¹School of Systems Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China

²College of Electrical and Control Engineering, North China University of Technology, Beijing 100041, China

³School of Automation Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China

⁴Department of Psychology, the State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China

⁵HKU-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, Shenzhen 518057, Guangdong, China

⁶Department of Health Technology and Informatics, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China

⁷Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, the First Afliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China

⁸Rehabilitation Medicine Clinical Research Center of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang 330006, China

⁹Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China

¹⁰School of Communication Science, Beijing Language and Culture University, Beijing 100083, China

¹¹Institute of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, Hebei, China

¹²School of Computer Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China

¹³School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116081, Liaoning, China

¹⁴Guangdong Artifcial Intelligence and Digital Economy Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 510335, China

Received	Accepted	Published
Issue Date
2025-11-18