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Based on a naturally aspirated four-cylinder and spark-ignition engine, the combustion and nitrogen-based emission characteristics fueled with gasoline/ammonia and ethanol/ammonia respectively, were investigated under different values of excess air ratio ϕa at the speed of 2000r/min and the indicated mean effective pressure of 0.64—0.86MPa. The experimental results show that, at ϕa=1.0, the addition of ammonia to gasoline can effectively suppress knocking and optimize combustion phase, leading to an increase of indicated thermal efficiency of 3.4%. The nitrogen-based emission patterns of gasoline/ammonia and ethanol/ammonia are similar. The blending of ammonia leads to a notable increase in NOx emissions. Especially, NOx emissions decrease with spark timing advance at ϕa=1.0, while they increase with spark timing advance at ϕa=1.2 and 1.4. Chemical kinetic analysis reveals a positively correlation between fuel-NOx and temperature, and a negative correlation with pressure, and the impact of temperature on fuel-NOx is enhanced under lean-burn conditions. The NH3 emission is controlled by both the crevice mechanism and volumetric quenching effect, with the latter being enhanced as ϕa increases. The N2O emission is controlled by the low-temperature oxidation path of ammonia and tends to increase with delayed spark timing and an increase in ϕa. After ammonia blended, the NOx conversion efficiency of the three way catalyst decreases, while the CO conversion efficiency increases at the stoichiometric ratio.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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