polychromatic holography based on the programming of a polymer-stabilized chiral superstructure. Proper off-axis and phase-only holograms are designed via a modified Gerchberg-Saxton (GS) algorithm based on a k-space engineering technique, and then they are encoded into the initial orientations of CLCs to preprogram the image synthesis. Along with the working bandwidth tuned from 40 nm to 180 nm via continuously increasing the applied direct current (DC) voltage, the generated holographic image is actively switched from a monochromatic image to an RGB-polychromatic image. The reverse process occurs when the voltage decreases within several hundred milliseconds. Leveraging the spin-selective Bragg-Berry phase encoding of CLCs, distinct holograms are generated through alternating the incident circular polarization with cascaded CLCs of opposite helicity recorded with separate information. This work offers switchable multichannel holography tuned by working bandwidths and incident spins. It unlocks the potential of chiral CLC planar optics and may inspire innovative applications in dynamic polychromatic holography, high-security anticounterfeiting, and high-density data storage.
2　Design and principle of dynamic polychromatic holography
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Similar to the geometric phase modulation of the nematic LC, the Bragg-Berry phase of the CLC also arises from the spin‒orbit coupling of the selectively reflected light. Notably, for the latter case, only circularly polarized light of the same handedness as the CLC helix and wavelengths within the PBG is encoded with the designed phase. The residual light directly transmits the CLC and has a uniform phase delay. The Bragg reflection band is defined by noP–neP, where no/ne represent ordinary/extraordinary refractive indices, and P is the helical pitch. Consequently, the central wavelength is λc = (no + ne)/2 × P, and the bandwidth is Δλ = Δn × P, where Δn is the birefringence. The phase φ is recorded in the initial LC orientation of the helical superstructure α. The relationship between them is depicted by φ = ±2α, where the sign is determined by the handedness of the CLC. The above lays the foundation for spin-selective wavefront modulation for orthogonal spins with photopatterned CLC of opposite helicity.
To achieve polychromatic holography via wavelength multiplexing, the holographic pattern is designed via a k-space engineering technique with a modified GS algorithm (Supplementary information of Section 1). By encoding different holograms into separate cascaded chiral superstructures of opposite helicity, different polychromatic diffraction patterns (weather signs and a chameleon) can be obtained for orthogonal circular polarizations (Fig. 1(a)). Notably, to avoid size discrepancies in the far field, the holograms are optimized in the design. The red (R), green (G), and blue (B) components of the target are extracted and scaled. Subsequently, phase profiles φR, φG, and φB with respect to R, G, and B are calculated via the GS algorithm. Finally, after assigning proper phase shifts ΔφR, ΔφG, and ΔφB to φR, φG, and φB, the phase-only hologram is generated by multiplexing them in an amplitude ratio of CR: CG: CB. The designed LC orientation is obtained through the following formula:
$ \alpha = \frac{1}{2}{\mathrm{arg}}\left( {{{C}_{\mathrm{R}}}{{\mathrm{e}}^{{\mathrm{i}}\left( {\varphi _{\mathrm{R}}} + {\mathrm{\Delta}} {\varphi _{\mathrm{R}}}\right)}} + {{C}_{\mathrm{G}}}{{\mathrm{e}}^{{\mathrm{i}}\left({\varphi _{\mathrm{G}}} + {\mathrm{\Delta}} {\varphi _{\mathrm{G}}}\right)}} + {{C}_{\mathrm{B}}}{{\mathrm{e}}^{{\mathrm{i}}\left({\varphi _{\mathrm{B}}} + {\mathrm{\Delta}} {\varphi _{\mathrm{B}}}\right)}}} \right) . $
As revealed in Fig. 1(b), distinct R, G, and B images are deflected toward predetermined angles, and the polychromatic image is reconstructed, as shown in the white dashed box marked zone. To realize dynamic tunability, we adopt a polymer-stabilized CLC with negative dielectric anisotropy (Δε < 0). When a DC voltage is applied to the cell, the negative LC remains parallel to the glass substrate, whereas the electric field attracts the cations trapped in the polymer network to the cathode, causing the polymer to move toward the electrode44. Accordingly, LCs rearrange to form a helical structure of gradient pitch45,46, which is depicted by
$ {{P}}({{z}}) = {{{P}}_0} + \frac{{\partial {{P}}}}{{\partial z}}({{z}} - {{{z}}_0}) , $
where P0 is the pitch at z0, and z0 is a characteristic position in the LC cell where P(z0) = P047. The emergence of gradient pitch broadens the bandwidth and leads to variations in holographic images, as illustrated in Fig. 1(b). Moreover, dynamic spin- and wavelength-complexed polychromatic holography can be realized on cascaded chiral superstructures of opposite helicities and different initial orientations.
3　Results and discussion
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The spectral variation under an electric field is characterized for a unidirectionally aligned polymer-stabilized CLC. At the beginning (E0 = 0), the rod-like LC molecules rotate periodically along the helical axis, exhibiting a uniform helical pitch P0. A narrow reflective band (Δλ = 40 nm; λc = 560 nm) is measured for right circularly polarized (RCP) incidence (gray line in Fig. 2(a)). As the voltage increases to E1 = 1.1 V/μm, the band gradually expands, as shown by the red line in Fig. 2(a). Finally, after the voltage increases to E2 = 2.2 V/μm, the band covers a wide range from 470 nm to 650 nm (blue line in Fig. 2(a)). Band broadening is induced by the gradient pitch generated under DC voltage. A decrease in reflectance is observed during evolution, which is attributed to the reduction in pitch number. Notably, the device exhibits a remarkable fatigue resistance under the electric field switching (Fig. S9). Berreman's 4 × 4 matrix method48 is further employed to calculate the variation in optical properties along with the evolution of chiral superstructures. Figure 2(b) shows that the simulated reflectance and Bragg-Berry phase are dependent on the wavelength and initial orientation angle of the helical superstructure in the voltage OFF and ON states. A narrow band reflection is obtained in the OFF state because of the uniform pitch, and the band significantly broadens in the ON state as the configuration changes to a gradient pitch (Supplementary information of Section 2). The simulation is consistent with the above experiments. Moreover, the simulated Bragg-Berry phase encoded to the reflected light is exactly twice the initial orientation angle of the CLC, i.e., φ = +2α. Thus, it enables an electrical switch on different colored holographic patterns.
The hologram of a "ginkgo leaf" is encoded to the polymer-stabilized CLCs to verify the electrochromic holography. The phase profile φleaf is calculated via the GS algorithm. Consequently, the initial CLC orientation αleaf = 1/2φleaf is recorded into the cell by photopatterning. Figure 2(c) shows the calculated phase diagram and observed planar textures of the cell. With increasing applied electric field, the color of the CLC textures varies accordingly. The color purity gradually decreases due to broadening of the reflection band. Different colored far-field "ginkgo leaf" images are obtained with various incident wavelengths R (630 nm), G (550 nm), and B (480 nm) and electric fields. At 0 V/μm, a green "leaf" is obtained, whereas images for the R and B wavelengths are very weak. As the electric field increases, the red and blue "leaf" appear sequentially for monochromic incidence. For RGB polychromatic incidence, green, yellow and white leaves are subsequently observed. The central bright dots result from phase errors and mirror reflections. Excessive red or yellow edges are generated because the image size is positively correlated with the wavelength. This vividly verifies the transformation of the monochromic image to a polychromatic image as a result of bandwidth broadening.
By properly tailoring the ratio among three primary colors (R, G, B), all colors within the color triangle can be generated, which is fundamental to existing displays. Here, we select RGB as the basis for constructing color holographic images. As presented in Fig. 3(a), the phase-only off-axis hologram of "Flower and Butterfly" is generated, employing the modified GS algorithm that corrects both the size and position of the polychromatic components. The k relationship is depicted as $ {{{\boldsymbol{k}}_{{\mathrm{out}}}}} = - {{{\boldsymbol{k}}_{{\mathrm{in}}}}} + {{{\boldsymbol{k}}_0}} $, where kout and kin denote the wavevectors of the output and input light, respectively, and k0 are externally introduced one by the tilt phase of the designed hologram. Correspondingly, the R, G, and B components are deflected to the desired angle in proper size and reassembled to form the designed polychromatic holography in a specific view zone. Figure 3(b) shows the simulated holographic images. In the white-dashed-box designated view zone, a "Flower and Butterfly" image with green "leaf", red "flower" and blue "butterfly" is obtained. By tuning the applied electric field, the image is switched between monochromatic and polychromatic holography.
Figure 3(c) illustrates the setup for characterizing the color holography. As revealed in Fig. 3(d), for E0, only a green "leaf" is observed in the far field. The vibrant red "flower" and blue "butterfly" emerge at E1 and E2 subsequently because of the extension of the bandwidth. The experimental results are in good agreement with the simulation results (Fig. S10). Notably, the process is reversible, and all the images are of good quality and have low crosstalk (Supplementary information Video S1). The deflection angles and diffraction efficiencies of the RGB components are 7.6° and 19.6%, 6.6° and 17.5%, and 5.8° and 20.1%, respectively. The efficiency of G component is lower because that the anchoring effect of the middle layer is weaker than those adjacent to two substrates, leading to worse LC orientation. The calculated signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) are 11.59 dB for R channel, 9.93 dB for B channel, and 11.92 dB for B channel, demonstrating the low crosstalk of our design. The response time for electrical switching is measured as well (Fig. 3(e)). The rise time, defined as the duration for the 10% to 90% normalized intensity change, of 658 ms is measured upon the application of E2. Conversely, the fall time, representing 90% to 10% change, is recorded to be 331 ms after E removed. The experiments confirm the feasibility of fast switching of wavelength multiplexed polychromatic holography. The response times tR and tF of the polymer-stabilized CLC are expressed as follows49:
$ \begin{gathered} {t_{\mathrm{R}}} = \frac{{{\gamma _1}}}{{{\varepsilon _0}\left| {{\mathrm{\Delta}} \varepsilon } \right|{E^2} - {k_{22}}{{\mathrm{π}}^2}/{P^2}}} \\ {t_{\mathrm{F}}} = \frac{{{\gamma _1}{P^2}}}{{{k_{22}}{{\mathrm{π}}^2}}} \\ \end{gathered} , $
where γ1 is the rotational viscosity of the LC and k22 is the twisted elastic constant. Thus, we can employ low-viscosity LC hosts to reduce the intrinsic resistance to molecular reorientation. Moreover, via introducing LC hosts with a larger negative Δε, the dielectric torque significantly increases, thus enables a stronger driving force for a given voltage, thereby accelerating the rise time.
The reflectance of the chiral superstructure exhibits a strong incident polarization dependency. As shown in Fig. 4(a), the lines/dots represent the theoretical/experimental spin-selective reflectances of left-handed CLC (L-CLC) and right-handed CLC (R-CLC), respectively. The degrees represent the angle between the transmission axis of the polarizer and the fast axis of the quarter waveplate. Both the experimental results and simulations validate the excellent spin selectivity of the reflectance. The slight difference between the experimental and theoretical results can be attributed to the polarization-independent Fresnel reflection from glass-air interface and a degree of polymer network scattering. On the basis of the inherent circular-polarization-selective geometric phase encoding of chiral superstructures, spin-complexed dynamic polychromatic holography is further demonstrated by cascading two polymer-stabilized CLC layers with opposite helicity. The configuration of the cascaded cell is illustrated in Fig. 4(b). The bottom layer is first photopatterned and filled with an R-CLC. After UV polymerization, the cell is photopatterned again to record the designed orientation of the second layer. Notably, the orientation of the R-CLC is maintained owing to polymer stabilization. Then, the L-CLC is filled, and a cascaded cell is finally obtained (Fig. S11).
On the basis of this cascaded cell, a hexa-channel switchable polychromatic holography is verified via the combination of spin and wavelength multiplexing. For a proof-of-concept demonstration, "weather signs" and "a chameleon" are selected as instances (target Ⅰ and target Ⅱ). As revealed in Fig. 4(c), for LCP incidence, a cloudy day sign, a sunny day sign, and a rainy-day sign appear sequentially with increasing E. Meanwhile, the cloud varies from green to yellow and then to white due to color mixing. For RCP incidence, the color of the chameleon gradually changes from monochromatic to polychromatic with increasing E. Target Ⅰ and target Ⅱ can be selected by tuning the incident spins, while the color channels can be reversibly dropped or added by controlling the applied voltages.
The pursuit of polychromatic holography has been greatly advanced by metasurfaces, with techniques like k-space engineering pushing the limit of static device performance. However, the inherent static nature of these devices remains a significant bottleneck50−52. Our proposed wavelength- and spin-multiplexed polychromatic holography provides a versatile platform for dynamic and multiparameter spatial light modulation. The holographic phases can be freely recorded into the chiral superstructures via high-resolution photopatterning. A spatial resolution of up to 1.1 μm is achieved in the polymer-stabilized CLC based on the digital micromirror device (DMD)-based photopatterning system (Supplementary information of Section 3). Assuming the chiral superstructure is ideal, the largest achievable diffraction angle is 14.5°, which could be further enlarged by introducing more precise photoalignment techniques to achieve ultra-fine submicron period, including interference lithography and laser direct writing53. In our experiment, the diffraction efficiency of the polychromatic holography is ~20%, primarily resulting from polymer network scattering, non-ideal LC orientations, and reflection losses from glass substrates. Optimization of device configuration such as coating anti-reflection layers and introducing thicker cell gap could significantly improve the optical efficiency. With a cascaded cell of opposite helicity, switching between different predesigned holograms can be rapidly realized by altering the incident spins. Through electrically tuning the helical pitch of the chiral superstructure, wavelength channels can be reversibly dropped or added. The current response performance is adequate for applications where instantaneous switching is not critical. This includes static information displays and signage—such as holographic labels, art installations, and public information boards—where content updates are usually infrequent. Furthermore, it is highly suitable for optical encryption and anti-counterfeiting applications, where the color switching process enhances security.
In addition to the reflection mode, the strategy can be further adapted to transmission or even transflective mode by integrating nematic LCs and CLCs54. Additional dimensions of light can be added to increase the information capacity by introducing quasi-3D photonic crystals20, vector holography52, or orbital angular momentum holography55,56. Specifically, quasi-3D photonic crystals such as blue-phase LC with programmable defects enables control over the emission directionality of embedded fluorophores or lasing modes, thereby adding a propagation direction dimension to encoded information. Compared to scalar holography, LC vector holography possesses space-variant polarization states by engineering phases of left and right circularly polarized light, respectively. Thus, more distinct polarization channels can be selected by rotating the analyzer. Furthermore, spiral phase terms (exp(ilα), where l denotes topological charge) can be seamlessly incorporated into our design to achieve OAM holography, creating an orthogonal OAM multiplexing channel alongside wavelength and spin. The proposed dynamic holography can be applied in information encryption or optical camouflage. Specifically, the parameters for generating holographic images, including the wavelength, spin of light, and applied electric field, can be regarded as multiple security keys. The exact image can only be decrypted by using the predesignated keys, significantly enhancing the encryption security. In addition to holography, other dynamic functions, such as beam steering and imaging, can also be obtained through the proper design of orientation patterns.
4　Conclusions
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We propose wavelength- and spin-multiplexed dynamic polychromatic holography based on photopatterned chiral superstructures. By tuning the applied voltage, on-demand holography from monochromatic to RGB-polychromatic cover of the entire visible spectrum is demonstrated. By means of k-space engineering based on the modified GS algorithm, electrically driven wavelength channel add and drop are realized as a single CLC element. Additionally, spin-complexed polychromatic holography with switchable hexa-channel functionalities is demonstrated with cascaded polymer-stabilized CLCs of opposite helicity. This work explores the capability of chiral soft matter in active spatial light modulation and may supply a compact, dynamic, and multi-channel platform that will trigger fantastic applications in dynamic holographic displays, beam shaping, information processing, and high-security encryption.
5　Experimental section
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Materials: sulfonic azo-dye SD1 (NCLCP, China) is dissolved in dimethylformamide at a concentration of 0.3 wt.%. The spacer/glue mixture is composed of a 4% 8 μm spacer and 96% UV-curable glue. The initial polymerizable R-CLC/L-CLC mixture contains a nematic LC NC-M-LC708700-100 (Δε = −4.3, Δn = 0.092; NCLCP, China), a right-handed/left-handed chiral dopant R5011/S5011 (NCLCP, China), a mesogenic monomer RM257 (NCLCP, China) and a photoinitiator diphenyl ketone (Shanghai Lingfeng Chemical Reagent Co. Ltd., China) at an optimized weight ratio of 88.52:2.48:8:1.
Sample fabrications: indium-tin-oxide glass substrates (1.5 × 2 cm2) are treated by UV-ozone cleaning and then spin-coated with SD1 solution. Following an annealing process at 100 °C for 10 minutes, two substrates are assembled together and separated by an 8 μm spacer/glue mixture on both edges of one of them. Upon UV curing, an 8-μm-thick cell formed. A multistep-partly overlapping exposure is employed to record the designed orientation onto the CLC with a DMD-based photopatterning system (Fig. S5). The polymerizable CLC is then capillary filled into the cell at 100 °C. A 1 kHz AC square-wave signal at 5 V·µm−1 is applied across the cell for 1 minute to improve the uniformity of CLC orientations. Finally, the sample is exposed to a UV LED (365 nm; 30 mW·cm−2) for 10 minutes to form the polymer-stabilized CLC (Fig. S6, S7).
Experimental measurements: the room temperature is 23.5 °C. The thermal range of 15–35 °C is feasible for polychromatic holography (Fig. S9). The reflection spectra are recorded via a spectrometer (PG2000-Pro, Ideaoptics, China). All the micrographs are captured under the reflective mode of a polarized optical microscope (Nikon 50i POL, Japan) with a pair of crossed polarizers. The electric field was output by a function generator (33522B, Agilent Technologies Inc., USA) and amplified by a voltage amplifier (2340, TEGAM, USA). RGB lasers are output simultaneously from a supercontinuum laser (SuperK EVO, NKT Photonics, Denmark) and selected with a multichannel acousto-optic tunable filter (SuperK SELECT, NKT Photonics, Denmark). The incident polarization is regulated by a polarizer and a quarter-wave plate. The reconstructed images are captured by a charge-coupled device (JCOPTIX, China). The intensity of the light is detected by a digital optical power meter (PM100D, Thorlabs, USA).
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Year 2026 volume 9 Issue 2
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Article Info
doi: 10.29026/oea.2026.250177
  • Receive Date：2025-07-03
  • Online Date：2026-10-19
  • Published：2026-02-12
Article Data
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  • Received：2025-07-03
  • Accepted：2025-11-26
Affiliations
    National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, and College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China

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W Hu, E-mail:
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表12种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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