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To investigate the effects of biochar application duration on the growth and yield of spring wheat, a randomized block design experiment was conducted using the cultivar Xinchun 37 as material. Two nitrogen treatments (no nitrogen and 255 kg·hm-2) and three biochar treatments(no biochar, one-year biochar application, and five-years biochar application, with an application rate of 20 t·hm-2) were set up. Differences in photosynthetic parameters, relative chlorophyll content, dry matter accumulation and translocation, grain filling dynamics, yield, and yield components of spring wheat under different treatments were analyzed. The results showed that compared with no biochar application, both sole biochar application and biochar combined with nitrogen fertilizer significantly increased the net photosynthetic rate of spring wheat after 1- and 5-year biochar application, promoted the accumulation of dry matter in stems, leaves, and spikes at all growth stages, and enhanced the allocation of dry matter to grains at maturity, thereby increasing grain yield. Overall, the effects of 5-year biochar application were better than those of 1-year. Specifically, the yield under the treatment of 5-year biochar combined with nitrogen fertilizer reached 7 508.91 kg·hm-2, which was 37.56% higher compared to the treatment without nitrogen fertilizer or biochar. Orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis revealed significant differences in net photosynthetic rate, effective panicle number, and yield of spring wheat under different biochar application durations, whether applied alone or combined with nitrogen. In conclusion, biochar application can effectively promote the growth and yield of spring wheat, and the longer the application duration, the more pronounced the promoting effect.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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