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To achieve rapid pre-harvest prediction of grain protein content (GPC) in winter wheat, this study developed an indirect prediction method integrating multispectral vegetation indices and texture features. Based on nitrogen fertilization experiments and spectral data collected from 2022 to 2024, texture parameters were extracted using Gray-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM). Leaf nitrogen content (LNC) served as the critical intermediary to link spectral models with GPC, establishing a multispectral-based prediction model for winter wheat GPC. The results demonstrated that during the early grain-filling stage, vegetation indices combined with soil-background-filtered texture features achieved optimal LNC estimation. The exponential model y=0.281exp (0.097x), showed superior performance (r2=0.787, RMSE=0.221 g·kg-1); significant correlations were observed between LNC and GPC across key growth stages, with correlation coefficients of 0.780(anthesis), 0.810 (early grain-filling), 0.704(mid-grain-filling), and 0.714(late grain-filling); the exponential model y=7.160exp (0.018x), developed using early grain-filling stage data, achieved the highest GPC prediction accuracy [r2=0.697, RMSE=0.096 g· (100 g)-1]. The established early grain-filling stage GPC prediction model enhances field management optimization, enables grain quality classification, and provides technical support for applying remote sensing technology in high-quality wheat production and precision agriculture.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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